Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
811.111:34
ADINA RĂDULESCU
PART I
Unit 1. British Law vs. US Law ……………………………………... 7
Unit 2. Forms of Punishment ……………………………………….. 16
Unit 3. The European Court of Justice – Composition and Structure … 24
Unit 4. Institutions of the Community ……………………………… 32
Unit 5. Daily Telegraph ……………………………………………… 39
Unit 6. Daily Telegraph ……………………………………………… 47
Unit 7. Home Confinement ………………………………………….. 53
PART II
Unit 1. Student First Amendment Case ……………………………. 59
Unit 2. Contempt of Court or Violation of Freedom of the Press? 67
Unit 3. The Role of Federal Courts in Balancing Liberties and Safety 75
Unit 4. United States Constitution: Amendments …………………. 81
Unit 5. Disclosure of Classified Information ……………………….. 88
Unit 6. Health Care Fraud …………………………………………... 95
Unit 7. Identity Theft ………………………………………………... 103
Key to Exercises
Part I ………………………………………………………………… 112
Part II ……………………………………………………………….. 114
Appendix A – Phrasal Verbs ………………………………………….. 116
Appendix B – English-Romanian Glossary of Legal Terms ………….. 121
Bibliography …………………………………………………………... 128
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6
PART I
UNIT 1
BRITISH LAW vs. US LAW
7
courts. Sudden or suspicious deaths are investigated in a special
coroner’s court.
US law is based on English law and is represented by common
law, statute law, and the US Constitution. There are two types of
court, state and federal, with each state having its own distinctive
laws, courts and prisons. Federal law cases are first heard before a
federal district judge in a district court presided over by a Chief Judge.
Appeals are made to one of 13 Courts of Appeal or to the Supreme
Court, the highest in the country. The federal legal system has its own
police force, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
A sheriff in the USA is the chief law enforcement officer in a
county, with the power of a police officer in the matter of enforcing
criminal law. In his judicial role he is entitled to serve writs. He is
elected by the local people in all states except Rhode Island.
In England and Wales the sheriff is the principal officer of the
Crown in a county, with mainly ceremonial duties. In Scotland,
however, he is a judge in a sheriff court, which deals with most types
of crimes.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic Dictionary)
9
II. Complete the following sentences using the words in the box
in different expressions. Each word will be used more than once:
A B
to serve a sentence = a executa o sentinţă
1. to pronounce a sentence a. a comuta o pedeapsă
2. to be released on probation b. cu domiciliu forţat
3. to be taken into custody c. a fi eliberat pe cauţiune
4. to drop all the charges d. a suspenda o sentinţă
5. to commute a sentence e. a depune un jurământ
6. to be released on bail f. a renunţa la toate acuzaţiile
7. to take an oath g. a pronunţa o sentinţă
8. to suspend a sentence h. a urmări în justiţie
9. under house arrest i. a fi arestat
10. to bring to court j. a fi pus în libertate sub supraveghere
VIII. Match the verbal tenses in the left column with their
corresponding grammatical term; the first one has been done for
you as an example:
14
IX. Put the verbs in brackets into the corresponding verbal
tense indicated in italics:
1. I …………………. (see) my solicitor tomorrow. (Present Tense
Continuous)
2. What …………you (think) about? (Present Tense Continuous)
Why ………. you (not talk) to me about your problems? (Present
Tense Simple)
3. After deliberating for hours, the jury ……..……….. (decide) to
declare the defendant not guilty. (Present Perfect)
4. Why ………….. you (accept) to take this case if you consider
your client to be guilty? (Present Perfect)
5. Yesterday he ………. (come) into my office and ……… (ask) for
my help. I ……… (tell) him that I would help him but he ……….
(not seem) to trust my words. (Past Tense Simple)
6. I ………….. (wait) for you in front of the cinema when I ………
(realize) that somebody …………… (watch) me insistently. Soon
after I ……….. (decide) to leave. (Past Tense Continuous and
Past Tense Simple)
7. Judge Moony …………… (preside) in this court of law for more
than ten years. (Present Perfect Continuous) He ………… (retire)
next week. (Present Tense Continuous)
8. The journalist …………. (not make) the story public until he
…………. (find) enough hard evidence to incriminate the suspect.
