Short Course Deliquification Basics

North American Gas FIELD OF THE FUTURE
Deliquification Forum 2007: Deliquification Basics
Agenda
10:00 12:00 Safety/Intro Production Related Geology Production Operations Fundamentals Problem Solving Liquid Loading 1:00 3:00 Working the Problems
How reservoir characteristics define and impact liquid loading The part the production cycle plays in liquid loading, pros and cons of artificial lift Basics of deliquification, what data to consider when analyzing liquid loading: critical velocity and using Turner/Coleman unloading curves, casing/tubing pressures, flow regimes, production trends Real life NAG liquid loading problems, lessons learned, best practice sharing
Objectives
2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver
No Equations
The Key Elements Of Hydrocarbon Geology

Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them; an important part is the study of how these elements have changed over time. Our overview will focus on: Formation Migration Storage Recovery
4
Hydrocarbon Formation
Initially, much of the Earth is covered with water.
Over millions of years, trillions of plants and animals living in the oceans die and are mixed with and covered by sediment entering the water as the land masses erode, building up layer upon layer.
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Heat, Time and Pressure
As these layers are being deposited, they are being changed by the high temperatures found below the surface, time in millions of years, and the pressure created by layer after layer being laid down.
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Gas, Oil, and Water
Trapped with in these layers is the water left by the ancient oceans and the ooze left over by decaying plants and animals, often buried more than two miles down. Time, temperature and pressure cook the ooze in to gas and oil.
Coalification
We also will find coal, and the gas trapped with in the coal, in these layers. When plant material is preserved fast enough to prevent decay and when coupled with time, pressure and heat, it turns first to peat and then to coal.
Migration
Initially the hydrocarbons exist only in tiny pockets. The buoyancy of the materials, and the pressure of the earth slowly squeeze them out of the rock forcing a migration. The moving fluids meet up with others rising to the surface.
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Migration contd.
As the hydrocarbons migrate, the lighter gas rises to the top, with oil coming to rest below it, and water left at the bottom. It is important to note that you may have all three phases in the reservoir rock, or any combination.
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Storage - Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock, up to 4 miles thick, is formed by the layers of falling sediment over millions of years. The most common types are chalk, sandstone, limestone, clay and shale and contain much of the worlds hydrocarbons.
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Storage Source, Reservoir, and Seal Rock
Seal Rock
Reservoir Rock Source Rock
As the layers were buried, they attained different characteristics. The source rock is where the hydrocarbons were formed. The reservoir rock is the storage container of the hydrocarbons with migration only to be stopped by a seal rock, holding the hydrocarbons in place.
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Coal-bed Natural Gas
Coal bed natural gas is generated and stored in coal beds. Gas in coal seams is stored in three basic ways: adsorbed to coal particles and held by molecular attraction, within pore spaces, cleats and fractures of the coal, and dissolved in water contained within the coal.
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Porosity & Permeability

By definition, reservoir rock must have: Capacity to store fluids Ability to transmit fluids Porosity is fluid storage capacity in a rock or how much you have Measured as % of rock void space Tight gas between 3 10% Permeability is the measure of ability of the rock to transmit fluids or how easy fluids will flow through the rock Measured in units called darcies or millidarcies Tight gas < .01 md
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High Porosity
Porosity is the percentage void space within rock that may contain fluids. Porosity can be primary porosity, such as space between grains that were not compacted together completely.
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Low Porosity
Low Porosity is the low percentage of void space.
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High Permeability
Permeability is a measure of the ability of a rock or unconsolidated material to transmit fluids. It is of great importance in determining the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs.
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Low Permeability
Gas reservoirs with lower permeability are still exploitable because of the lower viscosity of gas with respect to oil. Tight gas wells typically have permeabilites of less than 0.01 md.
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Conventional Sands
Tight Sands
Shale
Coal-bed Methane
Core picture
Free gas Free flowing
Free gas Slow flowing
Free & desorbed gas Slow flowing
Desorbed gas Free flowing

