Geosynt het i c s and y

Rei nf or c ed Soi l St r uc t ur es
Rei nf or c ed Soi l Wal l s
c ont i nued c ont i nued
Prof K Rajagopal Prof K. Rajagopal
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennai
e-mail: gopalkr@iitm.ac.in
Out l i ne of t he Lec t ur e Out l i ne of t he Lec t ur e
Different Standards for Reinforced Soil Different Standards for Reinforced Soil
Retaining walls
Materials required
Fundamentals of earth pressure theories Fundamentals of earth pressure theories
Stability Analysis of Reinforced Soil
R t i i W ll Retaining Walls
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CodesandDesignStandardsfortheReinforced
Soil Retaining Walls SoilRetainingWalls
BS 8006 Strengthened/Reinforced Soils and Other Fills,
British Code of Practice (1995 &2006) British Code of Practice (1995 &2006)
FHWA Mechanically Stabilised Earth Walls and Reinforced
Soil Slopes: Design and Construction Guidelines, FHWA-
NHI 0043 (2001) NHI-0043 (2001)
Segmental Retaining Walls, National Concrete Masonry
Association, Herndon, Virginia, USA(2009)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Retaining Walls, Buried
Structures, Slopes, and Embankments, NCHRP National
Cooperative Highway Research Project Transportation Cooperative Highway Research Project, Transportation
Research Boads, Washington, DC USA (2008)
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CommentsonDesignCodes
BS 8006-1995
Limit State Based code Limit State Based code
Covers both polymeric and metallic reinforcements
Reinforced walls, slopes and Anchored Earth are discussed
elaborately
Seismic Loads are not considered
FHWA NHI-00-0043
Lumped factor of safety approach
Covers metallic and polymeric reinforcement materials, but Covers metallic and polymeric reinforcement materials, but
not anchored earth
Slightly more tolerant of fine soils
Seismic design
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Seismic design
Maj or di f f er enc es bet ween BS 8006
d FHWA and FHWA
BS 8006 FHWA BS8006
Limit state
FHWA
Lumped Factor of Safety Limitstate
Nocheckfor
overturning and
LumpedFactorofSafety
Checksforoverturning
and eccentricity overturningand
eccentricity
Verticalstress simple
andeccentricity
Verticalstress
Meyerhoff pressure p
staticpressure
y p
s v
w z + = o
e L
R
v
v
2
= o
s v

e L 2
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Soi l gr adat i on r equi r ement s
Percent passing Percent passing
Particlesize(mm) BS80061995 particlesizeFHWA
125mm 100% 102mm 100%
90mm 80100 0.425mm 060%
75mm 65100 0.075mm 015%
37 5 45 100 Pl i i i d 6% 37.5 45100 Plasticityindex<6%
10mm 1560
5mm 1045 5mm 10 45
600microns 025
63microns 0to12
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El ec t r oc hemi c al pr oper t i es of soi l s
Pr oper t y c r i t er i a
Limits for backfills when using steel reinforcement
Resistivity >3000Ohmcm
pH 5 10 pH 510
Chlorides <100ppm
Sulphates <200ppm
Organiccontent<1% g
Plasticityindexofsoil<6%
Limits for backfills when using geosynthetic reinforcement
Polyester(PET) pH39
Polyolefin(PP&HDPE)pH>3
Plasticityindexofsoil<6%
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S i t bl T f B k f i l l S i l Sui t abl e Type of Bac k f i l l Soi l s
Soil should be granular so that it has good permeability and Soil should be granular so that it has good permeability and
less corrosive effects on reinforcements.
Good drainage is essential to minimise the hydrostatic
th t i i t t pressures on the retaining structures.
Soil should have low PI value so that volume changes
during the service life are minimal (both expansive and g ( p
contractive)
Soil should not have very large size particles as they are
difficult to compact and installation damage of difficult to compact and installation damage of
geosynthetics could be high.
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Rei nf or c ed Soi l Wal l s - 3
Shear Strength Properties ShearStrengthProperties
Direct shear strength values are used Directshearstrengthvaluesareused
Peakfrictionangleisusedforallsteepslopes
and retaining walls andretainingwalls
Largestrainfrictionangle(constantvolume
f i i l ) i d f h ll l d frictionangle)isusedforshallowslopesand
soilstructuressupportedonsoftsoils
Cohesionisusuallyneglectedasitgivesan
additionalfactorofsafety
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Sacrificial thickness on each surface due to corrosion
Design service life, Reinforce material Sacrificial thickness, mm
years Land based
structure
(out of water)
Fresh water
structure
60 B 1 35 1 68 60 B 1.35 1.68
G 0.38 0.63
S 0.05 0.09
70 G 0.45 0.7
SS 0.05 0.1
120 G 0.75 1.0
S 0.1 0.2
NOTE 1. B black steel (un galvanized); G galvanized steel; S stainless steel. NOTE 1. B black steel (un galvanized); G galvanized steel; S stainless steel.
Black steel should not be used as a reinforcement material for a design service
life greater than 60 years.
NOTE 2. Linear interpolation may be used for intermediate service lives.
NOTE 3 Th l l t t l b dd d i fill f l 6I 6J 7C 7D NOTE 3. These values apply to steels embedded in fills of class 6I, 6J , 7C, 7D
in the Specification for Highway Works [1].
NOTE 4. Sites of special aggressiveness are to be assessed by specific study.
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(Extracted from BS 8006-1995)
Lateral Earth Pressures LateralEarthPressures
Activeearthpressuresareusedastheyare ct e ea t p essu es a e used as t ey a e
developedevenatsmallstrains
Thelateralstressesatshallowdepthsinverytall p y
structuresmaybeinfluencedmoreby
compaction thesemaybeneartoK
o
ratherthan
t K toK
a
.
Theabovehappensduetotheincremental
nature of construction of soil structures top of natureofconstructionofsoilstructures topof
thewallmaynotdeformmuchascomparedto
thebottom
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Rankine Lateral Earth Pressures Rankine LateralEarthPressures
Horizontal ground surface and smooth vertical wall Horizontalgroundsurfaceandsmoothverticalwall
|
|
sin 1
sin 1
+

