Environmental Engineering and Management Journal

September 2012, Vol.11, No. 9, 1535-1545

http://omicron.ch.tuiasi.ro/EEMJ/

Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania

ABOUT SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL EMERGENT STRUCTURES FROM THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF BUCHAREST
Ioan Iano, Daniel Peptenatu, Radu-Daniel Pintilii, Cristian Drghici
University of Bucharest, The Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Researches on Territorial Dynamics, 4-12 Regina Elisabeta Blvd., Bucharest, Romania

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify certain environmental imbalances triggered by the new emerging structures and to highlight some effects on sustainable development for the metropolitan area of Bucharest. The morphogenesis of these imbalances is based primarly on the restructuring process experienced by the city in the transition process from planned to market economy and secondly, on the result of interaction between it and the new structures appearing due to uncontrolled urban and suburban development. The 15 new emerging structures, individualized for the first time on a uniform methodology, create a constant pressure on the natural environment. This pressure cumulates with the one developed by the city itself, both being evaluated through field research, interviews and through data and information analysis gathered from diferrent institutions and enteprises. All this have emphasized the alteration degree for some natural environmental components along the main access roads, and also between the new emerging structures. Statistical data related to water and air pollution have been provided mainly by the environmental agencies. Information from 30 interviews regarding the decision makers in sustainable urban development have enabled the creation of a pattern for environmental risks in new emerging structures of the metropolitan area of Bucharest. By taking into consideration the regional functions for emerging structures, which are seen as growth poles, this model can be a starting point for a sustainable development approach along with a spatial vision on polycentrism. Key words: emergent structures, pollution, sustainable development, territorial management, trans-temporal pollution
Received: March 2011; Revised final: February, 2012; Accepted: March 2012

1. Introduction The new forms of the urbanization process in the areas surrounding big metropolises of the countries in transition from a centralized system to a system based on market economy, led to the coming out of new structures, characterized by a dynamism which is excessive and often hard to control by the decision-makers from local or regional level. The notion of emergent territorial structure must be regarded in a much larger context, prefigured by (Elliot and Perry, 1965) by the term emergent metropolitan area. By such an approach, classical

theories can be partially contradicted regarding the role of processes of population concentration in the apparition of new territorial structures, placing them on a secondary place, after the processes of economic concentration. The breach between town and surrounding space, noticed during the totalitarian period, is less consistent and permanently pushed towards exterior, impoverishing the natural components of environment, as vegetation, soil, underground waters and microclimate. The new emergent territorial structures have an important role in shaping the relationships metropolis insertion environment

Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: ianos50@yahoo.com

Ianos et al./Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 11 (2012), 9, 1535-1545

(Newman, 2006), but they introduce new breaches at mezzo- and micro-scale, due to an excessive consuming of the primary eco-energies (Iano et al., 2011). These are visible in the way of using fields (Petrior et al., 2010; Peptenatu et al., 2011), in the process of their conversion and especially in the pressure applied upon natural ecologic systems around metropolises. The unprecedented aggression of urban upon surrounding space was an uncontrolled process, chaotically developed, without a prospective management, which should take into account the main directions of future development. After the centralized systems collapse, two processes had to be guessed: the industrys de-structuring and the tendencies of mass-leaving from the communist blocks from large districts, especially of young population. From here resulted the necessity of some policies of response, concretized in concrete plans of urban and metropolitan space organization and development (Edwin, 2003). The industrys destructuring meant the closing of some big industrial enterprises and for some of them the fragmentation or de-localizing (Cepoiu, 2009). The result was the reconversion of fields in other types of activities: commercial, residential, logistical, higher education, but never green spaces, which would influence positively the urban microclimate (Ferreira et al., 2000; Makhelouf, 2009). The fundamental change of relationships between metropolis and metropolitan area was so brutal, by the lack of regulations that determine a strong increase of urban pressure. This pressure will have to be properly estimated and monitored, in order to diminish the loss of resources, respectively of environment goods. The activities de-localizing, intense traffic, new economic activities developed outside the metropolis, but in tight connection to it, generate pollutants which have the capacity to persist by cumulative effects (Gavrilescu, 2009; Damian et al., 2010; Nouri et al., 2010), generating pollutants which have the capacity to persist by cumulative effects, generating enormous risks for an environment profoundly affected by urban sprawl. These pollutants with very complex structures and in which heavy metals have a special place, contribute to the degradation of environment quality by the increase of soil surfaces affected, by the infection of ground waters, the air pollution with different chemical elements and sediment dusts (Secu et al., 2008). Pollution by noise adds to these categories of pollutants, being determined by economic activities, but especially by the very intense traffic which affects the capacity of work power and the health of population from such structures (Alimohammadi et al., 2010). The global management of a metropolitan area as Bucharest is difficult enough due to very different options of the decision factors from local level. Ensuring a sustainable development of new emergent structures must be based on a multi-criteria approach, starting from a strategic evaluation of 256