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Tight Gas Rock Low Porosity, Low Permeability
Shoreface & Shallow Marine Sand Average Porosity: 3.5% Best Permeability:0.012
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Types Of Traps
Structural Structural traps hold oil and gas because the earth has been bent and deformed in some way. The trap may be a simple dome or big bump, a crease in the rocks, or it may be a trap formed by a fault. Stratigraphic Stratigraphic traps are depositional in nature. This means they are formed in place, usually by sandstone ending up enclosed in shale. The shale keeps the oil and gas from escaping the trap.
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Stratigraphic Trap
The stratigraphic trap is a feature that ensures the hydrocarbons remain trapped in the subsurface. This trap is a feature that contains the hydrocarbons with a change in rock type like sand to shale.
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Structural Traps - Anticline
An anticline is a fold that is convex with the oldest beds found in the middle. Anticlines are favored locations for oil and natural gas drilling; the hydrocarbons low density causes it to migrate upward to the higher parts of the fold, until stopped by an impermeable layer.
23
Structural Traps - Faults
Faulted rock commonly forms traps for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. They often also occur around reef complexes and collapse features such as ancient sinkholes.
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Structural Traps Salt Dome
An example of this kind of trap starts when salt is deposited by shallow seas. Since the density of salt is generally less than that of surrounding material, it has a tendency to move upward toward the surface. Hydrocarbons can accumulate on the sides of the large bulbous dome.
25
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

The reservoir drive mechanism is the process in which reservoir fluids are caused to flow out of the reservoir rock and into a well bore by natural energy. It is also referred to as natural energy drivedriving the hydrocarbons toward the wells and up to the surfaces during the early life of a well. It controls the production of the reservoir. The 2 main drive mechanisms that we will discuss are: Water drive Gas/Depletion drive
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Water Drive - Bottom

Water drive reservoirs depend on water and rock expansion to force the hydrocarbons out of the reservoir and into the well bore. Water drive keeps the pressure high, so the objective is to try to produce as much gas as you can and outrun the water. Water drive is very rare in tight gas wells. The two types of water drive are: Bottom-water drive The stronger type of water drive. It forces the hydrocarbons up from the bottom of the reservoir.
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Water Drive - Edge
Edge-water drive is the weaker of the two types of water drive. It forces hydrocarbons in from the sides of the reservoir.
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Gas/Depletion Drive Reservoir

Depletion drive reservoirs remove volume, causing the gas to expand, and as long as pressure is low at the well, the gas will continue to expand towards the top of the well head. Pressure in wells continually drops as drive energy is depleted, impacting how liquids will be carried out of the well. Additionally, there is no water drive in depletion drive; water is in the pores of the rock..
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Gas Drive in a Coal Reservoir

Coal is a depletion drive; the flow characteristics are vastly different. In a coal reservoir you normally must remove water first allowing the gas to expand, the cleats to shrink, thereby increasing the permeability. As long as pressure is low at the well, the gas will continue to expand towards the top of the well head. Pressure in coal wells will also drop as energy is depleted, just as in tight gas wells, impacting how liquids will need to be carried out of the well.
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Sources of Water
Often where there is gas, there is water. There are principally two ways to deal with this water, lift it out of the well, or leave it down there. Liquid can take two primary forms, water and liquid hydrocarbons such as light oil. These are the different ways water can find its way in to a well. Free Formation Water Condensation Water from Another Formation Water Coning
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Free Formation
Salt water can exist in the hydrocarbon reservoir. It is water trapped in the rock at the time the rock was deposited. It may be derived either from ocean water or land water, has persisted with little change in composition since it was buried with the sediment. Often this water is corrosive.
32
Condensation
Water and/or hydrocarbons may enter the well bore with the gas at depth where higher temperatures and pressures keep the liquid in its vapor phase. Reducing the pressures the vapor rises with the gas, cooling as it does, changing to liquid in the tubing. Water from condensation is very fresh and calculations can tell us the maximum quantity that can be expected.
33
Water From another Formation
Water can also enter the well bore somewhere away from the perforations because of a casing leak caused by corrosion
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Water Coning
The upward encroachment of water caused by pressure drawdown from production. If the gas rate is high enough, water may be sucked from a water zone below, or from an aqueous zone above or below the producing zone.
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Ways Reservoir Characteristics Impact Liquid Loading

