Anatomy and Physiology II Lab #3 Exercise 50: Respiratory Tissues Histology: a.

Trachea: Mucosa- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium/ cilia/ goblet cell Submucosa- serous and mucous glands Hyaline cartilage (C shaped) anteriorly and fibromuscluar membrane (trachealis muscularis) posteriorly Adventitia

PCE

Hyaline Cartilage Cilia

Goblet Cell?

Hyaline Cartilage

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Hyaline Cartilage Trachealis Muscularis

Adventitia b. Lung Terminal bronchiole, bronchiole lumen, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus

Alveolar duct Terminal Bronchioloe

Bronchiole lumen

Alveolus sac

Alveolus

Exercise 51: Breathing and Respiratory Volumes a. Lung Function model: What part of the respiratory system is represented by: Rubber sheeting, bell jar, Y tube and the Balloons? Chest Cavity

Bronchi

Lungs

Diaphragm

b. What happens to the thoracic cavity size when the diaphragm contracts? The thoracic cavity size increases.

How does this event help breathing? The contraction of the diaphragm increases thoracic cavity size and lowers air pressure in lungs. As a result, air moves into the lungs (called inhalation/inspiration)

Exercise 52: Spirometry Biopac Exercise a. Procedure for performing spirometry using the proper terminology Spirometry is the measurement of air flow into and out of the lungs. Spirometry requires that the nose is pinched off as the patient breathes through a mouthpiece attached to the spirometer. The patient is instructed on how to breathe during the procedure. Three breathing maneuvers are practiced before recording the procedure, and the highest of three trials is used for evaluation of breathing. The patient is instructed to breathe in and out normally to attain full expiration. Vital capacity is usually about 80% of the total lung capacity. After breathing out normally to full expiration, the patient is instructed to breathe in with a maximal effort and then exhale as forcefully and rapidly as possible. b. Definitions: Tidal volume, IRV (inspiratory reserve volume), ERV (expiratory reserve volume), residual volume, vital capacity, TLC (total lung capacity), functional residual capacity. Tidal Volume: The volume of air inhaled and exhaled at each breath Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): the maximal amount of gas that can be inhaled from the endinspiratory position. Expiratory Reserve Volume: the maximal amount of gas that can be exhaled from the resting end-expiratory level. Residual Volume: the amount of gas remaining in the lung at the end of a maximal exhalation Vital Capacity: The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath. Total Lung Capacity: the amount of gas contained in the lung at the end of a maximal inhalation Functional Residual Capacity: the amount of air remaining at the end of normal quiet respiration c. Name three factors that affect vital capacity Age - younger people have smaller capacity Gender - males have larger capacity than females Body Mass - larger mass = larger capacity Muscle Mass - larger mass = larger capacity Aerobic Fitness - greater fitness = breathing large breaths on a frequent basis =larger capacity Diseases of the respiratory System Asthma, bronchitis, colds, etc - narrower airways = less air taken in during inhalation = lungs don't stretch as much Emphysema - air sacs become brittle and break so there are less air sacs to hold air Elevation where one resides - at higher elevations there is less oxygen, so at first, one has to breathe faster and deeper to get enough oxygen, and eventually, after several months, the lungs will stretch and the lung capacity will increase. d. Differences in volumes and capacities according to age, sex, height and weight. Why are they different?

Exercise 64: Cat Dissection Respiratory System Pharynx: naso-, oro-, laryngoLarynx, Epiglottis and Glottis Trachea Primary Bronchus Parietal and Visceral Pleura Lungs Lobes: Anterior, medial and posterior

Thyroid cartlage Cricoid cartilage Diaphragm

Larynx

Exercise 56 and 66: Kidney structure and Urinary System Cat Dissection: Histology: Kidneys: 1. Cortex (region): Renal Corpuscle: Glomerular (Bowmans) Capsule, glomerular space and glomerulus Proximal (brush border) and distal convoluted tubules Glomerulus 2. Medulla (region) loops of Henle and collecting ducts

Glomerular Capsule

Medulla Cortex

Glomerular space

Proximal Convoluted Tubules Distal Convoluted Tubules

Urinary bladder:

Mucosa: Transitional epithelium and lamina propria Muscularis: detrusor muscle Adventitia

Mucosa

Transitional epithelium

Lamina Propria Muscularis

Detrusor Muscle

Gross Anatomy: Cat Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra Renal artery Renal Vein

Kidney (Sheep and Model) Renal capsule Renal Hilum Renal Cortex Renal medulla Renal pyramids Renal Calyces: Major and minor Renal pelvis Renal columns Ureter Renal artery Renal Vein

Renal Corpuscle (Model) Glomerular Capsule Glomerular space Glomerulus Afferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole Proximal Convoluted Tubule Justaglomerular apparatus

Renal lobe: Cortex Cortical Nephron Medulla Justamedullary Nephron Blood Vessels: Interlobar artery Efferent arteriole Arcuate artery Interlobular vein Interlobular artery Arcuate Vein Afferent arteriole Interlobar vein Cat

Kidney (model) Major Calyx Minor Calyx

Renal Pyramid
Renal Pelvis

Renal Medulla Renal Cortex

Hillum

Ureter Renal Columns

Renal Corpuscle

Glomerular capsule

Efferent Arteriole

Afferent Arteriole

Renal Lobe

Glomerulus

Glomerular space

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Interlobular artery Cortical nephron