metropolitan environment (Ioj, 2008; Robu and Macoveanu, 2009). Consequently, on the one hand, its about sustainable development of each new emergent structure, and on the other hand of the way in which they are sustainably enclosed in the context of the insertion environment, which is extremely dynamic. The dislocation of economic activities towards suburbs did not mean also the development of accessibility corridors, which contributes to exceeding the maximum allowed concentrations along the main roads of penetration into towns (Braghin et al., 2010; Humeau et al., 2010). Usually, these roads cross longitudinally the new emergent structures, interfering one with another. The higher and higher pressure upon natural environment determined by these structures needs the elaboration of new systems of territorial management, which globally approach these functional disruptions and take into account the big problems related to the precariousness of urban environment (Mrkajik et al., 2010; Petraru and Gavrilescu, 2010; Braghin et al., 2011; Fortuna et al., 2011; Gmrkolu, 2011; Vargas-Vargas et al., 2011; Peptenatu et al., 2012). The special importance of territorial management models results from the difficulties identified in the global approach of the unbalances from the natural environment of emergent structures. The lack of some administrative systems, able to administer emergent structures uniformly, makes decisional impulses is different, inconsistent and contradictory (Peptenatu et al., 2010). In such cases, Bucharest metropolis must inefficiently cohabitate with different ways of management, generated by their affiliation to at least 5 counties. The solution is only one: accepting a type of collaborative management, which may supply a lot the lack of a territorial cooperation culture (Iano, 2004) and to adopt some measures of preventing the degradation of metropolitan area and compromising the chances of sustainable development of the entire assembly: metropolis metropolitan area. The dynamic of economic and demographic components from large metropolises in transition shows a permanent de-localizing of activities and population and a transfer of those towards metropolitan areas. This means a complexity of processes for whose management a strategic thinking is necessary, able to take into consideration all changes which take place both at the level of natural environment, and at the level of economic and social environments (Brueckner and Largey, 2007). As it was mentioned before, for the sustainable development of emergent territorial structures from the metropolitan area of Bucharest, it will refer mainly to those tightly connected to some components of natural environment. Present global changes and especially climatic changes are able to quicken preoccupations for adapting large urban concentrations to an obvious warming, and in this respect protecting environment goods is essential (Roshan et al., 2010).

About sustainable development of the territorial emergent structures from the metropolitan area of Bucharest

This study was done, starting with the year 2009, in the metropolitan area of the city of Bucharest, once with the researches carried on in order to prove that except the fact that the town behaves as a thermodynamic and informational open system, it has also got dissipative structures or structures with a dissipative character. 2. Material and method The methodological demarche regarded: the individualizing of emergent structures, the analysis of the functional process restructuring and their impact upon the environment from the metropolitan area, the analysis of the way in which pollution sources may restrain the process of sustainable development of these structures. Also, a special attention was given to trans-temporal pollution, frequent on large areas in the metropolitan area of Bucharest city. For the quantifying of the pressure exerted by the de-localizing of economic activities and of population towards suburbs, there were used the data obtained from the field researches and those registered at the county agencies for environment. The identification of emergent structures was done on the basis of a set of indicators and criteria, as follows: the convergence of transport systems, the dynamic of economic development, demographic growth and the profound identity reconstruction of these areas. The delineation of the analyzed area was realized in two phases: the first one defining an active area of influence, and the second the individualizing of the emergent structures within it. To define this area of influence it has been considered a methodology based on the overlapping of at least three of the following areas of influence

