Introduction:

Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents unscripted situations and actual occurrences, and often features a previously-unknown cast. The genre often highlights personal drama and conflict to a much greater extent than other unscripted television such as documentary shows. The genre has various standard tropes, such as reality TV confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, which often double as the shows' narration. In competition-based reality shows, a notable subset, there are other common elements such as one participant being eliminated per episode, a panel of judges, and the concept of immunity from elimination. The genre began in earnest in the early to mid-1990s with The Real World. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the global success of the series Survivor and Big Brother. These shows and a number of others (usually also competition-based) became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries. Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. In the United States, various channels have retooled themselves to focus on reality TV, most famously MTV, which began in the 1980s as a music video pioneer, before switching to a nearly all-reality format in the early 2000s. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television. Documentaries, television news, sports television, talk shows and traditional game shows are not classified as reality television, even though they contain elements of reality television, such as unscripted situations and sometimes unknowns. Other genres that predate the reality television boom have sometimes been retroactively grouped into reality TV, including hidden camera shows such as Candid Camera (1948), talent-search shows such as The Original Amateur Hour(1948), documentary series about ordinary people such as the Up Series (1964), high-concept game shows such as The Dating Game(1965), home improvement shows such as This Old House (1979) and court shows featuring real-life cases such as The People's Court(1981). Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered around the use of the word "reality", and such shows' attempt to present themselves as a straightforward recounting of events that have occurred. Critics have argued that reality television shows do not present reality in ways both implicit (participants being placed in unusual situations) and deceptive or even fraudulent, such as misleading editing, participants being coached in what to say or how to behave, storylines generated ahead of time, and scenes being staged or re-staged for the cameras. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants (particularly on competition shows), that they make celebrities out of untalented people who do not deserve fame, and that they glamorize vulgarity and materialism.
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History:
History[edit source | editbeta]
1940s1950s[edit source | editbeta]
Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948, Allen Funt's hidden camera Candid Camera show (based on his previous 1947 radio show, Candid Microphone) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks." 1948, talent search shows Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors and audience voting. The Miss America Pageant, first broadcast in 1954, was a competition where the winner achieved status as a national celebrity.
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In

In the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a crime/police reality show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds.
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The radio series Nightwatch (19511955), which tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, California police officers, also helped pave the way for reality television. The series You Asked For It (19501959), in which viewer requests dictated content, was an antecedent of today's audienceparticipation reality TV elements, in which viewers cast votes to help determine the course of events.

1960s1970s[edit source | editbeta]

First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television series Seven Up!, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary seven-year-olds from a broad cross section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the intervening period, titled "7 Plus Seven", "21 Up", etc. The series was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot. However, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. In the 1966 Direct Cinema film Chelsea Girls, Andy Warhol filmed various acquaintances with no direction given; the Radio Times Guide to Film 2007 stated that the film was "to blame for reality television".
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The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family, which showed a nuclear family (filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program, The Family, was made in the UK, following the working class Wilkins family ofReading. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of Chuck Barris: The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game, and The Gong Show, all of which featured
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participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition.
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In 1978, Living in the Past recreated life in an Iron Age English village.

1980s1990s[edit source | editbeta]

Producer George Schlatter capitalized on the advent of videotape to create Real People, a surprise hit for NBC which ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of Real People was quickly copied by ABC with That's Incredible, a stunt show co-hosted by Fran Tarkenton. Canadian TV ran Thrill of a Lifetime, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show from 1982 to 1988 which was revived in 2001-03. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former Miss America Shawn Weatherly on the NBC series Oceanquest. Oceanquest chronicled Weatherly's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming.
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COPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989 and came about partly due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinma vrit feel of much of later reality television. The series Nummer 28, which aired on Dutch television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in the same environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued. Nummer 28 also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including a heavy use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, that serve as narration. One year later, the same concept was used by MTV in their new series The Real World and Nummer 28 creator Erik Latour has long claimed that The Real World was directly inspired by his show.
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However, the producers of The Real World have stated that their direct inspiration
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was An American Family.

According to television commentator Charlie Brooker, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based non-linear editing systems for video (such as produced by Avid Technology) in 1989. These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before. (Film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to shoot enough hours of footage with on a regular basis).
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The TV show Expedition Robinson, created by TV producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 in Sweden (and was later produced in a large number of other countries as Survivor), added to the Nummer 28/Real World template the idea of competition and elimination, in which cast members/contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained. (These shows are now sometimes called elimination shows).

Changing Rooms, a TV show that began in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other's houses, and was the first reality show
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with a self-improvement or makeover theme.

The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when tabloid talk shows came to rise, many of which featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests that would later become popular as cast members of reality shows.

