Estimating Static Fields

Examples of point and line field emission

Images of lightning rod, power line corona, and 0.1 micron integrated circuits removed due to copyright restrictions.

ab = Eidz r 1 (spherical case), or ln r (cylindrical case)

a
E

| E | r
R r

L R r

| E | r 1

Surface = 4r2 Spherical geometry

Surface area = 2rL

Cylindrical geometry
L7-1

Simple Static Example

Spherical breakdown Q V a b

Er (a) =

Va a

da = 4r 2Er (r ) Q = Dn
A

Er (r ) =

Q 4r
2

Va 4a
2

Q b dr Q 1 1 Q Va = Er (r )dr = = a 4 a r 2 4 b a 4a (b >> a)
b

4r r2 Q = Va 4a Q V(r) = 4r

Vaa

Lightning rod: Power line: Integrated Circuit:

a 1 mm, V > 104 volts 107 V/m breakdown/corona a 1 cm, V > 105 volts 107 V/m breakdown/corona a 0.1m, V = 1 volt 107 V/m breakdown/corona
L7-2

SOLVING FOR STATIC FIELDS

Approaches when given , J:
q Use p = dv, = Vq 4rpq E q Superposition pq Ep = r dv 2 Vq integrals 4rpq
Hp = J ( rp - rq ) 4 | rp - rq |
2 Vq

x p dVq rq y Vq rpq rp z

dv q Biot-Savart Law

Approaches when given , on boundaries:

Use Laplaces Equation. Derivation:

Electric : E =

B = 0 (statics) E = . = 0 i E = 0 2 = 0 t D Magnetic : H = = 0 (statics; J = 0) H = . iH = 0 2 = 0 t

L7-3

SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

Static charge-free regions obey Laplaces equation:

Electric potential 2 ( r ) = 0 Assume (x,y) = X(x)Y(y) ; Magnetic potential 2 ( r ) = 0

2 2 2 2 d X d Y 2 = 2 + 2 = Y(y) 2 + X(x) 2
= 0
x y dx dy

1 d2X 1 d2Y 2 = = k "separation constant" 2 2 X dx Y dy

Solutions:
d2X 2 = k X X(x) = A cos(kx) + Bsin(kx)
2
dx d2Y 2 = k Y Y(y) = C cosh(ky) + D sinh(ky) 2 dy or: Y(y) = C'eky + D'e-ky (equivalent to above)
L7-4

For k2 > 0; (swap x,y If k2 < 0)

SEPARATION OF VARIABLES

Solution to Laplaces equation when k2 = 0:

1 d2X 1 d2Y = =0 (x,y) = X(x)Y(y) 2 2 X dx Y dy d2X = 0 X(x) = Ax + B 2 dx (x,y) = (Ax + B)(Cy + D) d2Y = 0 Y(y) = Cy + D 2 dy

(x,y)
y x

o =0

Given (x,y)

Ly

Example, Cartesian coordinates: 0

{ = (Ax+B)(Cy+D) = 0 at x=0 for all y} B = 0 { = (Ax+B)(Cy+D) = 0 at y=0 for all x} D = 0 = xyo/LxLy { = o at x=Lx, y=Ly} AC = o/LxLy

Lx

is matched at all 4 boundaries

L7-5

CIRCULAR COORDINATES
Separation of Laplaces equation:
Only in cartesian, cylindrical, spherical, and elliptical coordinates

Circular coordinates:
2

1 1 2 (r, ) = (r )+ 2 ( 2 ) = 0 r r r r r d dR 1 d 2 = R(r)() (r ) = ( 2 ) = m2 R dr dr d

r x

Solutions (pick the one matching boundary condition):

(r, ) = (A + B)(C + D ln r) (r, ) = (A sin m + Bcos m)(Cr m + Dr m ) for m 2 = 0 for m 2 > 0

V volts r 0
R
L7-6

(r, ) = [A sinh m + Bcosh m)[C cos(m ln r) + D sin( m ln r)] for m 2 < 0

Example conducting cylinder (m = 0):

(r,) = C+D ln r = V[2-(lnr/lnR)](r R); (r,) = V (r < R)

1 V E(r) = = (r + ) = [V/m] (r > R) r r r ln R

INHOMOGENEOUS MATERIALS
Governing Equations:
J = E = E = o E + P D = f P = p D Non-uniform Conductivity (x) (e.g., doping gradients o Note: Non-uniform in pn junctions):
1+ x L Jo (1 + x ) L [V/m] E= J =x o

Assume =

[S/m]

conductors have free x charge density f and L J [A/m2] polarization charge density p throughout.

0 J (1 + x ) o Jo d 3 L f = D = E = = [C/m ] dx o oL

I [A]

J (1 + x ) o d L = ( o )Jo [C/m3 ] p = P = ( o )E = ( o ) oL dx o
L7-7

INHOMOGENEOUS PERMITTIVITY
Governing Equations:
J = E D = E = o E + P D = f P = p
x +V

Example, Non-uniform Permittivity (x):

x L Assume: = o (1 + ) [F/m] L (x) Do Do Eo D = E f(x) E = = = x 0 o (1 + ) (1 + x ) L L 0 volts L L Eo V [V/m] V = E x dx = dx = EoL ln2 [V] = E o L ln2 0 0 x 1+ L V Therefore : [V/m] Note: Non-uniform E(x) E= x x L ln 2(1 + ) L V p = P = (D- o E) = oE = (V/Lln2) d (1 + x )1 = dx L L2 ln2(1 + x )2 L Non-uniform dielectrics have polarization charge density p throughout.
L7-8

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

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