(area of economic influence, area of commercial influence, area of demographic influence, area of socio-cultural influence, area of leisure activities and weekend travel influence). Taking into account that the influence of a city consists of several areas of influence, it could be said that its average extension is given by the "junction areas of influence of at least three elements" (Iano, 1987) (Eq. 1):

Ia =I aj (n 3 )
j= 1

(1) Ia = the influence area of a town/city; Iaj = influence area of an element; n = number of elements taken into account. The second phase was the individualization in the active influence area, driven around Bucharest, of the new emergent structures. In this respect, with the complex development index (Pintilii et al., 2008) were selected the territorial structures that have "popped" in relation to its surrounding structures. Thus, we have delineated 15 regional structures emerging, whose uncontrolled development can lead to serious environmental problems. The location of these emergent structures emphasizes the role of the structural axes of space, respectively large transport corridors which connect the capital with the surrounding space and implicitly with the entire country. Field researches along these axes and inside new emergent structures revealed the main unbalances of natural environment (especially air and water pollution), real obstacles in implementing a strategy of sustainable development at supra-local level and, obviously, at the level of the entire metropolitan area.

Table 1. Main industrial sources of pollution from the metropolitan area Bucharest (Regional Agency for Environment Protection (RAEP) Bucharest, 2009) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Company S.C. NEFERAL S.A. S.C. MONDO ALUMINIUM METAL-M.A.M. S.R.L. S.C ROMVAC COMPANY S.A. S.C. ECOREC S.A. S.C. ECOSUD S.R.L. S.C. PROTAN S.A. SC SILVER HAWK COM IMPORT EXPORT S.C. AVICOLA BUFTEA S.A S.C ROMSUINTEST PERIS S.A. S.C. PICOVIT ROM IMPEX S.R.L. SC URBB SRL LOULIS S.A. S.C. HOBAS PIPE SYSTEMS S.R.L Location Pantelimon Jilava Voluntari PopetiLeordeni Vidra PopetiLeordeni 1 Decembrie Buftea Peri PopetiLeordeni Pantelimon Pantelimon Clinceni Economic profile Installations for the melting of non-ferrous metals Installations for the melting of non-ferrous metals The industrial scale production of main pharmaceutical products Wastes deposits Wastes deposits Installations for the elimination or recycling of animals carcasses and animals wastes Intensive breeding of fowls or pigs Intensive breeding of fowls or pigs Intensive breeding of pigs Intensive breeding of pigs Treating and processing with the purpose to obtain food products and drinks from raw materials of vegetal origin Treating and processing with the purpose to obtain food products and drinks from raw materials of vegetal origin Installations for the products treatment using organic solvents

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14

S.C. ROMANO TUB S.A.

Buftea

Installations for the products treatment using organic solvents

Souce: Agency for Environment Protection, 2009

The mapping by technical observations allowed identifying the areas where unbalances from the natural environment are generated by underdimensioned infrastructure, areas where the building of an efficient diffluence system was proposed, able to absorb the more and more intense traffic, once economic activities were de-localized towards the metropolitan area. The appreciation of waters quality was reported to Law no. 310/2004, annex 11, which establishes five classes of quality, depending on the hydro-morphological biological parameters, physical-chemical parameters, emissions of pollutants evacuated. In our analysis, waters were divided into three quality categories: very polluted (grade 0), polluted (grade 1) and feebly polluted (grade 2). The field tests and the 30 interviews, conducted with local decision makers and representatives of institutions in the environmental field, have allowed the collection of information about developing a model for environmental risk management on the one hand, the identification and centralization of production units, which the development of economic activities directly contribute to environmental pollution, on the other. This information allowed the identification of the location and the economic profile of the most polluting companies, which repeatedly exceed the maximum allowed concentrations at different types of pollutants. Discussing the modality in which a sustainable development of these areas could be reached, a special attention was given to international standards in the field of environment risks management. A useful instrument in building the risks management models is the ISO Standard 31000 and the ISO Guide 73, published in 2009. These instruments establish the main principles within risks management, as well as the necessity of a systemic approach, as an efficient way of reducing the unbalances from territorial systems. 3. Results and comments After 1990, Bucharest registered an accentuated economic dynamic, sustained by the status of capital, which generated material and human flows which were superior to other towns from Romania. The retardation produced between the economy restructuring, the process of (re)privatization and the development of urban economic activities led to a rapid aggression upon metropolitan space. It must be mentioned that unlike other metropolises from Central and Eastern Europe, around Bucharest there was a real process of suburbanization in the post-war period. The rhythm of houses construction (multi-family constructions), which kept in the line with the process of extensive