2000s[edit source | editbeta]

Reality television saw an explosion of global popularity in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the successes of the Big Brother and Survivor/Expedition Robinson franchises. In the United States, reality television had a temporary decline in viewership in 2001, that lead some to speculate that it was a temporary fad that had run its course. Reality shows with low ratings included The Amazing Race (although the show has since recovered), Lost (unrelated to the betterknown serial drama of the same name) and The Mole.
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However, this proved not to be the case. Survivor and American Idol both topped the US seasonaverage television ratings in the 2000s: Survivor led the ratings in 200102, and Idol topped the ratings six consecutive years, from 200405 to 200910). Internationally, a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success. At least nine reality-television franchises have had over 30 international adaptations each: the singing competition franchises Idols, Star Academy and X Factor, and other competition franchises Survivor/Expedition Robinson, Big Brother, Got Talent, Top Model, MasterChef andDancing with the Stars. Several "reality game shows" from the same period have had even greater success, including Deal or No Deal, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Weakest Link, with over 50 international adaptions each. (All but one of these franchises, Top Model, was created by either British producers or the Dutch production company Endemol.) In India, the show Indian Idol remains the most popular television program after seven seasons.
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Kim Kardashian, reality TV star

The 2000s saw three television channels devoted exclusively to reality television: Fox Reality in the United States, which existed from 2005 to 2010, Global Reality Channel in Canada (20102012) and Zone Reality in the United Kingdom (20022009). In addition, several other cable channels, including Bravo, A&E,E!, TLC, History, VH1 and MTV, changed their programming to mostly comprise reality television during the 2000s.
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During the early part of the 2000s, network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue andsyndication. DVDs for reality shows in fact sold briskly; Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County, The Amazing Race, Project Runway, and America's Next Top Model all ranked in the top DVDs sold on Amazon.com, and in the mid2000s, DVDs of The Simple Life outranked scripted shows like The O.C. and Desperate Housewives. Syndication, however, has indeed proven problematic; shows such as Fear Factor, COPS and Wife Swap in which each episode is self-contained can indeed be rerun fairly easily, but usually only on cable television and/or during the daytime (COPS and America's Funniest Home Videos being exceptions). Season-long competitions such as The Amazing Race, Survivor, and America's Next Top Model generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun inmarathons to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile. (Even in these cases, it is not always successful: Dancing with the Stars was picked up for a ten-season run on GSN in 2012, has run in marathon format, but experienced very poor ratings.) Another option is to create documentaries around series including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings; the syndicated series American Idol Rewind is an example of this strategy. COPS has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales and DVD. A FOX staple since 1989, COPS has, as of 2013, outlasted all competing scripted police shows. Another series that has

seen wide success is "Cheaters", which has been running since 2000 in the US and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide. In 2001, the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences added the reality genre to the Emmy Awards with the category of Outstanding Reality Program. In 2003, to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs, a second category, Outstanding Reality-Competition Program, was added. In 2008, a third category, Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program, was added. In 2010, The Tester became the first reality television show aired over a videogame console.
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2010s[edit source | editbeta]

By 2012, many of the long-running reality television show franchises in the United States, such as American Idol, Dancing with the Stars and The Bachelor, had begun to see declining ratings.
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However, reality television as a whole remained highly durable in the U.S., with hundreds of

shows across many channels. In 2012 New York Magazine's Vulture blog published a humorous Venn diagram showing popular themes across American reality shows then running, including shows set in the U.S. states of Alaska, Louisiana and Texas, shows about cakes, weddings andpawnbrokers, and shows, usually competition-based, whose title includes the word "Wars".
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Duck Dynasty, a reality series featuring the Robertson family that founded Duck Commander, is the most popular reality series in cable television history. Its fourth season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States, most of which were in rural markets; its rural audience share has ranked in the 30s, an extremely high number for any series, broadcast or cable.
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Effects of reality shows:

As the girl sobbed and sank into the plush seat, others looked on. One of the onlookers began hurling taunts at the sobbing girls whereas few others, comforted her. The only guy amidst them looked perplexed. He walked out of the room silently and began narrating the whole scenario to his friends who listened with rapt attention.

This is a scene which is so typical of reality TV, which has been booming in the recent times. The subject of these TV shows can be quite diverse. The truth is, no matter what the subject is, reality shows manage to capture loyal fan following that guarantee high TV ratings. Although many viewers cannot stop watching reruns of the ever popular, 'F.R.I.E.N.D.S.', some feel it's time one moved ahead to some different concepts. This is when reality television made its mark on viewers and ensured it received enough attention and loyal viewers.

The effects of reality TV are quite diverse. It has an impact on the viewers in many ways. There

are various reasons why reality television has such effects upon viewers. Besides, the effects are not limited to viewers, participants also can be affected in many ways through this medium.

