International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)

International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com

Volume 8, Issue 8 (September 2013), PP. 53-61
www.ijerd.com 53 | Page
On The Zeros of a Polynomial in a Given Circle

M. H. Gulzar
Department of Mathematics University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006

Abstract:- In this paper we discuss the problem of finding the number of zeros of a polynomial in a given circle
when the coefficients of the polynomial or their real or imaginary parts are restricted to certain conditions. Our
results in this direction generalize some well- known results in the theory of the distribution of zeros of
polynomials.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 30C10, 30C15

Keywords and phrases:- Coefficient, Polynomial, Zero.

I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF RESULTS
In the literature many results have been proved on the number of zeros of a polynomial in a given circle.
In this direction Q. G. Mohammad [6] has proved the following result:
Theorem A: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n such that
0 ......
0 1 1
> > > > >

a a a a
n n
.
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in
2
1
s z does not exceed

0
log
2 log
1
1
a
a
n
+ .
K. K. Dewan [2] generalized Theorem A to polynomials with complex coefficients and proved the following
results:
Theorem B: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and
0 ......
0 1 1
> > > > >

o o o o
n n
.
Then the number of zeros of P(z) in
2
1
s z does not exceed

0
0
log
2 log
1
1
a
n
j
j n
=
+
+
| o
.
Theorem C: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial o f degree n with complex coefficients such that for some
real | o, ,
n j a
j
,......, 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2
arg = s s
t
o |
and

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
> > > >

.
Then the number f zeros of P(z) in
2
1
s z does not exceed

0
1
0
sin 2 ) 1 sin (cos
log
2 log
1
a
a a
n
j
j n
=
+ + + o o o
.
The above results were further generalized by researchers in various ways.
M. H. Gulzar[4,5,6] proved the following results:
Theorem D: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1 1
....... , ...... to o o o o o o

> > > > > > >

k
n n
,
for . 0 , 1 0 , 1 n k s s s < > t

Then the number of zeros of P(z) in 1 0 , < < s o o z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
2 ) ( 2 ) )( 1 (
log
1
log
1
a
k
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + | o o t o o o o o
o

.
Theorem E: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1
...... to o o o > > > > +
n n
,
for some , 1 0 , 0 s < > t ,then the number f zeros of P(z) in 1 0 , < < s o o z , does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
2 2 ) ( 2
log
1
log
1
a
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + | o o o t o o
o
.
Theorem F: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
real | o, ,
n j a
j
,......, 2 , 1 , 0 ,
2
arg = s s
t
o |
and

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
t > > > > +

,
for some , 0 > ,then the number of zeros of P(z) in 1 0 , < < s o o z , does not exceed

0
1
1
0
) 1 sin (cos sin 2 ) 1 sin )(cos (
log
1
log
1
a
a a a
n
j
j n
=
+ + + + o o o o o
o
.
The aim of this paper is to find a bound for the number of zeros of P(z) in a circle of radius not
necessarily less than 1. In fact , we are going to prove the following results:
Theorem 1: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
z a z P be a polynomial of degree n such that
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1 1
....... , ...... to o o o o o o

> > > > > > >

k
n n
,

for . 0 , 1 0 , 1 n k s s s < > t Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( 2 ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + | o o t o o o o o

for 1 > R
and
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + + | | o o o t o o o o

for 1 s R .
Remark 1: Taking R=1 and
o
1
= c in Theorem 1, it reduces to Theorem D .
If the coefficients
j
a are real i.e. j
j
= , 0 | , then we get the following result from Theorem 1:
Corollary 1: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j

0 1 1 1
....... , ...... a a a ka a a a
n n
t

> > > > > > >

,
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0 0 0
1
)] ( 2 ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
a a a a a k a a R
c
n n
n
+ + + + +
+
t

for 1 > R
and
0
0 0 0 0
)] ( ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
a a a a a k a a R a
c
n n
+ + + + + + t

for 1 s R .
Applying Theorem 1 to the polynomial iP(z) , we get the following result:
Theorem 2: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1 1
....... , ...... t| | | | | | |

> > > > > > >

k
n n
,
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( 2 ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + o | | t | | | | |

for 1 > R
and
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + + o | | t o | | | | |


for 1 s R .
Taking n = in Theorem 1, we get the following result :
Corollary 2: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1
....... to o o o > > > >
n n
k ,
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + | o o t o o o

for 1 > R
and

0
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + | o o t o o o

for 1 s R .
Theorem 3: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1
...... to o o o > > > > +
n n
,
for some , 1 0 , s <t ,then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z , does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 > R
and

0
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 s R .
Remark 2: Taking R=1 and
o
1
= c in Theorem 3, it reduces to Theorem E .
If the coefficients
j
a are real i.e. j
j
= , 0 | , then we get the following result from Theorem 3:
Corollary 3: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
t > > > > +