industrialization did not allow a classical suburbanization process. Hence, a false suburbanization resulted, by declaring the town closed, after the year 1970. The population which came from poor regions of the country, not having the possibility to settle in the town, settled in the first belt of communes around the capital. This explains how in almost two decades some rural settlements (which are towns today) succeeded to have a numerous population (over 15.000 inhabitants): Voluntari, Pantelimon, Popeti-Leordeni etc. 3.1. Some relevant environmental issues and characteristics of the emergent structures from the metropolitan area The dynamic of the town after 1990 meant a hunger for space, in parallel with the coming out of some restrictions regarding the functioning of some pollutant factories in the main urban space. As a result, some of the factories, especially energy-eating factories, migrated towards surrounding communes, and others were closed. Field researches identified a tight connection between their location and the accessibility, existent and projected, towards the metropolis. Except the localization-delocalization process of economic activities, a very strong process was that of population migration, especially of young population, towards the localities around the capital, especially those localities situated nearby some forestry surfaces, lakes or hydrographic arteries. The concentrations of economic activities and population concentrations were the basis for the new emergent structures, mainly concentrated at the periphery of the Capital, giving a stellar configuration to the entire anthropogenic space (Fig. 1). Other emergent structures, as it can be noticed, are situated at distances of about 30 km from the capital and they are specialized either around some touristic attraction objectives (Snagov, Comana), or some concentrations of economic activities (Mihileti). These fundamental changes in the relationship between the old and the new metropolis with the space around it generated high pressures upon the road infrastructure of the territory, which remained under-dimensioned, determining big agglomerations of motor vehicles and implicitly a very high pollution of the air along the corridors of access in Bucharest. A birds eye view upon air pollution in some of the emergent structures nearby the capital shows that emission sources are those inherited, some of them dating even from the inter-war period (Neferal, located in Pantelimon) or even newer as those from Chitila, Jilava and Mgurele. Due to their life period as pollution sources, it is considered that it is about a trans-temporal pollution. After the year 1990, once the de-localising of economic activities from

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Bucharest was done, pollution sources multiplied, especially in the areas of some localities as: Otopeni, Mgurele, Pantelimon, Cernica, Voluntari, Afumai, Popeti-Leordeni and others. A part of these production units contribute to air pollution with organic and inorganic dusts which contain metals, too (Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd). In this respect, Neferal detaches, especially in winter time, when eastern and north-eastern winds dominate, but especially in the period with frequent thermic inversions (December February). Most enterprises from the table above release in the air large quantities of gases and vapours (SO 2, NOx, NH3, HCl, CO, CO2, H2S), organic solvents, smoke etc (RAEP Bucharest, 2009), diminishing the airs quality and affecting the populations health state. In this context, must be mentioned a paradox: a good part of the new residential assemblies developed around these very polluted areas, either thanked to the existence of some lake surfaces (Pantelimon, Cernica), or some forest surfaces (Voluntari, Brneti), or some fields at relatively advantageous prices (Popeti-Voluntari, Mgurele). If the way of appearance and the subsequent evolution of emergent territorial structures from the

metropolitan area of Bucharest is analysed, it can be noticed that territorial distribution of environment goods was the cause of assymetric development both of the city and especially of its metropolitan area. This assymetry explains the aggression of population and economic activities upon natural environment, with a superior quality in the northern part of the Capital. The general configuration of circulation shows that outside the axes of penetration in Bucharest, which know a very intense traffic twice a day (in the morning and in the evening), the ring road of Bucharest knows a traffic almost constant all the time. Due to the transit road flow, of that determined by the supplying of economic units situated on one side and the other, as well as of the flow of daily travelers, the pollution on a strap of approximately 3 km on one side and another is very high. Only if the frequency of suspension dusts exceeding is analyzed, it can be noticed that in two opposite points, situated nearby the ring road (Baloteti and Mgurele), this registers very different values (10%, respectively 30%) (Table 2).