Effect on Viewers

Viewers of reality television who are addicted to these daily programs often get deeply involved into any situation. Often, certain reality television shows are based on topics that have no thought process or concepts. The audience thus gets hooked on to TV shows, which do not really have any intelligent concept. For example, these shows often highlights constant fights or disagreements between a group and even telecasts certain moments not suitable for viewing for a family audience. However, some shows may even show positive things, which viewers can learn and apply in their daily life. For example, a person can learn about teamwork or be motivated in life to achieve their goals or even chase a dream.

Effects on Participants

Reality television can be addictive and this is something the audience already knows. Even participants or contestants who finally get the 'lucky break' also face many effects of reality TV. The positive thing about such shows is that contestants get a chance to voice their opinions and showcase their talent, which depends upon the theme of the show. These otherwise ordinary people now live a life that is watched by people around the world. While some enjoy celebrity status, others fade into oblivion. Instant success upon winning a reality television show gives talented people a much-needed break. But instant success is a thing, not everybody can deal with. While some cash on to this success as they believe in making hay while the sun shines, others allow success to inflate their egos. Participants that only bask in the glory of their success and allow it to impact them negatively often indulge in outrageous behavior in public and even break laws. Sometimes, certain participants who do not achieve success even tend to go towards depression.

The reality about reality television is something far different as compared to what may be seen on TV. Snippets from the grapevine reveal a different story. There are many other gimmicks that are used to capture an audience. It is believed certain scenes are staged and rehearsed and presented as 'reality' for the viewers after editing. So, what is the reality behind these shows? This is a question that still remains unanswered... Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/effects-of-reality-tv.html

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Effects Of Reality Shows In India

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Should children participate in reality shows? Reality shows have adverse effects on children with some even classifying it as child labour. Children are not yet old enough to face the pressures and stress of reality shows. The pressure to perform well can lead to frustration in children participating in reality shows.

Nowadays there is a great increase in the number of reality shows on television. Many of these are shows which have children participating as contestants. While reality shows featuring children may cause television ratings to go up, there is another grim reality. The pressure which the children participating in these shows face is immense and has proved fatal too in some cases.

Expert Opinion According to psychologists and other experts reality shows for children are not a healthy concept. These children are under a lot of stress. The harsh comments of the judges at times can be difficult for them to handle. Adults are mature and can handle criticism and failure well, but

children have still not reached that level of maturity.

They may take criticism or rude remarks very seriously. They may feel humiliated if they are given a negative comment on their performance on national television. In fact, adults themselves find it tough to handle the pressure of reality shows, so one can imagine how difficult it is for children.

The fear of rejection makes them put more pressure on themselves. According to experts, children who participate in reality shows achieve sudden fame. Everybody knows them and suddenly they are in the limelight. When they are not in the limelight anymore and the fame suddenly fades away, they find it difficult to cope. Not every child is able to take it and it can result in deep frustration or at times even thoughts of self-harm.

Pressure by Parents Many parents push their children to perform better. They put too much pressure on the children. Also, some parents put so much pressure on the children that when the children get negative remarks on their performances they are afraid to face their parents.

Sometimes the reason for pressurizing their kids to participate in the reality shows is the allurement of the big amount of prize money. Many a time, the big prize money is the reason parents put pressure on their children to participate in the reality shows. Sometimes, the children are not talented enough or passionate enough but still the parents push them to participate in these shows because of attractive amounts of money which they hope to win. Parents have too much expectation from their children. Parents should also be realistic and keep in mind the physical and mental capabilities of the child. Even apart from reality shows these kind of parents put too much pressure on their children in matters related to academics and other extra-curricular activities as well.

Effects of Reality Shows on Children There is endless amount of practice required in reality shows. The long hours of practice and rehearsals can become very physically tiring. There have been instances of adults collapsing on the sets because of exhaustion. These long hours of practice practically drain all energy from a person.

The time spent while rehearsing for reality shows is a lot. The studies and other activities of the child may suffer. These shows might come and go, but parents should not allow the academics of the child to get affected. Many a time these children have to compromise on their homework or preparation of exams because of these reality shows. They spend long hours of precious time waiting and waiting for their turn in front of the camera.

Many a time these children are exposed to adult jokes and adult content on these shows. Some people even consider a child participating in reality shows as child labour because the child labour law prevents children under the age of 14 working.

Cases of Fatal Consequences In India, a young girl who was a reality show participant suffered a paralytic attack reportedly because of the harsh comments of the judges on herperformance in a reality show.

Another case highlights the fatal consequences of a childrens reality show. An 11 year old allegedly committed suicide because her parents barred her from participating more in a dance reality show.

Experts advice that children should be taught how to deal with failure before hand itself. They should be explained how to deal with frustration. Parents should not be so glamour struck and pressurize the children just for fame or star-status. Children should have a strong support system in case of failure.

