Comparison Table

This comparison summarize characteristics of all protection relay types described in previously published technical articles: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Using Protective Relay For Fighting Against Faults The Good Old Electromechanical Protective Relay The Solid State Relay (Static Relay) Overview Few Words About Digital Protection Relay Flexibility and Reliability of Numerical Protection Relay El. Mech. Relay 1st generation relays. Static Relay 2nd generation relays. Digital Relay Numerical Relay

Characteristic Technology Standard Operating Principle

Present Present generation relays. generation relays. They use They use microprocessor. microprocessor. Within built Within built software with software with predefined values predefined values Microprocessors, digital ICs, digital dignal processors A/D conversion, numerical algorithm techniques Microprocessors, digital ICs, digital signal processors A/D conversion, numerical algorithm techniques

They use principle In this relays of electromagnetic transistors and ICs principle. been used

Measuring elements/ Hardware Measuring method

Induction disc, electromagnets, induction cup, balance beam Electrical qtys converted intomechanical force, torque

R, L, C, transistors, analogue ICs comparators Level detects,comparison withreference value in analogue comparator

Surrounding Environment

Depend upon There value may gravitation and vary with respect to the value changes temperature also. to the surrounding magnetic fields also. El. Mech. Relay Bulky Slow Mechanical clock works, dashpot Temp. dependant High No Limited Required High 8 to 10 VA El. Mech. Relay Very High Required Limited Static Relay Small Fast Static timers Temp. dependant Low Yes Wide Required Low 1 VA Static Relay Less Required Wide Digital Relay Small Fast Counter Stable High Yes Wide Not required Low < 0.5 VA Digital Relay Less Required Wide Numerical Relay Compact Very fast Counter Stable High Yes Wide Not required Low < 0.5 VA Numerical Relay Less Required Wide

Characteristic Relay Size Speed of Response Timing function Time of Accuracy Reliability Vibration Proof Characteristics Requirement of Draw Out CT Burden CT Burden Characteristic Reset Time Auxiliary supply Range of settings

Isolation Voltage Function Maintenance Resistance Output Capacitance Characteristic Deterioration due to Operation Relay Programming SCADA Compatibility Operational value indication Visual indication Self monitoring Parameter setting Fault Disturbance Recording

Low Single function Frequent 100 mille ohms < 1 Pico Farad El. Mech. Relay Yes

High Single function Frequent 10 Ohms > 20 Pico Farads Static Relay No

High Multi function Low 10 Ohms > 20 Pico Farads Digital Relay No

High Single function Very Low 10 Ohms > 20 Pico Farads Numerical Relay No

No No Not Possible

Partially No Possible

Programmable Possible Possible

Programmable Yes Possible

Flags, targets No Plug setting, dial setting Not possible

LEDs Yes Thumb wheel, dual in line switches Not possible

LEDs, LCD Yes Keypad for numeric values, through computer Possible

LEDs, LCD Yes Keypad for numeric values, through computer Possible

Relays Nomenclature as per ANSI

No 2 3 21 25 27 30 32 37 40 46 49 50 51 52 Time delay relay 3 Checking or Interlocking relay 21 Distance relay Check synchronizing relay Under voltage relay Annunciation relay Directional power (Reverse power) relay Low forward power relay Field failure (loss of excitation) Negative phase sequence relay Machine or Transformer Thermal relay Instantaneous Over current relay A.C. IDMT Over current relay Circuit breaker Type of Relay

52a Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally open (a contact) 52b Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch Normally closed (b contact) 55 56 Power Factor relay Field Application relay

59 64 67 68 74 76 78 79 80 81

Overvoltage relay Earth fault relay Directional relay Locking relay Alarm relay D.C Over current relay Phase angle measuring or out of step relay AC Auto reclose relay Monitoring loss of DC supply Frequency relay

81 U Under frequency relay 81 O Over frequency relay 83 85 86 87 Automatic selective control or transfer relay Carrier or pilot wire receive relay Tripping Relay Differential relay

87G Generator differential relay 87G T Overall differential relay 87U UAT differential relay 87NT Restricted earth fault relay 95 99 Trip circuit supervision relay Over flux relay

186A Auto reclose lockout relay 186B Auto reclose lockout relay

Relays for Transmission and Distribution Lines protection

No 1 Line Protection

400 KV Main-I: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme Transmission Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme Line 220 KV Main-I : Non switched distance scheme (Fed from Bus PTs) Transmission Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed from line CVTs) With a changeover Line facility from bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa 132 KV Main Protection: Switched distance scheme (fed from bus PT). Transmission Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and Line 1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay. 33 KV Lines Non-directional IDMT 3 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays 11KV Line Non-directional IDMT 2 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays

4 5

References: - Handbook of Switchgear Bhel - Digital/Numerical Relays - T.S.M. Rao