Reservoir Characteristics Formation: Tight Gas Porosity: 3 - 10% Permeability: <.01 md Drive Mechanism: Gas/Depletion Impact on Liquid Loading Need to keep pressure low at well to keep gas expanding and stay above Critical Rate Impacts amount of water produced Impacts plunger shut-in times Impacts gas flow rate
36
Production Cycle of Well

Drilling: putting a hole in the ground Completing a Well: activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of gas. Casing: series of metal pipes that turn hole into well Completion & Completion Techniques: finishing a well so it is ready to produce
Well Testing: determine the potential of the well, pressure/rate relationship during shut-in, flowing times, productivity testing, formation information Production: process by which reservoir fluids are brought to surface Maintenance & Repair (Workover): repairing/ replacing production tubing and packers, repairing artificial lift, cleaning out wellbore, stimulation, swabbing, recompletion, etc. Processing & Testing Reservoir Fluids: treating and measuring fluid production/injection, separation of fluids, water disposal
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Drilling
This is the first of all firsts, drilling a hole in the ground.
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Well Bore Geometry

Multilateral Well
Deviated
Lateral/Horizontal
Although most wells deviate at least slightly from the vertical, well bore geometry is important to how a well is produced, completed and what artificial lifts may be used. It can also affect well from a flow regime perspectivethe greater the angle in a well, the less efficient the lifts because the gas outruns the liquid. Well Bore Geometry Types: Straight Directional Deviated
Highly Deviated
Slotted Liner Completion
Highly Deviated Lateral/Straight

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Multilateral
Well Bore Geometry - Multilateral
Straight
Highly Deviated
Horizontal/ Lateral Deviated
Advantages: reduce footprint, more contact with reservoir, accelerated production, better wellbore placement, less drill sites Disadvantages: production allocation, testing & diagnostics, high angle wells speed up liquid load
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Multi-Well Pad
Advantages: reduce footprint, reduce facility costs, generate own power, allows for simultaneous operations Disadvantages: high angle wells start to liquid load faster
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Well Completion
The process of finishing a well so that it is ready to produce natural gas. It encompasses the activities and methods of preparing a well for the production of gas. A well casing is what segregates the formations from each other, through cement. Well casing refers to a series of metal tubes that are installed to turn a hole into a well.
Conductor casing Surface casing Intermediate or Liner String or Production Casing Tubing
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Well Completions
Well completion is the process of finishing a well so that it is ready to produce natural gas. There are 3 basic methods of completing a well: Open-Hole Cased-Hole Slotted-Liner
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Completions
Open Hole
Cased Hole
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Completions, cont.
Slotted Liner
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Various Well Completions Lateral Wells

Concrete Pack and Perforations
Gravel Pack and Slotted Liner
Gravel Pack and Wire Screen
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Completion Techniques
Perforations
Hydraulic Stimulation
Wire Wrapped Gravel Pack
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Well Head
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Extraction, Treatment, Selling
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Maintenance and Repair (Workover)

Service and work over rigs are similar to drilling rigs but smaller in size and they usually do not have circulation or rotary systems. Common jobs such as depth measurements and logging are performed with tools suspended on a wire line. The most common maintenance jobs are repairing/replacing production tubing and packers, repairing artificial lifts, cleaning the well bore and stimulation. Also, selecting the artificial lifts to be used in a well is considered maintenance.
50
Well Stimulation
Process to enlarge old channels or create new ones in the producing formation to enhance production. Two examples are fracturing and acidizing:
Hydraulic fracturing occurs when a fracturing fluid is injected at high pressures to cause fractures in the production zone; it works well in low permeability, sandstone reservoirs. Because most NAG gas is produced from low porosity & permeability tight gas wells, hydraulic fracturing is done to increase the amount of reservoir exposure to the well. Signification to deliquification is that the types of deliquification methods used could be impacted by proppant flowback. Depending on the deliquification technique, the fracture may, and will most likely, become part of the wells storage capacity. This causes the well to have different characteristics for build up and flow periods. Acidizing has much less affect on deliquification than fracturing. The acid reacts chemically with the rock to dissolve it, thus enlarging the existing flow channels and opening new ones to the well bore. The reservoirs most commonly acidized are the carbonate reservoirs, limestone and dolomite.
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Processing and Testing the Reservoir Fluids