REALITY TVS CONTENT IS NEGATIVLY INFLUENCEING OUR YOUTH THEREFORE IT SHOULD BE CENCORED In the 21st century, reality television has dominated our screens ambiguously. Its has become an essential part of our lives and entertainment. Reality television is degenerating our culture. It negatively impacts the viewers of the new generation when

limited reality is present that occasionally is scripted and edited for entertainment purposes. When reality shows are interpreted as reality, the viewers viewpoints and their actions are affected. Our youth tends to think, reenact, and endure the characters they perceive, enabling them to lose their sense of vital thinking and true emotions towards actual situations. The actions of these shows are infiltrating negative portrays of body image, graphic violence, and diminishing ones actual viewpoint of reality. With these following aspects I conclude that realty television is negatively impacting our society therefore it should be censored. Reality television programs show what is perceived as reality when in essence it realty isnt. These contrived scenes of certain situations and reactions are unscripted and unplanned. The characters arent placed in these situations to get a natural reaction; theyre behaviors become planned and adjusted for riveting footage heavily which is edited to create the best entertainment value for viewers. The more viewers are exposed to these reality distortions of a similar to the world, the scenes portrayed on television change their perception of the real world. More often than not, the representations of social reality on televisions are not true to objective reality (OGuinn 1997). The characters in these shows connect and empathize displays of overstated and distorted scenes, which mirror the way viewers interact and deal with situations. The portrayal of these stars and their lifestyles throughout these shows affect the views, motives, and desires of the audience. Each reality show portrays and fulfills certain desires including force of potency, sense of inspiration, comely views implying satisfaction, and revenge resulting to aggression. This undermines the viewers welfare and self-worth diminishing ones true morality pessimistically. In reality television, media violence has been an issue. Violence on television affects on children often negatively. When developing values systems and moral behavior, television is a powerful influence. A childs behavior is evident from the impact of viewing violence that affects them later in life. It can be responsible for violence initiation. Children television programs contain about twenty to twenty five violent acts each hour(Chuck 472). Theres a connection between TV violence and violent behavior in children; it affects childrens judgment on whether a situation they see is realistic. Seeing violence desensitized their mind in thinking it is acceptable and normal. It distorts their view of whats fantasy or reality, which takes long to contradict. These images appeal to real life making tempting to believe. After watching violence in the shows, their behavior changes because they feel less sensitive to adversity and pain of others and themselves thus creating a sense of fear and insecurities. It demonstrates how to express aggression through violence by imitating what they see or have seen others do. Studies show that the more youth watch the violence, the more likely to envision a mean and dangerous world. For instance the hit reality show Jersey Shore shows a lot of drama and issue along Seaside Heights, New Jersey. Controversy sprung up when cast member Snooki was harshly punched by a man in the face at a bar leading to fighting and members going to jail It is unacceptable for these scene to be displayed along television screen when our youth is viewing them weekly. It is setting a bad example and making it seem like it is acceptable. Morally a man should never hit woman, but the fact that the scene was not cut for rating purposes is beyond belief. Media contains violence for the purposes of adult entertainment and realism. But the problem is that parents and society do not properly control access to such media, therefore children are exposed to violent behavior long before they have matured into an adult, and therefore they may try to copy such behavior. (Dr. Christopher Davidson) Confidence and body image are eroded by these reality shows. They foist impratcial beauty standards making the youth question their bodies and instructing them to change

their appearance. These shows are scripted? and encourage an unrealistic plastic appearance of perfection. They make you feel like its a necessity to adjust ones appearance with images of attenuated women particularly that erases the perception of a healthy real body. This makes youth want to look a certain way to appeal to society like males for instance. These images of thin young bodies link to signs of unhealthy eating habits, depression and low self-esteem- including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The youth is having this pressure to be thin and so called beautiful. Studies indicate fifty percent of our youth wish to be thinner thus taking part in a diet. These examples are perceived in Americans Next Top Model which looks for models that are super thin and display a certain image to impress the industry thus receiving a contact if you win. A contestant on the show was prohibited from joining 12 other hopefuls on the catwalk because she didnt fit into the tiny clothing and a size six model was removed from catwalk for being so called big. The contestant said she was embarrassed and shamed into eating salad after being excluded in the show (Flynn). The youth looks up to these models and assume thats there image is the right and perfect image to display which negatively changes their perception and causes them damage to their physical and emotional well-being Reality Television has a huge impact on the youth watching viewing them. The cast members of these shows impact a certain behavior, appearance, and physiology. It has a negative impact because it makes them want to think, act, and feel like the characters on the screen which takes away critical thinking and true emotion towards situations. The exposure to violence initiates how to express ones anger and fearful attitudes towards the real world while other diminish body perception by images of thinness that lead to problems perusing to be an image thats unhealthy. The audience doesnt realize how these reality shows are affecting society and how it is compromising there well being and self worth. The following examples lead to a conclusion that these shows should be censored to the youth.