(Past Tense Simple, Past Perfect)
9. They …………… (work) together for five years when they
………… (find out) that they ………….... (be married) to the
same woman. (Past Perfect Continuous, Past Tense Simple, Past
Perfect)
10. By the time you ……….. (arrive) at the airport, his plane
…………… (land) for more than half an hour. (Present Tense
Simple, Future Perfect)
11. When I ……….. (graduate) I was very determined to pursue a
career in the law field. (Past Tense Simple). But since then I
………….. (reconsider) my options and I …………… (decide) to
turn politician. (Present Perfect)
12. She …………... already (address) her appeal to the High Court of
Justice in London when she …………. (be summoned) to appear
in the local court. (Past Perfect, Past Tense Simple)
15
UNIT 2
FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
When people are sent to prison in Britain after being found guilty
of a crime, they are given a sentence that specifies the length of their
punishment. Most, however, will be eligible for a remission of one third
of the period stipulated. This means that a person sentenced to a year’s
imprisonment will normally be released after eight months, and one
sentenced to three years will leave prison after two. Moreover, most
prisoners sentenced to 12 months or more are also eligible for parole
when they have served one third of the stated period, after a minimum
of six months in prison. At present, about three prisoners out of four
obtain parole. However, prisoners sentenced to five or more years for
serious offences involving violence, arson or sexual crimes are rarely
granted parole. A person on parole is released from prison on condition
that he or she remains in touch with a probation officer over the period
of time for which the original sentence would have run. If parole
conditions are abused, the offender is liable to be recalled to prison.
Although a ‘life sentence’ for murder rarely means imprisonment
for life, it can last for 20 years or more if the crime was the murder of a
police officer or prison officer, if it was carried out during a terrorist
attack or a robbery, or if it involved the sexual or sadistic killing of a
child. The government minister responsible for law and order, the
Home Secretary, decides when a prisoner sentenced to life should be
released. Such prisoners remain on parole for the rest of their lives, and
may be imprisoned again if it seems likely that they will commit a
further offence.
On the whole, many courts try to avoid passing prison sentences
in the first place, and instead impose some other punishment, such as a
fine, or probation, or a community service order. A court may impose a
prison sentence ‘suspended’ for up to two years: the offender will not
16
have to serve the sentence unless he or she commits other offences
during the period. Fines are awarded in about eight cases out of ten.
‘Probation’ involves the offender leading a normal life but under the
supervision of a probation officer. Community service involves doing
unpaid physical work for between 40 and 240 hours, to be completed
within 12 months. Typical exemples of community service are painting
an elderly person’s house or building a playground for children.
Courts also have the power to allow a convicted person to go
free, ie to discharge him or her conditionally, especially if imprisonment
or other punishment seems inappropriate. If convicted for another
offence of the same kind, however, such a person will be brought back
to court and be liable for punishment that could have been imposed in
the first place. For a trivial offence, such as a single instance of drunk
and disorderly behaviour, the court may ‘bind over’ the offender,
requiring him or her to ‘keep the peace’ and ‘be of good behaviour’. If
this condition is not observed, the person may be given a punishment
for the original offence, or have to pay a sum of money stipulated
when ‘bound over’.
(Oxford Advanced Learner’s Encyclopedic Dictionary)
A B
1. Almost all prisoners will be a. … will leave prison after two.
eligible…
2. A person on parole will have b. … doing unpaid physical work.
to remain in touch …
3. A convict sentenced to a c. … if imprisonment or other
year’s imprisonment will … punishment seems inappropriate.
4. Prisoners that are guilty of d. … he or she will be liable for
serious crimes will remain … the punishment imposed in the
first place.
5. A prisoner sentenced to three e. … with a probation officer over
years’s imprisonment … the period of time estimated.
6. The less severe forms of f. … for a remission of their initial
punishment are: … sentence.
7. Community service involves g. … the offender may simply get
… away with a verbal warning.
8. Typical exemples of h. … normally be released after
community service are … eight months.
9. One of the trivial offences i. … to place a person under a
we can mention… legal obligation, such as one to
keep the peace.
10. For a trivial offence, … j. … on parole for the rest of their
lives.
11. If parole conditions are k. … have to pay a fine at a
abused, … second offence.
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12. Courts have the power to l. … is drunk and disorderly
allow a convicted person to go behaviour.
free, …
13. If a person on parole is m. … a fine, probation, or
convicted for the same offence, community service.
…
14. To ‘bind over’ means … n. … painting an elderly person’s
house or building a playground
for children.
15. If the offender fails to ‘keep o. … the offender is liable to be
the peace’, he or she will … recalled to prison.
VI. Select from the box below the legal terms that belong to
the class of FELONY (infracţiune gravă/act criminal) and those
that belong to the class of MISDEMEANOUR (delict/infracţiune
minoră). These two legal terms felony – misdemeanour were
known to have imposed two different forms of trial in England
and Wales until 1967.
20
armed robbery shoplifting arson libel attempted murder
high treason manslaughter pickpocketing adultery
burglary kidnapping rape embezzlement prostitution
bigamy petty larceny terrorism extortion/blackmail
bribery smuggling poaching trespassing forgery perjury
grand larceny indecent exposure treason fraud hijacking
FELONY MISDEMEANOUR
armed robbery shoplifting
I. Fill in the gaps with the missing words from the text:
II. Ask questions for the following answers; the first two
have been done for you as examples:
Answer: In 1992
Question: When did the reprezentatives of the member states agree on
the seat of the Court?
