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Study of Electric System Harmonic Response

Luis Sainz, Manuel Caro, and Joaqun Pedra, Member, IEEE

AbstractFrequency scanning is the simplest and most commonly used technique for harmonic analysis. It determines the system harmonic response at a node from the calculation of its impedance matrix. This paper studies the determination of these impedance matrices and presents a classification of such matrices according to the linear and nonlinear loads connected in the system. Finally, the results are applied to analyze the harmonic response of electric power systems in the presence of capacitor banks or Steinmetz systems. The analytical results obtained in the capacitor bank example have been validated with experimental measurements. Index TermsFrequency scan, harmonic analysis, power quality.

This paper studies the frequency scan characterization of a typical three-phase distribution system by analyzing the calculation of its impedance matrix. A classification of 11 different impedance matrices is presented according to the linear and nonlinear loads connected in the studied system. Finally, this study is applied to analyze two examples. Simple models of the linear devices are used in both examples to obtain some interesting theoretical conclusions about the use of capacitor banks and Steinmetz circuits. These conclusions are validated with experimental measurements in the capacitor bank example. II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

I. INTRODUCTION

N THE LAST few years, there has been an increase of nonlinear devices in electric networks. This fact has led to a growing interest in obtaining network voltages at harmonic frequencies [1][3]. The procedures for analyzing the harmonic problem can be classified into frequency domain and time domain. Frequency-domain methods are the most widely used for the harmonic problem formulation [4]. Generally speaking, they are a reformulation of the conventional load flow aimed at including the nonlinear device treatment and the calculation of harmonic voltages [2], [3], [5]. The complexity of the problem has led authors to tackle it in several ways in order to reach a compromise between the simplicity and the reliability of the formulation. Frequency scanning is usually the first step in harmonic analysis [1][3], [5][8], because it can provide some insight into system behavior at harmonic frequencies. In harmonic penetration studies, the system frequency response at particular nodes is calculated, and then nonlinear loads harmonic currents can be injected into the network to derive the voltage distortion levels [1], [2], [6], [8]. Frequency scanning is also useful for determining the possible resonance frequencies that might cause equipment damage, the need for tuned filters, and the impact of their connection [1], [2], [7]. The network frequency response can be obtained either from measurements or from numerical calculation. It is normally presented in the form of single impedance/frequency plots. However, the exact study must include network imbalances and, therefore, 3 3 matrices are required at each harmonic [9].

This paper studies the harmonic response of a typical threephase distribution system shown in Fig. 1 which is defined by A. AC System It is characterized by ground-connected balanced wye imped. ances B. Distribution Line/Transformer It is considered balanced and is characterized by its phase . impedances C. Three-Phase Linear Loads Two different configurations are considered: 1) delta configuration, which can be either unbalanced , , ) or balanced ( ( ); 2) ground-connected wye configuration, which can be either , , ) or balanced ( unbalanced ( ). D. Nonlinear Devices (NLDs) They can be either three-phase nonlinear devices or singlephase nonlinear devices. III. HARMONIC RESPONSE CHARACTERIZATION System frequency response is characterized by means of the , which relates equivalent harmonic impedance matrix three-phase voltages and currents as follows:

Manuscript received May 13, 2003. This work was supported under Grant DPI2001-2192. The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Barcelona 08028, Spain (e-mail: sainz@ee.upc.es; pedra@ee.upc.es). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2004.825299 0885-8977/04$20.00 2004 IEEE

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Fig. 1. Studied system.

Diagonal impedances are known as phase-driving point impedances [6] since they allow the contribution of the injected , to the harmonic harmonic currents in any phase , that is, ) to be determined. Nondiagonal voltage of this phase (i.e., impedances are the equivalent impedances between a phase and the rest of the phases since they allow the contribution of the . to the injected harmonic currents in any phase , that is, ), to be deterharmonic voltage of any other phase (i.e., mined. The calculation of both sets of impedances is necessary because a resonance in any of these impedances could cause a high level of distortion in the corresponding voltages. The above impedance matrix is determined from the expression

TABLE I NONLINEAR DEVICE INJECTED HARMONIC CURRENTS

B. Admittance Matrix Characterization According to the equivalent passive system of Fig. 1 and considering the four different configurations of the three-phase linear loads, the elements of the admittance matrix can be

(2) It can be observed that the result depends on the nonlinear or and the system admittance device current injections matrix (i.e., the system impedances).

A. Nonlinear Device-Injected Current Characterization As shown in Table I, where , currents injected by nonlinear devices can be classified into three types. According to Table I, the following can be noticed. The three-phase nonlinear devices fed by balanced voltages inject only a set of currents for and another for . The three-phase nonlinear devices fed by unbalanced voltages inject a three-phase set of harmonic currents whose sum is zero. The unbalanced voltages cause the injection . of all the odd harmonics The single-phase nonlinear devices inject any set of unrelated harmonic currents, and the sum of currents of the three phases cannot be zero. The above characteristics of the types of currents presented in Table I will influence the equivalent harmonic impedance results.