Afferent arteriole Arcuate artery

Juxtamedullary nephron

Interlobar artery

Collecting duct

Exercise 57: Urinalysis: Procedure for urinalysis using proper terminology The urinalysis test involves the collection of urine sample in a specimen cup. For men, the opening of the urethra (tip of the penis) should be wiped clean with a cleansing wipe before collection is begun. In women, the area around the urethra also needs to be wiped clean with a cleansing wipe. The woman then spreads the labia of the external genitalia and wipes from front to back. After the urethra is properly cleaned, the collection may begin by discarding the initial stream of urine into the toilet. Then, 10-15 milliliters (ml) of urine may be collected in the provided sterile specimen cup by directly urinating into the cup. Once an adequate amount is collected, then the remaining urine should be voided in the toilet. Terms: Specific Gravity - Urine specific gravity is a laboratory test that measures the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine. Hydrometer - an instrument for determining the specific gravity of a liquid, commonly consisting of a graduated tube weighted to float upright in the liquid whose specific gravity is being measured. Abnormal components detected by dipstick (protein, bilirubin, ketones, glucose): http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/urine-dipstick-analysis Acidity (pH). The pH level indicates the amount of acid in urine. Abnormal pH levels may indicate a kidney or urinary tract disorder. Concentration. A measure of concentration, or specific gravity, shows how concentrated particles are in your urine. Higher than normal concentration often is a result of dehydration, rather than another underlying medical condition. But, it may indicate a kidney disorder. Protein. Urine protein levels are normally low and aren't detected by a dipstick test. Small increases in protein usually aren't a cause for concern. Larger amounts of protein in the urine may indicate a kidney problem. Sugar. Normally the amount of sugar (glucose) in urine is too low to be detected. Any detection of sugar on this test usually calls for follow-up testing for diabetes. Ketones. As with sugar, any amount of ketones detected in your urine could be a sign of diabetes and requires follow-up testing. Bilirubin. Bilirubin is a product of red blood cell breakdown. Normally, bilirubin is carried in the blood and passes into your liver, where it's removed and becomes part of bile. Bilirubin in your urine may indicate liver damage or disease. Evidence of infection. Nitrites and leukocyte esterase are produced as a result of an infection. If either nitrites or leukocyte esterase a product of white blood cells is detected in your urine, it may be a sign of a urinary tract infection. Blood. The dipstick test can identify if red blood cells or other components of blood, such as hemoglobin or myoglobin, are present in your urine. Blood in your urine requires additional

testing, as it may be a sign of kidney damage, infection, kidney or bladder stones, kidney or bladder cancer or blood disorders, among other conditions. What do you look for in a urine sediment Urine tests are very useful for providing information to assist in the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of a wide range of diseases. In addition, a urine test can determine whether or not a woman is ovulating or pregnant. Urine can also be tested for a variety of substances relating to drug abuse, both as part of rehabilitation programmes and in the world of professional sport. The urine can be tested very quickly using a strip of special paper, which is dipped in the urine just after urination. This will show if there are any abnormal products in the urine such as sugar, protein, or blood. Why is it important to refrigerate collected urine samples if analysis is not performed immediately after collection? So bacteria cant grow within the sample. The temperatures outside of a fridge will encourage bacteria to grow. Exercise 58: Male Reproductive System Histology: 1. Testis: a. Seminiferous tubules with spermatozoa, sertoli cells, spermatogonium

b. Ductus deferens: i. Mucosa: Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, lamina propria ii. Muscularis: Inner and outer longitudinal; middle circular Lamina Propria iii. Adventitia

PCE

Muscularis

Inner Longitudinal

Middle Circular

Outer Longitudinal

Male Model: Iguinal canal Spermatic Cord Scrotum Testes Epididymis Penis Corpora Cavernosa Corpus Spongiosum Spongy Urethra Glans Penis Prepuce Urinary Bladder

Vas/Ductus Deferens Prostate Gland Prostatic Urethra Seminal Vesicles Vas Deferens

Ureter Spermatic Cord Penis Seminal Vesicle

Glans Penis

Epididymis
Testes

Prostate Gland

Bladder

Prostatic Urethra

Corpus Cavernosum

Spongy Urethra

Corpous Spongiosum

Female Model:

Ovary Fallopian Tube

Uterus Bladder

Vagina Clitoris

Labia Majora

Body Fundus

Cervix Bladder

Urethra Vagina

Labia

Exercise 59: Female Reproductive System Histology: 1. Ovary: 1. Germinal epithelium 2. Tunica albuginea 3. Follicles at different stages:

a. Primordial follicles b. Primary follicles - primary oocyte c. Secondary follicles - secondary oocyte d. Graafian follicles: Secondary oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus and antrum 4. Theca folliculi (surrounding the 1ry, 2ry and Graafian follicles)

2. Fallopian tube: Mucosa: simple columnar ciliated epithelium and lamina propria Muscularis Serosa 3. Uterus: Endometrium: basal layer, functional layer and uterine glands Myometrium: smooth muscle Differentiate the different uterine phases: proliferative, secretory and menstrual 4. Vagina: Mucosa: Stratified squamous epithelium and lamina propria Muscularis Adventitia

Gross Anatomy - Female Model: Ovary Fallopian tubes - ampulla, infundibulum, fimbriae Uterus - fundus, body and cervix Vagina - lateral fornix

Labium majus Labium minus Clitoris Vestibule

Mons pubis

Ovary Fallopian Tube

Uterus Bladder

Vagina Clitoris

Labia Majora

Body Fundus

Cervix Bladder

Urethra Vagina

Labia Minora