=
K
a
q
K K
c z
K
a a a x
+ = 2
o
H/3
H/2
qH
K H K
P
a a
+ =
2
1

Cohesion, c is usually neglected

K
a
q
K
a
H
H
q
K H K
H
H q
K
H
H K
M
a a a a
2 3 2
2
1
6
1
2 3 2
1
+ = + =
q
K H K
a a
2

K
a
q
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2 6 2 3 2
Rankines theory Sloped Fill Rankine s theory SlopedFill
|
P
|
| | |
| | |
cos
cos cos cos
2 2
2 2

=
K
a
|
P | | | cos cos cos
2 2
+
| | s
| cos
2
1
2
H P
a
=
| |
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Coulombs equation Coulomb sequation
|
2
2
2
) sin( ) sin(
1 ) sin( sin
) ( sin
(
(

+
+
+
=
| | o |
o o o
| o
K
a
P
o
) sin(
1 ) sin( sin
(

+
o o
o o o
| =back slope angle
P
o
o
| = back slope angle
o = angle at back face of retaining wall
|= friction angle of the soil
o i t f f i ti l b t ll o= interface friction angle between wall
and backfill soil
Effect of wall friction is to reduce the active lateral
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Effect of wall friction is to reduce the active lateral
earth pressures
Desi gn Loads Desi gn Loads
Self weight loads Self weight loads
Live loads due to point loads or uniform
surcharge surcharge
Horizontal Loads from the crash barrier
Horizontal loads due to breaking forces on
bridge abutments
Vertical loads from Bridge abutments
Seismic loads Seismic loads
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Ex t er nal St abi l i t y Cal c ul at i ons Ex t er nal St abi l i t y Cal c ul at i ons
Stability Against Lateral Sliding
Stability against Overturning Stability against Overturning
Stability Against bearing capacity failure
Slip circle or overall failure mechanism
The length of the reinforced soil block is determined
from these calculations.
For the purpose of external stability calculations, the
reinforced block is treated as a rigid block. g
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L t l Slidi F il M h i
Resistanceforcealongthebase
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LateralSlidingFailureMechanism
Overturningmechanismoffailure resistanceduetoself
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weightofthereinforcedsoilblock
Bearingcapacityofsettlementfailuremechanism
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SlipcirclefailureorGlobalfailuremechanism lengthof
reinforcement layers should be large enough so that most critical reinforcementlayersshouldbelargeenoughsothatmostcritical
slipcirclewillhaveadequatefactorofsafety thisisespecially
criticalforstructuresbuiltonsoftfoundationsoilorstructuresbuilt
hi h l
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onhighslopes
Load c ombi nat i ons i n BS 8006
Partial load factors for load combinations associated with walls
Effects Combinations
A B C A B C
Mass of the reinforced soil body 1.5 1 1
Mass of the backfill on top of the
reinforced soil wall
1.5 1 1
reinforced soil wall
Earth pressure behind the structure 1.5 1.5 1
Traffic load on reinforced soil block
and behind reinforced soil block
F
q
=1.5
F =1 5
F
q
=0.0
F =1 5
F
q
=0
F =0 and behind reinforced soil block F
q
=1.5 F
q
=1.5 F
q
=0
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Partial load factors for load combinations for bridge abutment walls
Effects Combinations
A B C
Dead load of the structure 1.5 1 1
Dead load of the fill on top of the
structure
1.5 1 1
Dead load of bridge and bank seat 1.2 1.0 1
Backfill pressure behind the bank seat 1.5 1.5 1
Backfill pressure behind the structure 1.5 1.5 1
Horizontal loads due to creep and 1 2 1 2 1 Horizontal loads due to creep and
shrinkage
1.2 1.2 1
Traffic Loading Over the
entire
Behind
reinforced entire
structure
F
q
=1.5
reinforced
zone
F
q
=1.5
Bridge vertical live load HA Fq=1.5 Fq=1.5 dge e t ca e oad
HA & HB
q 5
Fq=1.3
q 5
Fq=1.3
Breaking dynamic load HA
HA & HB
Fq=1.25
Fq=1.1
Fq=1.25
Fq=1.1
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Temperature effects 1.3 1.3
Combination-A: Considers the maximumvalues of all loads and
therefore normally generates the maximumreinforcement tension
d f d ti b i It l d t i th and foundation bearing pressure. It may also determine the
reinforcement requirement to satisfy pull-out resistance although it
is usually governed by combination-B.
Combination-B: Causes maximum overturning loads together Combination B: Causes maximum overturning loads together
with minimumself mass of the structure and superimposed traffic
loads. Dictates the reinforcement requirement for pull-out
i t d lidi l th b resistance and sliding along the base.
Combination-C: Dead loads only without partial load factors.
Used for foundation settlement calculations and for generating
reinforcement tensions for checking the serviceability limit state reinforcement tensions for checking the serviceability limit state.
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What is the height of the wall H to consider What is the height of the wall, H to consider
for design purposes ?
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Recap
This lecture has described the different design
Recap
Thislecturehasdescribedthedifferentdesign
standardsforthereinforcedsoilretaining
walls and some design issues wallsandsomedesignissues
Discussedtheexternalstabilitycalculationsfor
these walls thesewalls
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