Processing and testing the reservoir fluids includes treating and measuring fluid productions/injection and also allows for water disposal. In processing and testing, gas and water samples are very useful. Daily water samples are used to test for corrosion, calcium, chloride and other compounds and elements. When a well is drilled through multiple formations, gas samples are also used to test which formation is producing the gas.
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Primary Methods of Unloading a Well

There are various ways of unloading a well that has filled with water; some techniques require mechanical devices and are referred to as artificial lifts. Artificial lifts are required to raise gas to the surface after natural energy becomes weak and the well ceases to flow. The following are the 5 main methods of unloading a well: Cycling Foam Plungers Beam Pump Compression Other ones that BP uses
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Unloading Well to Mitigate Production Loss
Normal Decline
Rate, MCFD
Goal of Artificial Lift
Loading Time
Cycling
As the reservoir pressure depletes, we use cycling to return the well into its own natural rhythm.
Loaded
Closed/ Unloading
Flowing Open
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Cycling
Advantages Low initial cost Capable of being automated Used on wells with limitations and in combo with other remedies Easy, doesnt require tech expertise Unloads well & keeps it producing with minimal cost Effective in early life of well Disadvantages Wastes energy that could be utilitzed more efficiently, typically results in liquid fallback Unless automated, cant adjust with changing conditions requiring operator time to optimize Cannot reach maximum production without mechanical interface Works for limited time and then must be replaced Cant reach low bottom hole pressures
56
Foaming
Foaming is a relatively inexpensive initial cost solution for gas well deliquification; it is a type of liquid and gas emulsion. The primary benefit of foaming is that the liquid is held in the bubble film and exposed to more surface area which in turn leads to a lowdensity mixture and less gas slippage. Two operating limitations govern the application of foam to the unloading of low rate gas wells: the success of foam surfactants in reducing bottomhole pressure and economics.
Closed
Open
57
Foaming
Advantages Helps minimize venting Capable of being automated or truck treated Useful in wells not capable of using other remedies (eg. offshore) Simple & inexpensive for low rate wells Disadvantages Cost, especially if automated or truck treated. Ongoing. Some water must be present to make this work Can plug tubing, particularly when no water is present Scale enhancer Valuable operator time is used When automated, cant adjust with changing conditions Safety; chemical handling, MSDS, PPE, electrical equip safety
58
Plungers
A plunger is a mechanical device dropped in well and utilized to push the liquids out. The well is shut in to allow the plunger to fall through the liquid; the well is then flowed allowing the critical velocity developed while the well was shut in to push the plunger to the top of the well, lifting the fluids out of the well bore. We are mainly concerned with three types of Plungers: Conventional Two Piece Flow-through
59
Plunger Cycle
The compromise that usually yields the greatest production is found when balancing the plunger cycle frequency and plunger velocity that is not so fast that it damages the equipment or so slow that the plunger does not surface (approximately 750 ft per minute).
Loaded Shut in Flow Loading
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Two Piece Plunger
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Flow-through and Conventional Plungers
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Plungers
Advantages Low cost to purchase, install, move Low maintenance Can be automated to adjust for changing well conditions Works well in standard to large tubing strings With adequate GLR (gas liquid ratio) and pressure (400 scf/bbl/1000 ft) can lift high liquid rates Disadvantages Under wrong conditions, plunger is a projectile and can blow off top of tree Requires more analytical capabilities of operator, so requires more time and attention Stalls out at low bottom hole pressure Hard to operate in small tubing and with sand
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Beam Pump
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Beam Pump Cycle

