CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

1.4.2 Animal cell multicellular animals are made up of a number of different types of cells it made the organism more effective in carrying out different activities as different cells are specialized to carry out different functions CELL TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEMS

ANIMAL TISSUES

I. Epithelium

II. Connective

III. Muscle

a) Simple b) Stratified c) Pseudostratified a) Cartilage b) Bone c) Blood a) Striated (voluntary/skeletal) b) Smooth (Involuntary/unstriated) c) Cardiac(heart)

IV. Nerve

l) Epithelium covers the outer layer of the skin and all surfaces inside the body general characteristics; cells are arranged close to each other forming a continuous layer there are two surfaces, one exposed and the other are attached to the basement membrane Its importance: i) for protection, secretion and as sense organs ii) controls the exchange of materials between different part of the organisms and the environment i) ii)

CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

a) Simple Epithelium

i) Simple squamous epithelium - flat cell, disc shaped nucleus, little cytoplasm - in alveolus and capillary blood vessel - function in providing a thin layer across which diffusion can occur ii) Simple cuboidal epithelium - cell is cube-shaped, central spherical nucleus - lines the kidney tubule and many exocrine glands/ ducts - function in secretion and absorption as cells are rich in specific transport channels
iii) Simple columnar epithelium - cells tall and narrow with nucleus at the basal end. - Possess a lot of Golgi apparatus and might have cilia, microvillus or form goblet cells which produce mucus. - Lines the digestive and respiratory system - Function in secretion, absorption, protection and production of mucus

b) Stratified Epithelium

i) Stratified squamous epithelium - a few layers of cell whereby the lower layer will replace the old and worn out cells of the upper layer - found in the skin, mouth cavity and vagina function in protection and in cell replacement ii) Stratified cuboidal epithelium - 2-3 layers of cuboid-shaped cells - found on the surface of the exocrine glands/ ducts. iii) Stratified columnar epithelium - 2-3 layers of cells, with cells at the topmost layer shaped like a column found in the pharynx, larynx, mammary glands and salivary glands

c) Pseudostratified Epithelium

columnar shaped cells of varying heights, all cells are attached to the basement membrane but not all are exposed to the surface may be ciliated, have microvillus or glands. found in certain parts of the respiratory tract and secretory duct functions in secretion, protection and transport of mucus

CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

II) Connective Tissue made up of three components; No. i) ii) Component Characteristics Cells Matrix - Usually there are a number of cells in one type of connective tissues - Secreted by the connective cells. Can exists in the form of liquid, semiliquid or solid - Found in the matrix and produced by the connective cells - Usually there are 3 types of fibers collagen - strong and not easily bent elastic - easily stretched reticulate - fine and branching, therefore acts as a supporting net.

iii)

Fibers

a) Bone Tissue Consists of a hard and rigid matrix made up of calcium phosphate (in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals) and collagen fibers (strong yet flexible). Matrix consists of numerous cylinders called the Haversian system. Each cylinder is made up of concentric layers called the lamella. Between the lamella are munerous lacunae (a space filled with tissue fluid) containing osteocytes (bone cells) which secrete the matrix. There is a harvesian canal in the middle of the haversian system and it contain nerve and blood capillaries to supply the osteocytes with nutrients etc. Osteocytes are connected to each other through cytoplasmic strands in canaliculi. Volkmann's canal connects the harvesian systems. Function in support and protection, source of Ca + and place for muscle attachment

b) Cartilage Tissue Possess a light bluish matrix called chondrin (made of protein-polysaccharides). Chondrin are strong and elastic. Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) located in the matrix lacunae, secrete the chondrin. Chondrin does not have blood vessels, nerves or lymphatic vessels. Nutrient supply comes from the perichondrion outside the cartilage and it diffuses through the chondrin into the chondrocytes. chondrin have collagen fibers to add strength of the cartilage Eg. Hyaline cartilage found in the C-shaped rings of the trachea, ear, nose and at the end of long bones function in support, shock absorption and to reduce friction between bones.

CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

c) Blood Tissue made up of; i) Plasma - about 45% of the blood voltune - made up of - water (90%), - plasma protein - i. albumin transport, - ii.globulin immunity, - iii.fibrinogenblood clotting - product of digestion, - product of excretion, - mineral salts - hormones ii) Blood cells 1) Red Blood cells (erythrocytes) 2) White blood cells (leucocytes) 3) Platelets (thrombocytes) Cell i) Erythrocytes Characteristics /type 5 million/ mm of blood and have a lifespan of 120 days they are circular, biconcave discs with a diameter of 7m, no nucleus possess haemoglobin pigment and function in transporting O2 and CO2 5-9 thousand / mm3 blood function in the protection of the body. There are 2 types;
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ii) Leucocytes

1. Granulocytes- cytoplasm has granules, nucleus with lobes Neutrophils - 10-14m and 65-75% of leucocytes
- function in engulfing foreign substances

Eosinophils

- 10-14 lm and 2-5% of leucocytes - function in allergy response

- 10-14m and 0.5 - 1% of leucocytes - function in secreting histamine and heparin 2. Agranulocytes - cytoplasm without granules, bean-shaped nucleus Monocyte - diameter 15-20m and 3-8% of the leucocytes form macrophage in the tissues to engulf foreign substances Lymphocytes - diameter 8-10 m and 21-25% of the leucocytes - function in the immune response

Basophils

iii) Platelets

shape like a disc, diameter I-211m and 3-5 hundred thousand/ mm3 blood no nucleus, cytoplasm does not have granules function in blood clotting

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CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

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CHAPTER 1 - CELL AS UNIT OF LIFE

III) Muscle Tissue there are 3 types of muscles a) Striated muscles (voluntary/ skeletal)
made up of hundred of cells or muscle fibers shaped like a cylinder, arranged parallel to each other and has a diameter of 50m. Each muscle fiber has many nucleuses at its sides. It is surrounded by cytoplasm called sarcoplasma and enveloped by a membrane called sarcolemma. There is also a system of membrane called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Muscle fibers have a lot of myofibrils with a series of light and dark bands. Myofibrils are made up of 2 types of proteins, actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments). Striated=muscles are found in the diaphragm, abdominal wall and muscles used for movements b) Smooth (involuntary/ unstriated) No light and dark striation Spindle-shaped cells with one nucleus at the center Involuntary and rhythmic movement Found in digestive tracts, blood vessels and urinogenital system c) Cardiac (heart) Made up of short cells or fibers, cylindrical-shaped, and joined end-to-end through intercalated discs The fibers are branched, nucleus in the middle and presence of sarcolemma and sarcoplasma Myofibrils can be seen to have light and dark bands Only found in the heart and it is myogenic in nature IV) Nerve Tissue Made up of neurons and neuroglial cells i) Neuron - contain cytoplasm, nucleus, Nissl granules (for protein synthesis) etc. - possess dendrites that function in sending impulses to the cell body - there is a long axon which function to send impulse out of the cell body. Axon terminals end with structures called synapse. - There is myelin sheath formed by the Schwann cell enclosing the axon except at the Ranvier nodes. Neurilemma forms the outer layer of the myelin sheath ii) Neuroglial cells - supporting cells surrounding the neurons - non-excitable and_do not conduct impulse - play a supportive and protective role to the neurons - eg. Schwann cells which wrap themselves around neurons forming concentric layers called the myelin sheath.
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