Fig. 1. Territorial distribution of the new emergent structures from the metropolitan area of Bucharest Table 2. The situation of air pollutant elements in Ilfov county Town Baloteti Mgurele Baloteti Mgurele Baloteti Mgurele Baloteti Mgurele Pollutant type SO2- 1h SO2- 1h SO2- 24h SO2- 24h PM10 PM10 Pb- medie anual Pb- medie anual No determinations 7323 4151 322 181 158 245 90 91 Yearly concentration (g/mc) 5.7 6.1 5.8 6.1 29 41 0.04767 0.05029 No exceeding of timetable limit values 0 0 0 0 15 60 0 0

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Baloteti Mgurele

O3- medie 8 h O3- medie 8 h

7990 7045

53.8 36.9

11 0

Souce: RAEP, Bucharest, 2009

Fig. 2. Functional restructuring of Bucharest

The traffic is so intense that Bucharest risks to be suffocated by its own inaction, the circulation being extremely defective on this road way. The integrated management of peripheral traffic of the Capital lacks totally, although when implementing a strategy of sustainable development of the Capital and its metropolitan area, it should be started with the allocation of resources for the modernization of this ring road and its functional restructuring. The connection and integration of new emergent structures to the urban space of the Capital turns the present ring road into an internal rink, with another role, different from its present role. Keeping the present functions and especially economic structures will produce big distortions in the sustainable development of the city, many of the activities becoming incompatible with a healthy urban environment. The high values of pollution in the urban influence area are determined also by the lack of an efficient system of traffic diffluence, able to permanently adapt to the tendencies of localization of economic activities and population in the influence area. From this cause, the sustainable development of

new emergent structures needs, besides the modernizing of accessibility corridors from periurban areas, to build some diffluence systems at the entrance in Bucharest of the main access corridors towards central areas (Fig. 2), as well as the construction of a rapid connection between the two highways. Along the main structural axes from this emergent system, air pollution at rush hours is very high, due to the deficient organizing of accessibility corridors, without diffluence systems and parking areas which should be useful for economic units along these. Thus, there appears a frequent exceeding of maximum allowed quantities, due to the blocking of traffic by large means of transport. The biggest danger for the sustainable development of new emergent territorial structures is Bucharest itself. The quantity of pollutants at the level of the big city is enormous, and in some cases very dangerous for the territorial structures outside it. Despite the fact that the Capitals atmosphere knows an obvious process of improvement, still the values remain threatening by cumulative effects (Table 3).

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As it can be noticed, except ammonia and dioxin, all other pollutant elements register a decrease, after a big part of them had reached very high values in the years 2001-2003. The effect of passing to the implementation of European norms regarding environment is visibly strong starting with the year 2004, when most of them were adopted, at the closing of the process of the alignment of legislation in the field. The higher values at the dioxin level are due to the fact that until 2004 there wasnt a products incinerator with this containing, and they used to be deposited in wastes deposits. At the same time, Bucharest is also a big producer of greenhouse effect gases, especially of

CO2, CH4 and N2O. The dynamic of these gases is oscillatory, having relatively low values in the year 2000, reaching a maximum in the year 2003, and after that a rapid decrease followed, until 2007. Starting with 2007 there is a tendency of growth, which makes that at the capitals level the main greenhouse effect gases register almost 8 million tons per year. The development of agricultural and industrial economic activities in the second part of the 20th century, as well as the present dimensions of the activities unfolded in the new emergent structures of the metropolitan area seriously affected the quality of ground and surface waters.