Beam pumps may be the most common method to remove liquids from gas wells. The main components of a beam pump are: a sucker rod, a sucker rod pump and a walking beam.
Loading Down stroke Up Stroke Flow/ Loading
65
Beam Lift
Advantages Simple, efficient and easy to use Capable of achieving absolute minimum FBHP Use up to PxA Can be automated with pump off controllers to make changes as well conditions change Disadvantages High cost to purchase, install, maintain High maintenance Prime movers gas engines high maintenance, difficult to control; electric motors expensive to operate Gas locking worse than normal in high GLR wells Safety more moving parts, more opportunity for error
66
Compression
In general, compression lowers the surface pressure of a well with the intent of lowering bottom-hole pressure and increasing the gas velocity to equal or greater than the critical unload velocity It also lowers the pressure on the formation. Compression helps artificial lift methods to various degrees. Compression is a technique that is often used to assist in unloading the wells.
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Compression Types
Bypass Echo Springs PlantA Plant new 140 MMSCFD Train Jan. 2002 Plant B Patrick Draw Plant
(permit).
Wellsite
Wellsite Discharge Pressure =300 psi
Satellite
Satellite Discharge Pressure =600 psi
Export Processing/Bypassing
Export Pressure =1000 psi
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Compression
Advantages Increases rate by lowering suction (line) pressure and unloads Very attractive when small changes in pressure give big changes in rate Can be rented and maintained by vendor Can be used on wells with mechanical limitations Can be used with plungers, stop clocks, and recirc Disadvantages Wont kick off a well. Often a short term fix and downhole solution is later required Purchase/rental and operation costs; high maintenance Safety fire hazards, moving parts
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Other Artificial Lift Options

ESP PCP
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Surface handling of Gas Well Fluids
Gas, Oil and Water go to Dehydration unit removes water vapor and meters gas Production Unit (Tpak) which heats and separates gas from liquid
Orifice Meter inside Dehydrator
Separator inside Production Unit Water and oil stored for trucking
Fluctuations in pressure or flow at different points can cause loading

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Mechanics Of Gas Well Liquid Loading

Pressure Velocity Friction Gravity Critical velocity
Gravity
Friction
Pressure
Velocity
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Critical Velocity/Rate
Every gas well has a critical gas velocity below which liquid cannot be effectively transported from the well bore. Below the rate or critical velocity, liquids are not effectively removed from the well bore and will settle to the bottom of the tubing creating a plug of liquid.
Gravity
Friction
Pressure
Velocity
Critical Velocity
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Activity Mechanics of Gas Well Liquid Loading

Activity 1 Challenge The blue elements, water, would fall to the bottom of the tubing loading the well with water.
Gravity
Friction
Pressure
Velocity
Critical Velocity
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Understanding Unloading Curves

The gas velocity at which liquids accumulate is predictable and can be related to flow rates in various tubing sizes; unloading curves show this relationship. Using these curves, you can predict if a well may be liquid loaded. At lower surface-flowing pressures, a lower flow rate is required to keep a well unloaded. At higher flowing pressures, a higher flow rate is required. With this in mind, the goal is to keep a well unloaded and operate at the lowest possible flowing pressure. Also important to remember is that there difference between Turner and Coleman unloading curves. It is recommended that when surface flowing pressure is less than a 1000 psi, use Coleman curves; above 1000 psi, use Turner curves.
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Unloading Rates for Various Tubing Sizes -Turner

1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 200 400 600 800 Flowing (Tubing) Pressure, PSIA
Min Critical Velocity Rate, mcfd
Tubing Size
2.375 2.016 1.90 1.66
The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

A tool used in production engineering to assess well performance by plotting the well production rate against the flowing bottom-hole pressure (BHP). The data required to create the IPR are obtained by measuring the production rates under various drawdown pressures, or calculating the difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottom-hole pressure. The reservoir fluid composition and behavior of the fluid phases under flowing conditions determine the shape of the curve. The IPR clearly shows that we will need to constantly adjust in order to maximize production.
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Typical IPR Curves for Low/high Pressure Wells

800 700 Flowing Bottom-hole Pressure, psia 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Production Rate, mcfd
Higher Pressure Gas Well
Lower Pressure Gas Well
Unloading a Well to Mitigate Production Loss
Normal Decline
Rate, MCFD
Goal of Artificial Lift
Loading Time
Tubing and Casing Pressures Open Annulus