Answer: Fifteen judges and nine advocates-general.
Question: How many judges and advocates-general does the Court of
Justice consist of ?
4. Answer: Denmark
Question: ______________________________________________
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8. Answer: Seven.
Question: ______________________________________________
9. Answer: Austria, Finland and Sweden.
Question: ______________________________________________
10. Answer: Six chambers of judges.
Question: _____________________________________________
4. All decisions of the Court are signed by all the judges whether
they were in the minority or the majority, so it is impossible to
know whether the decision was reached by a bare majority or by
unanimity.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
27
5. The Court has coped with the increase in its workload in part by
increasing the number of cases that it handles in a chamber rather
than by a plenary session.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
28
1. The Minister of Justice is going to ................... presidency.
2. The debtor was .................... to appear before the magistrates.
3. The judges and advocates-general are ..……................ by the
governments of the member states.
4. The manager of the company has ................ an urgent meeting
with the shareholders.
5. James was ............... chairman by a majority of 25 voters.
6. The Court is now ................ in plenary session.
7. I do not think that his qualifications recommend him to .................
Parliament.
8. This case is far too important to be ............... in a chamber.
9. Who has the authority to ............... Parliament?
10. The Court ............... the case due to lack of hard evidence.
1. She will soon ................. trial for the part she played in the
recent robbery.
a) give b) perform c) make d) stand
2. Detectives are said to be ....................... into the causes of the
recent fire.
a) looking b) investigating c) checking d) searching
3. The victim ............... the law into her own hands by killing
her attacker.
a) took b) seized c) grabbed d) put
4. Ted Bundy was a hardened criminal who showed no
.................. for his crimes.
a) penance b) pity c) remorse d) reproach
5. His sentence has been commuted to six months on the
................ of failing health.
a) bases b) causes c) grounds d) reasons
6. He was convicted to 10 years of prison and ................. of his
property.
a) confiscated b) denied c) removed d) deprived
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7. If you can’t resolve the dispute, it will have to be settled
by.......................
a) arbitration b) court c) election d) referee
8. All his friends thought he was guilty, but no one could
................ anything against him.
a) accuse b) ensure c) point d) prove
9. As the result of a police ............. on the disco, twenty
teenagers were arrested.
a) invasion b) raid c) intrusion d) entry
10. As he didn’t have a criminal ............., the judge sentenced
him to 50 hours of community work.
a) case b) file c) record d) dossier
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UNIT 4
INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY
Article 170
A Member State which considers that another Member State has
failed to fulfil an obligation under this Treaty may bring the matter
before the Court of Justice.
Before a Member State brings an action against another Member
State for an alleged infringement of an obligation under this Treaty, it
shall bring the matter before the Commission.
The Commission shall deliver a reasoned opinion after each of the
States concerned has been given the opportunity to submit its own case
and its observations on the other party’s case both orally and in writing.
If the Commission has not delivered an opinion within three
months of the date on which the matter was brought before it, the
absence of such opinion shall not prevent the matter from being brought
before the Court of Justice.
Article 171
1. If the Court of Justice finds that a Member State has failed to
fulfil an obligation under this Treaty, the State shall be
required to take the necessary measures to comply with the
judgement of the Court of Justice.
2. If the Commission considers that the Member State concerned
has not taken such measures it shall, after giving that State
the opportunity to submit its observations, issues a reasoned
opinion specifying the points on which the Member State
concerned has not complied with the judgement of the Court
of Justice.
If the Member State concerned fails to take the necessary measures
to comply with the Court’s judgement within the time-limit laid
32
down by the Commission, the latter may bring the case before the
Court of Justice. In so doing it shall specify the amount of the
lump sum or penalty payment to be paid by the Member State
concerned which it considers appropriate in the circumstances.
If the Court of Justice finds that the Member State concerned has
not complied with its judgement it may impose a lump sum or
penalty payment on it.
This procedure shall be without prejudice to Article 170.
(Blackstone’s EC Legislation, Edited by Nigel G. Foster)
A B
1. to fulfil an obligation = a. a nu prejudicia
2. to bring a matter before = b. a împiedica/a nu permite
3. to bring an action against sb. = c. a prevedea/stabili/specifica
4. an alleged infringement of an d. a îndeplini o obligaţie
obligation =
5. to deliver a reasoned opinion = e. a impune o plată forfetară sau
o amendă
6. to be given the opportunity = f. a se conforma/a respecta
7. to submit a case to = g. a supune o problemă atenţiei
8. to prevent smth. from + v-ing = h. a transmite o opinie întemeiată
9. to comply with = i. a intenta un proces cuiva
10. to lay (laid, laid) down = j. a supune un caz spre examinare
11. to impose a lump sum or a k. o presupusă încălcare/violare a
penalty payment = unei obligaţii
12. to be without prejudice to = l. a i se da şansa
38
UNIT 5
DAILY TELEGRAPH
II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false
(F); when the sentences are false, correct them as in the following
example:
Example: Lee Walker was sentenced to 12 years for two cases of rape. F
Correction: Lee Walker was sentenced to five years for a second case
of rape.