Table 3. The dynamic of some air pollutant elements at the level of Bucharest City and Ilfov County Yearly emissions (t/an) SO2 (t/an) Bucharest Ilfov NOx (t/an) Bucharest Ilfov NH3 (t/an) Nonmethane volatile organic compounds (t/year) Cadmium (t/an) Mercury (t/an) Plumb (t/year) Total dusts (t/year) Dioxine (grams/year ) Bucharest Ilfov 2000 28.90 6 21.30 1 30.5 2001 41.48 3 22.51 6 38.7 2002 31.88 6 25.40 5 40.2 2003 104.09 7 202.17 44.063 1244.8 8 56.83 556.43 2004 25.452 132.25 14.173 1270.47 8 32.7 293.25 2005 29.38 2 190.2 5 12.87 3 1607. 7 29 145.5 5 27.77 2 2006 9.626 1348.13 6 11.304 7778.94 1 33.7 1195.63 6 2007 11.110 68.571 12.899 150.39 6 38.55 617.17 7 2008 2.157 129.02 1 20.901 225.88 5 341.13 555.90 7 2009 3.265 82.32 17.642 467.26 370.3 645.32

Bucharest + Ilfov Bucharest + Ilfov Bucharest + Ilfov Bucharest Ilfov Bucharest + Ilfov Bucharest + Ilfov

4.520

4.955

5.526

68.427

50.053

16.071

11.478

15.477

9.154

0.069 8 0.054 107.8 2.676 9.12

0.088 0.049 110.5 2.720 5.7

0.081 0.035 7 104.8 5 2.880 4.19

0.305 0.107 119.8 2.648 15

0.035 0.017 5.83 977 13.9

0.048 0.026 58.83 6 880 677

0.0795 0.261 14.45 584 1.827

0.08 0.282 2.06 2.679 765 1.528

0.093 0.258 2.19 3.69 1.881 2.384

0.056 0.018 1.41 2.8 994 1.284

Source: Yearly report regarding the state of environment in Bucharest City for the year 2009, the Agency for Environment Protection Bucharest, Bucharest, 2010.

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Fig. 3. Pollution of natural environment in urban area of influence of Bucharest

The lack of water treatment stations, the reduced capacity of the existent ones and the deficient management of solid wastes are directly felt in the level of waters pollution. Field researches identified economic agents which spillover polluted waters into rivers or undeveloped holes, thus contributing to the pollution of surface waters and soil. In Fig. 3 the main water-courses by the pollution degree are presented. The main collector of waters which crosses the influence area of Bucharest city is the Arge, which registers very high pollution values. According to the Agency for Environment Protection, critical areas under the aspect of waters pollution are: Dmbovia (downstream the capital), Arge, Sabar, Ciorogrla, Cociovalitea and Pasrea. The river Dmbovia is one of the most polluted rivers in the country, due to the discharge of polluted waters in the area Glina, coming from the getting together of waters from the two cassettes: the one with clean waters, from the surface, and the one with wastewaters, beneath the first one. In this area there were exceeded the limits imposed by the Government Decision no 563/2006 for: dissolved oxygen, CBO5, NH4 and NH3 (RAEP Bucharest, 2009). The analysis of chemical compounds from underground waters shows a certain region-like process around Bucharest, revealing a dominance of the content in organic materials in the eastern and south-eastern part of Bucharest and the dominance of some micro-elements in the western and northwestern part. One of the major unbalances determined by the development of economic activities in new

emergent structures is the soil pollution, by the improper use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides following the development of an intensive agriculture, which should serve the capital. Important areas, as surface, were identified in: PopetiLeordeni, Buftea, 1 Decembrie, Chitila, Drti, Dobroeti, Jilava, Mgurele. Overall, soils in this sylvan-steppe region have a very good cushion capacity of different types of pollutants. The most important polluted surfaces are nearby Neferal platform in Pantelimon (100 ha), in different areas where the chaotic depositing of garbage and construction materials appears (150 ha), in areas situated nearby some agro-zootechnical complexes (Jilava and Buftea) and in the area Clinceni Bragadiru, due to oil exploitations. The functional disruptions determined by the de-localizing and development of economic activities need, by their wideness, a unitary approach by institutional structures, able to elaborate and implement common strategies at the level of those emergent structures. The unitary approach can eliminate the very high costs, which cannot be assumed at individual level by the administrative units from these areas. 3.2. Proposal for a management model of the environment risk in emergent structures A useful instrument in elaborating and implementing the strategies of territorial management is the management model of the environment risk in emergent structures. This includes a succession of steps towards an optimization of relationships between the