,
for some . 1 0 , s <t Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z , does not exceed

0
0 0 0
1
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
a a a a a R
c
n n
n
+ + + + +
+
t
for 1 > R

and

0
0 0 0 0
] ) ( [
log
log
1
a
a a a a a R a
c
n n
+ + + + + + t

Applying Theorem 3 to the polynomial iP(z) , we get the following result:
Theorem 4: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1
...... t| | | | > > > > +
n n
,
for some . 1 0 , 0 s < > t Then the number of zeros of P(z) in ) 1 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z , does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + o | | | t | |

for 1 > R
and

0
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + o | | | t | |

for 1 s R .
Taking 1 , ) 1 ( > = k k
n
o in Corollary 3 , we get the following result:
Corollary 4: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
j j
a o = ) Re( ,
j j
a | = ) Im( and

0 1 1
...... to o o o > > > >
n n
k ,
c
R
z , does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 2 ) ( ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 > R
and

0
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( ) ( [
log
log
1
a
k R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 s R .
Theorem 5: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j

0 1 1
...... a a a a
n n
t > > > > +

c
R
z , does not exceed
}] 2 ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos {( [
1
log
log
1
0 0
1
0
o o o o t o o + + + + +
+
n
n
a R
a c


for 1 > R
and
}] ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos {( [
1
log
log
1
0 0 0
0
a a a R a
a c
n
+ + + + + + o o t o o
for 1 s R .
For different values of the parameters t , , k in the above results, we get many other interesting results.

II. LEMMAS
For the proofs of the above results we need the following results:
Lemma 1: If f(z) is analytic in R z s ,but not identically zero, f(0) = 0 and
n k a f
k
,......, 2 , 1 , 0 ) ( = = , then

}
=
=
n
j
j
i
a
R
f d f
1
2
0
log ) 0 ( log (Re log
2
1
t
u
u
t
.
Lemma 1 is the famous Jensens theorem (see page 208 of [1]).
Lemma 2: If f(z) is analytic and ) ( ) ( r M z f s in r z s , then the number of zeros of f(z) in 1 , > s c
c
r
z
does not exceed

) 0 (
) (
log
log
1
f
r M
c
.
Lemma 2 is a simple deduction from Lemma 1.
Lemma 3: Let
=
=
0
) (
j
j
j
real | o, , , 0 ,
2
arg n j a
j
s s s s
t
o | and , 0 ,
1
n j a a
j j
s s >

then any t>0,
o o sin ) ( cos ) (
1 1 1
+ + s
j j j j j j
a a t a a t a ta .
Lemma 3 is due to Govil and Rahman [4].

III. PROOFS OF THEOREMS
Proof of Theorem 1: Consider the polynomial
F(z) =(1-z)P(z)
) ...... )( 1 (
0 1
1
1
a z a z a z a z
n
n
n
n
+ + + + =

0 0 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a z a
n
n n
n
n
+ + + + =

+

1
1 1 0
1
) ( ...... ) (
+
+
+
+ + + + =

o o o o z z a z a
n
n n
n
n

+ + +
+ + +
n
j
j
j j
z i z
z z k k
0
1 0 0 0 1
1
2 1 1
) ( )] ( ) [(
...... ) ( ] ) 1 ( ) [(
| | o to to o
o o o o o

For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis

0
1
) ( a R a z F
n
n
+ s
+
+

o o o o o o R k R R
n
n n 1
1
1 1
......

+
+
+ + +
R R R R k
0 0 1
1
2 1
) 1 ( ...... ) 1 ( o t to o o o o

+ + + + +

=

+ +
n
j
j j
1
1
) ( | |

o o o o o o o ) 1 ( ...... [
1 1 1 0
1
+ + + + + + s
+
+
k k R a R a
n n
n n
n

] 2 ) 1 ( ......
1
1
0 0 0 1 2 1
=

+ + + + + + +
n
j
j n
| | | o t to o o o

n n
n n
n
k R a R a | | o o o t o o o

+ + + + + + + + =
+
0 0 0 0 0
1
) ( ) )( 1 ( [
] 2
1
1
=
+
n
j
j
|

0 0 0
1
2 ) ( ) )( 1 ( [ o o o t o o o o

+ + + + + s
+
k R
n n
n
] 2
0
=
+
n
j
j
| for 1 > R
and

=
+ + + + + + + + s
n
j
j n n
k R a z F
1
0 0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( ) )( 1 ( [ ) ( | | o o o t o o o o

for 1 s R .
Therefore , by Lemma 3, it follows that the number of zeros of F(z) and hence
P(z) in ) 0 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
2 ) ( 2 ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + | o o t o o o o o

for 1 > R
and
0
1
0 0 0 0 0
2 ) ( ) )( 1 ( [
log
log
1
a
k R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + + | | o o o t o o o o

for 1 s R .
That proves Theorem 1.
F(z) =(1-z)P(z)
) ...... )( 1 (
0 1
1
1
a z a z a z a z
n
n
n
n
+ + + + =

