Lec-2 (HT, Down Converter, Up Converters) - 2

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Digital Communications
EE-6322
Lecture-2
Dr. Sarmad Sohaib
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila
sarmad.sohaib@uettaxila.edu.pk
Low-pass/Base-band Signal
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Digital Communication (Dr. Sarmad Sohaib)
2
Spectrum located around LOW or ZERO frequency
Band-pass Signal
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Spectrum located around
some HIGH/NON-ZERO frequency
Low-pass to Band-pass Conversion
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Modulator
Low-pass signal
(low frequency)
Band pass signal
(high frequency)
At Receiver we convert band pass signal to low pass signal
because
signal processing is much easier at low frequency due to lower required sampling rate
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Hilbert Transform (H.T.)-I
Not a transform like Fourier transform, as it from time-domain to time-domain.
It has Hermitian symmetry, therefore in time-domain its real valued filter.
If we feed in real valued time domain signal, we will have real valued time
domain output.
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f
0
+j
-j
Hilbert Transform-II
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f
0
+j
-j
( ) x t
1
( ) ( ) x t x t
t
=
( ) ( )
( )
Hilbert Transformer in frequency domain sgn
1
Hilbert Transformer in time domain
H f j f
h t
t
=
=
Hilbert Transform-III
Q: What does H.T. do to the magnitude response?
Nothing, as absolute value of H.T. is 1 for all frequencies
Q: What does H.T. do to phase?
Changes phase:
Subtract 90
o
for +ve frequencies
Add 90
o
for -ve frequencies
H.T. acts as a phase shifter
Q: Why is it not j for all frequencies?
j for all frequencies will produce complex output for real valued
inputs, which is not required.
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H.T. Example-1
Find the Hilbert Transform of x(t) = cos (6x2 t).
Easy to solve in frequency domain
Now, pass X(f) through H.T. i.e. multiply with H(f)
Therefore H.T. of x(t) in time domain is
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1 1
( ) ( 6) ( 6)
2 2
X f f f = + +
0
6 -6 f
1/2 1/2
1 1
( ) ( 6) ( 6)
2 2
X f f f
j j

= +
0
6
-6
f
1/(2j)
-1/(2j)
( ) sin(6.2 ) x t t
=
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Cascade of two H.T.
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H.T. H.T.
sin(.) -cos(.) -sin(.)
and
therefore, double H.T. produces
( ) sgn
( ) ( ) 1
(
( )
) ( )
H f H f
x t
H f j
x
f
t
=
=
=
H.T. Example-2
Find the H.T. of x(t) = g(t) sin (5t),
where g(t) = sinc(t).
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Example 2: Solution
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Home work!!!
H.T. will only work if g(t) is band limited
i.e. BW[g(t)] < Carrier frequency
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Assignment
Find the H.T. of x(t) = g(t) sin (2t),
where g(t) = sinc(6t).
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Phase Splitter
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f 0
1
U(f)
{
( )
{
Even part Odd part
of U(f) of U
.
(f)
.
1 sgn( )
( )
2 2
1
1 sgn( )
2
1
1
2
( )
H T
H
f
U f
j f
f
= +
= +
| |
= + |
|
\
14243
A phase splitter is a filter with frequency
response U( f ):
Down conversion and Complex Envelop
Real-valued signals may be represented in
terms of a complex signal called complex
envelop.
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Down Converter-I
Converts Pass-band signal to Low-pass signal.
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Analytic signal (only have +ve
frequency components)
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Down Converter-II
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~
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
c c
S f U f f S f f = + +
In time domain
[ ]
( )
( )
~
2 1
2 1
^
2 2
( ) 2 ( ) ( )
1 ( )
2 ( )
2
( )
1
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
c
c
c c
j f t
j f t
j f t j f t
s t S f U f e
jH f
S f e
j
t
t
s t e s t j s t e

=
+ (
=
(

(
+
(
(
= = +
(
(

(

I & Q Components
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Will see the proof of it after upcovnerter
Up converter-I
Converts Low-band signal to Band-pass signal.
Also known as modulator
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Up converter-II
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0
0
2
^
^
2
~
2
( )
1
( ) ( )
2
( ) ( )
( )
( ) 2
2
c
j f t
j f t t j f
s t
s t j s t e
x t j
e
e
s t e
s t
s t
e
e
+
+ (
+
(

(
=
(

(
=
(

(
=
(

=
+
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I & Q Components
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Polar Coordinates expression of s(t)
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( ) ( )
~
2 2
~
( )
2 ( )
( 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) arctan
( )
( ) ( )
Substituting the above result in upconverter equation, we get
( ) ( )
( )
c
c
I Q
I Q
Q
I
j t
j f t j t
j f
s t s t js t
Magnitude e t s t s t
s t
Phase t
s t
s t e t e
s t e e t e e
e e t e
+
= +
= +
| |
=
|
\
=
( =

=
( )
( ))
( ) ( ) cos 2 ( )
t t
c
s t e t f t t

+
(

= +
Implications of Complex Envelope
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Cascading of Down and Up converters
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DOWN
Converter
UP
Converter
UP
Converter
DOWN
Converter
x(t) x(t)
Output of this configuration does not has to be necessarily equal to input
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Example-1
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( ) Find C.E., I & Q and E &P components of the ( ) 2 cos 200
w.r.t. a 100Hz carrier frequency
x t t =
Example-2
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( ) Find C.E., I & Q and E &P components of the ( ) 2 cos 200
w.r.t. a 99Hz carrier frequency
x t t =

Lec-2 (HT, Down Converter, Up Converters) - 2

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