(3) According to the above expressions, Table II presents the five topologies of the system with the expected corresponding admittance matrix structures (e.g., in topology I, the presence of an unbalanced delta load is considered, and the presence of the other loads may also be considered.) The following can be noted. Topology IV has equal admittance matrix diagonal ele) with . The ments (i.e., with same is true of topology V (i.e., ).

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TABLE II ADMITTANCE MATRIX STRUCTURES

TABLE III ANALYSIS OF THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

Topology II has equal admittance matrix nondiagwith onal elements (i.e., ). The same is true of topology IV ) with . (i.e., The determinant of these matrices for each topology is

Fig. 2.

Equivalent circuit of example 1.

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IV. ANALYSIS OF THE HARMONIC RESPONSE Once the elements of the studied system (i.e., nonlinear and linear loads), have been characterized, the study of the system harmonic response must consider the combination of nonlinear device types and linear load topologies. According to the expressions obtained in the Appendix , these combinations lead to 11 different structures of the equivalent , which characterize the freharmonic impedance matrix quency behavior of the studied network (Table III). The following can be seen. The combinations and have equal admittance matrix diagonal elements (i.e.,

) with and ). and have equal The combinations admittance matrix nondiagonal elements (i.e., ) with and . and (symmetrical volt The combinations ages with presence of unbalanced wye loads) and and (unsymmetrical voltages with presence of balanced loads) are not possible. The frequency scan calculation and graphical representation of the elements of these matrices provide some insight into network behavior at harmonic frequencies in situations where intuitive reasoning is difficult or not possible. This calculation can be performed analytically from the expressions presented in the paper or numerically by determining the voltages caused by the corresponding 1-p.u. current injections at each frequency.

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V. EXAMPLES Two examples are analyzed in order to apply the study of the previous sections. Although general models of the linear devices can be used for frequency scan calculation in the proposed procedure, simple models of the linear devices are used in this study to obtain some interesting theoretical conclusions on the use of capacitor banks and Steinmetz circuits. In the example of capacitor banks, the analytical results are validated with simulations and experimental measurements. The frequency response of both examples is simulated by means of a MATLAB customized program. The frequency response measurements of the capacitor bank example have been made with a 4.5-kVA ac power source (ELGAR smartwave switching amplifier) which can generate arbitrary waveforms. A. Example 1 Fig. 2 shows the equivalent circuit used to study the resonant behavior of a network constituted by an ac system which feeds a capacitor bank and a set of single-phase nonlinear devices by means of a distribution transformer. The example analyzes the consequences of an imbalance in one of the bank capacitors (e.g., the capacitor between phases and ) in the harmonic resonant behavior. This circumstance is usual in these banks owing to damage in the capacitors or in , the capacitor bank is balanced; otherwise, their fuses. If is the degree of imbalance. it is unbalanced and 1) Analytical Study: In the analytical study, the ac-system and , are not considered (i.e., and transformer resistances ). Considering the unbalanced case, we have Topology I with an unbalanced delta. The elements of the symmetrical admittance matrix are

which correspond to Topology IV with a balanced delta and a nonlinear device type T (A.9). From the above results, we can conclude that the connection causes a parallel resonance of a balanced capacitor bank in the network driving impedances and the equivalent impedances between phases at the frequency (8) If there is an imbalance in one of the capacitors, only the driving and the equivalent impedances of the phases between , , , which the capacitor is connected (e.g., if the imbalance is in the capacitor between phases and and ) change. A new parallel resonance appears together with the previous resonance. The frequency of this new resonance and the imbalance, i.e., depends on the previous one (9) According to the above expression, the new resonance frequency resulting from the imbalance will always be higher than because imbalance always leads the previous one (loss of bank capacitors). to a reduction of parameter A series resonance also appears in the system impedances, but it has not been studied in this paper. 2) Simulations and Measurements: The system of Fig. 2 is , , studied considering and . Its harmonic response has been simulated and measured. The studied harmonic behavior is presented in Fig. 3 for all of the frequencies between 50450 Hz. In this figure, simulations and experimental measurements are quite similar, and both validate the previous analytical study. The presence of the capacitor bank causes a parallel reso. nance at If the bank suffers an imbalance ( ) in the capacitor between phases and , a new parallel resonance , , , and appears in impedances at . Moreover, the relation has been measured for difand has been plotted in Fig. 4. ferent degrees of imbalances In this figure, the goodness of the obtained analytical expression (9) can be verified. B. Example 2 The network of Fig. 5, comprising a supply system ( and ), which feeds an ac/dc six-pulse converter and a Steinmetz circuit, is analyzed. In the Steinmetz circuit, the single-phase receiver is a reand is delta-connected to the reactive sistance symmetrizing elements, inductance , and in order to balance the curcapacitor rents and voltages. The studied circuit leads to an R-I impedance matrix structure (a three-phase nonlinear load fed with balanced voltages and an unbalanced delta linear load) which can be calculated with (A.3). Its harmonic frequency response is shown in Fig. 6. According to (A.1) and (A.2), this harmonic response has only (i.e., the points meaning for the harmonics

(5) The impedance matrix also depends on the single-phase nonlinear devices (type T) considered in the study. From (A.6), the elements of the symmetrical impedance matrix are

(6) If , the capacitor bank is balanced and the above elements are modified into

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Fig. 3. Impedance/frequency matrix (continuous line: simulated results; broken line: measured results).

Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Location of the new resonance frequency (continuous line: simulated results; broken line: measured results).

Circuit of example 2.

VI. CONCLUSION This paper studies frequency scan characterization of a typical three-phase distribution system by analyzing the calculation of its impedance matrix. The result depends on nonlinear device current injections and system impedances. Three types of nonlinear devices and five linear system topologies are classified accordingly. The system harmonic response must consider the combination of nonlinear device types and linear load topologies. This consideration leads to 11 different structures of the equivalent harmonic impedance matrix which characterize the frequency behavior of the studied three-phase network.

marked in Fig. 6). The lines between these harmonics are only the analytical representation of (A.3) and give a qualitative idea of the frequency response trend. A resonance close to the seventh harmonic can be observed. The asymmetric resonant behavior of the circuit leads to an asymmetric effect on the harmonic voltages, and the most and , where the critical resonance takes place in phases capacitor is connected. Both phases have the highest driving harmonic impedance, and will therefore have the highest harmonic voltages.

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A. Type R The currents of the nonlinear device type R are related according to Table I. In this case, the equivalent harmonic impedance matrix of (1) can be reduced to three driving point impedances if the currents are a set of positive sequence and where ) since ( (A.1) and

or if they are a set of negative sequence ( where ) since

(A.2) According to the above expressions, the system frequency response for these harmonics is presented. 1) Topology I:

(A.3) 2) Topology IV:

(A.4) 3) Topology V: (A.5)

Fig. 6. System driving impedance of example 2 (continuous line: k = 5; 11; . . .; broken line: k = 1; 7; . . .).

B. Type S In this type of nonlinear device, it is imposed that the sum of the three-phase currents is null to obtain the system frequency response. This condition is valid for all frequencies. Therefore, the obtained frequency response is also valid for all of the frequencies. 1) Topology I:

Most commercial packages allow the system frequency scanning to be calculated. The proposed procedure also enables the frequency response to be analytically studied. This procedure has been presented in two examples using simple models of linear devices. Simulations have been made in both examples, and the first example has also been validated with experimental measurements.

APPENDIX The system response depends on the connected passive elements, Table II, and the type of nonlinear device, Table I, which observes these elements. Therefore, considering the following: is the determinant of the admittance ma the variable in (4); trices, and for harmonics ; and for harmonics ; FGH are the phases corresponding to the sequence (e.g., with , ); the following expressions are deduced from (2) and the combination of nonlinear device types and linear load topologies.

(A.6) 2) Topology II:

(A.7)

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3) Topology III: (A.8)

C. Type T In this type of nonlinear device, no relation between the currents of harmonics is imposed to obtain the system frequency response. Therefore, this response is valid for all of the frequencies. 1) Topologies I, II, and III: The same expressions as the corresponding ones of type S (i.e., S- I, S- II, and S- III). 2) Topology IV:

, Modeling and simulation of the propagation of harmonics in electric power networks. Part II: Sample systems and examples, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 466474, Jan. 1996. , Test systems for harmonics modeling and simulation, IEEE [8] Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 14, pp. 579587, Apr. 1999. [9] N. R. Watson and J. Arrillaga, Frequency-dependent A.C. system for harmonic studies and transient convertor simulation, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 3, pp. 11961202, July 1988.

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Luis Sainz was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1965. He received the B.S. degree in industrial engineering and the Ph.D. degree in engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1990 and 1995, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, where he has been since 1991. His main field of research is power system quality.

(A.9) 3) Topology V: The same expressions as R-V. REFERENCES

[1] G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality. West LaFayette, IN: Stars in a Circle Publications, 1990. [2] J. Arrillaga and C. P. Arnold, Computer Analysis of Power Systems. New York: Wiley, 1990. [3] B. C. Smith, J. Arrillaga, A. R. Wood, and N. R. Watson, A review of iterative harmonic analysis for ACDC power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13, pp. 180185, Jan. 1998. [4] J. Arrillaga, A. Medina, M. L. V. Lisboa, M. A. Cavia, and P. Sanchez, The harmonic domain: A frame of reference for power system harmonic analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, pp. 238244, Jan. 1991. [5] E. Acha and M. Madrigal, Power Systems Harmonics. New York: Wiley, 2001. [6] Task force on harmonics modeling and simulations, Modeling and simulation of the propagation of harmonics in electric power networks. Part I: Concepts, models and simulation techniques, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 452465, Jan. 1996.

Manuel Caro was born in Manzanares, Spain, in 1979. He received the B.S. degree in industrial engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 2002. His main field of research is power system quality.

Joaqun Pedra (S85M88) was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1957. He received the B.S. degree in industrial engineering and the Ph.D. degree in engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1979 and 1986, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department, Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, where he has been since 1985. His research interest lies in the areas of power system quality and electric machines.