0 0 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a z a
n
n n
n
n
+ + + + =

+

2
1 2 1 0
1
) ( ...... ) ( z z z a z a
n
n n
n n
n
o o o o + + + + + =

+

=

+ + +
n
j
j
j j
z i z
0
1 0 0 0 1
) ( )] ( ) [( | | o to to o .
For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis

0
1
) ( a R a z F
n
n
+ s
+
+ R R R R
n
n n
n
0 1
2
1 2 1
...... to o o o o o + + + + +

+
j
n
j
j j
R R

=

+ +
0
1 0
) ( ) 1 ( | | o t

0 1 1 2 1 0
1
...... [ to o o o o o o o + + + + + + + s

+
n n n
n
R

=
+ +
n
j
j
0
0
2 ) 1 ( | o t ]

] 2 2 ) ( [
0
0 0 0
1
=
+
+ + + + + + =
n
j
j n n
n
R | o o o t o o for 1 > R
and

=
+ + + + + + + s
n
j
j n n
R a z F
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( [ ) ( | o o o t o o for 1 s R .
Therefore , by Lemma 2, it follows that the number of zeros of F(z) and hence
P(z) in ) 0 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed

0
0
0 0 0
1
] 2 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R
c
n
j
j n n
n
=
+
+ + + + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 > R
and

0
0
0 0 0 0
] 2 ) ( [
log
log
1
a
R a
c
n
j
j n n
=
+ + + + + + + | o o o t o o

for 1 s R .
That proves Theorem 3.
F(z) =(1-z)P(z)
) ...... )( 1 (
0 1
1
1
a z a z a z a z
n
n
n
n
+ + + + =

0 0 1 1
1
) ( ...... ) ( a z a a z a a z a
n
n n
n
n
+ + + + =

+

2
1 2 1 0
1
) ( ...... ) ( z a a z a a z a z a
n
n n
n n
n
+ + + + + =

+

z a a a a )] ( ) [(
0 0 0 1
+ + t t .
For R z s , we have by using the hypothesis and Lemma 3
0
1
) ( a R a z F
n
n
+ s
+
+ R a a R a a R a a R
n
n n
n
0 1
2
1 2 1
...... t + + + + +

+ R
0
) 1 ( o t

n
n n n n
n n
n
R a a a a R a R a ] sin ) ( cos ) [(
1 1 0
1
o o

+
+ + + + + + + s

R a a a a
R a R a a a a
] sin ) ( cos ) [(
) 1 ( ] sin ) ( cos ) [( ......
0 1 0 1
2
0
2
1 2 1 2
o t o t
t o o
+ + +
+ + + + +

] 2 ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos [(
0 0
1
a a R
n
n
+ + + + + s
+
o o o t o o
for 1 > R
and
] ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos [(
0 0 0
a a a R a
n
+ + + + + + s o o t o o
for 1 s R .
Hence , by Lemma 2, it follows that the number of zeros of F(z) and therefore P(z)
in ) 0 , 0 ( > > s c R
c
R
z does not exceed
}] 2 ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos {( [
1
log
log
1
0 0
1
0
o o o o t o o + + + + +
+
n
n
a R
a c


for 1 > R
and
}] ) 1 sin (cos ) 1 sin )(cos {( [
1
log
log
1
0 0 0
0
a a a R a
a c
n
+ + + + + + o o t o o
for 1 s R .
That completes the proof of Theorem 5.

REFERENCES
[1]. L.V.Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3
rd
edition, Mc-Grawhill
[2]. K. K. Dewan, Extremal Properties and Coefficient estimates for Polynomials with restricted Zeros and
on location of Zeros of Polynomials, Ph.D. Thesis, IIT Delhi, 1980.
[3]. N. K. Govil and Q. I. Rahman, On the Enestrom- Kakeya Theorem, Tohoku Math. J. 20(1968),126-
136.
[4]. M. H. Gulzar, On the Zeros of a Polynomial inside the Unit Disk, IOSR Journal of Engineering, Vol.3,
Issue 1(Jan.2013) IIV3II, 50-59.
[5]. M. H. Gulzar, On the Number of Zeros of a Polynomial in a Prescribed Region, Research Journal of
Pure Algebra-2(2), 2012, 35-49.
[6]. M. H. Gulzar, On the Zeros of a Polynomial, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications, Vol. 2, Issue 7,July 2012,1-7.
[7]. Q. G. Mohammad, On the Zeros of Polynomials, Amer. Math. Monthly 72(1965), 631-633.

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