Normal Loaded
100 PSI Flowing Tubing Pressure
130 PSI Casing Pressure
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Tubing and Casing Pressures Leaks

Tubing Leak Casing Leak
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Casing and Tubing Pressure-Plot
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Tubing and Casing Pressures Packer Unloaded

Normal 1 Min. Shut In
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Tubing and Casing Pressures Packer Loaded

Flowing Loaded 1 Min. Shut In
0 PSI
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Flow Regimes
Mist
Annular
Slug
Bubble
Gas Flow
Decreasing Gas Velocity

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Four Flow Regimes Mist

Mist
The gas phase is continuous and most of the liquid is entrained in the gas as a mist. The pipe wall is coated with a thin film of liquid and creating friction, but pressure gradient is determined predominately from the gas flow. Gas flow rates are still high. IPR curve is being followed Production rates are smooth
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Four Flow Regimes Plot Mist Flow

Mist Flow
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Four Flow Regimes Annular Flow

Annular
Some liquid may be entrained as droplets in the gas and pipe wall friction may increase. Gas dominates the pressure gradient, but liquid accumulation is becoming significant. Gas rates begin to decline. Velocity approaching critical rate Tubing and casing pressure gradient increases (can be not considerable) Production rates are more erratic Liquid production may be constant or falling. Bottom-hole pressures increase Production trend may fall below decline curve projections
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Four Flow Regimes Plot Annular Flow
Annular Flow
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Four Flow Regimes Slug Flow

Slug
Gas bubbles expand as they rise and coalesce into larger bubbles, then form slugs. Liquid phase is now the continuous phase. The liquid film around the slugs may fall downward. Both gas and liquid significantly affect the pressure gradient. Velocity shows marked decline. Liquid production may show a marked decrease. Gas production may increase Bottom-hole pressures may show marked increase Production trend falls below decline curve projections
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Four Flow Regimes Plot Slug Flow

Slug Flow
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Four Flow Regimes Bubble Flow

Bubble
The tubing is almost completely filled with liquid. Free gas is present as small bubbles, rising in the liquid. Liquid contacts the wall surface and the bubbles serve only to reduce the density. Velocity shows marked decline. Liquid production may shows marked decrease. Gas production may suddenly improve with out intercession for a short period Production at this very low rate may continue as bubbles continue to rise through the liquid.
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Four Flow Regimes - Bubble

Bubble Flow
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Stable Flow Initial Production
Unstable Flow
Stable Flow Well Dead
Rate
Decreasing Gas Rate
TIME
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High Rate Data- 4 Hour to 1 Minute Data Scan

8:30 11:00
8:30
11:00
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Short Course Deliquification Basics

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North American Gas FIELD OF THE FUTURE

Deliquification Forum 2007: Deliquification Basics

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

The Key Elements Of Hydrocarbon Geology

Initially, much of the Earth is covered with water.

Heat, Time and Pressure

Gas, Oil, and Water

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Storage - Sedimentary Rock

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Storage Source, Reservoir, and Seal Rock

Reservoir Rock Source Rock

Coal-bed Natural Gas

Porosity & Permeability

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Low Porosity is the low percentage of void space.

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Free gas Free flowing

Free gas Slow flowing

Free & desorbed gas Slow flowing

Desorbed gas Free flowing

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Tight Gas Rock Low Porosity, Low Permeability

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Structural Traps - Anticline

Structural Traps - Faults

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Structural Traps Salt Dome

Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Water Drive - Bottom

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Water Drive - Edge

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Gas/Depletion Drive Reservoir

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Gas Drive in a Coal Reservoir

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Water From another Formation

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Ways Reservoir Characteristics Impact Liquid Loading

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Production Cycle of Well

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Well Bore Geometry

Slotted Liner Completion

Highly Deviated Lateral/Straight

Well Bore Geometry - Multilateral

Horizontal/ Lateral Deviated

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

2007 North America Deliquification Forum - Denver

Various Well Completions Lateral Wells

Gravel Pack and Slotted Liner

Gravel Pack and Wire Screen