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About sustainable development of the territorial emergent structures from the metropolitan area of Bucharest

components of natural environment and socioeconomic environment (Fig. 4). This model supposes a vision of sustainable development of Bucharest city together with these emergent territorial structures which for the moment are regarded as disturbing factors of environment. The concentration of economic activities and population in these areas usually located along the penetration ways in Bucharest imposes the restriction of the aggression upon forestry and agricultural surfaces, lakes and hydrographic arteries. These may offer the chance for the metropolis and its surrounding area to structure its space in such a manner that on the one hand it could develop itself, inclusively by territorial extension on certain directions, but also to preserve its environment goods. These are the perennial values of Bucharest (besides its cultural values), which besides the essential function they have at the level of the big geosystem, will be meant to facilitate the towns adapting to global climatic changes. The specific management of these emergent structures means ensuring a management which takes into consideration the coordinates of a general development, in concordance with the metropolis, which they depend on. Having these structures in view, in such a context it can be considered that the common strategies of development of Bucharest and

metropolitan area must be based on a polycentric vision. In the concrete situation, polycentrism is based on the idea of avoiding the towns super saturation and the de-localizing of some activities in accordance with the capacity of harmonization with natural environment. Besides, new emergent structures are crystallized around some local growth poles, which knew, by their position towards the capital (Voluntari, Pantelimon, Popeti-Leordeni, Chitila, Bragadiru, Mgurele, Otopeni and Buftea), the special natural touristic resources (Snagov, Comana) or the agricultural resources (Mihileti, Bolintin Vale, Fundulea) an economic and demographic impulse. Their chaotic development, by individual visions, must be replaced with a vision which takes into account the characteristics of general flows, the environment resources and the necessity of recreating some natural forestry, lake spaces and some wet areas. The costs of these inventions will be absorbed by the aware participation of inhabitants and by the advantages which will arise from the smaller efforts of future generations to adapt to a warmer, drier and full of unpredictability climate.

Fig. 4. The environmental risks management model in the metropolitan area Bucharest

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4. Conclusions The new forms of space structuring around a metropolis in transition are in resonance with the processes which take place at its level. The passing from a planned system to another system, specific to market economy, determines numerous distortions in the process of optimization of the big citys insertion in the territory. The new emergent structures can be considered as the roots of this insertion, as areas in which the towns tensions release. The lack of some regulations even from the beginning of transition, its inconsistency and contradictions after more than two decades stand for a more profound reflection and to action in order to ensure the conditions of sustainable development of such an urban conglomerate, which exceeds 2,3 million inhabitants. After a chaotic development of these concentrations of economic activities and population carried on around some local growth poles and along the axes of penetration into town, it is necessary to ensure the sustainable development of each of these structures, as well as of all together with Bucharest. The carried on researches emphasize the importance of taking into account the town as the main provider of pollutants, as main attacker regarding natural areas and the main actor in shaping the environment and surrounding settlements. New emergent structures must take over a part of these pressures, but by a proper development it should limit its own aggression regarding the resources they have. These are represented by space, air, water and soil, which must be preserved at a quality as close as possible to their natural state. By creating some polycentric structures, territorial management supposes the overlapping of the institutional system with a network consisting of the development poles from the metropolitan area, towards which there are transferred the attributions of identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment of territorial functional disruptions. The elaboration of intervention strategies is the responsibility of superior levels, which ensure the monitoring of the process of implementation according to the targets elaborated at supra-systems level. Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU / 89/1.5/S/58852, Project Program for postdoctoral researchers in science education, co-financed by the European Social Fund within the Sectoral Operational Program Human Resources Development 2007 2013, and project Territorial Management Based on Growth Poles Theory (UEFICSU-PNII Idei, 1950).

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