40
1. Paul Dyson was given a life sentence for a double rape. __
2. Amir Butt was a 24-year-old policeman who sexually assaulted
women in his car. __
3. Graham Price stole £15 million from 84 mainly elderly private
investors. __
4. Lee Walker was a former soldier fighting in the Gulf war. __
5. Paul Dyson committed suicide in prison, after he was convicted.
__
6. When brought before justice, Graham Price rejected all theft
charges. __
7. Amir Butt offered a lift home to women who left their office too
late to catch the bus. __
8. Paul Dyson’s fiancée was called Joanne Nelson and was 22 yeards
old. __
9. Paul Dyson killed his fiancée on Christmas Eve, by stabbing her
to death. __
10. Graham Price had no connection whatsoever with the Halifax
bank. __
11. Paul Dyson appeared on TV and offered a generous ransom for
his fiancée’s possible kidnappers. __
12. Amir Butt used his warrant card to lure women into his car. __
13. Graham Price was caught when his IOU for £7 million was found
in a safe. __
14. Judge Tom Cracknell congratulated Dyson on his well thought-out
plan of murdering his fiancée in cold blood. __
15. Graham Price became a bank robber because he needed money for
his fiancée’s surgery. __
42
V. Put the verbs in brackets into the passive voice of the
tense indicated:
43
VI. Change the following sentences from Active Voice into
Passive Voice; the underlined direct objects will become the
subjects of the passive sentences:
Example: This Article entitles the holder of intellectual property rights
to financial compensations.
The holder of intellectual property rights is entitled to financial
compensations by this Article.
1. They all considered that the Court of First Instance had used
Article 86 improperly.
They all considered that Article 86 ………………………………
by …………………
2. The Court will take measures to reconcile the incompatibility of
national property rights with the pursuit of economic integration.
Measures…………………...............................................................
...............................
3. Smith Drug Pharmaceuticals had patented a drug called Negram
under British law.
A drug called Negram ..........………................... under British law
by ………………………
4. The Commission rejected this Article on the grounds of
unjustified discrimination.
This Article …………….. by ……………………………………..
5. The members of the Jury were still deliberating upon the matter
of reasonable doubt.
The matter of reasonable doubt …… still ……………………….
by ……………………
6. The client has just dropped all charges against the advertising
agency that did not respect its deadlines.
All charges ........................... ……………………………………...
7. Any lawyer grants the benefit of the doubt even to a hardened
criminal.
The benefit of the doubt …………………………………………..
Even a hardened criminal …………………………………………
8. The Court dismissed your appeal due to lack of further evidence.
Your appeal ……………………………………………………….
9. The members of the family will definitely contest this will.
This will ………………………………………… by …………….
44
10. They wouldn’t have closed that controversial file if they had
found at least one eye witness to testify.
That controversial file ……………………………… if at least one
eye witness ………………………………………………….
45
7. Choose the correct passive form of the following active sentence:
The Commission has just appointed the new President of the
European Court of Justice.
a) The new President of the European Court of Justice had just been
appointed by the Commission.
b) The new President has just been appointed by the European Court
of Justice.
c) The Commission has just been appointed to vote the new
President of the European Court of Justice.
d) The new President of the European Court of Justice has just been
appointed by the Commission.
10. Choose the correct equivalent sentence for the following: People
say that Mr. Johnson had business difficulties in the past.
a) Difficulties are said to have been had by Mr. Johnson in the past.
b) Mr. Johnson is said to having had business difficulties in the past.
c) Mr. Johnson is said to have had business difficulties in the past.
d) It is said that Mr. Johnson has had business difficulties in the past.
46
UNIT 6
DAILY TELEGRAPH
2.
The judge said Salman had received a plastic bag from an
associate who asked him to hold on to it. Four months later Iraqi
security forces raided Salman's home and found Mrs Hassan's purse
and documents in the bag.
3.
Today's sentence is the first handed down in connection with the
abduction or killing of a foreign-born civilian in Iraq. More than
200 foreigners and thousands of Iraqis have been kidnapped since the
US-led invasion in 2003, and over 40 have been killed.
4.
Born in Dublin, 59-year-old Mrs Hassan had British, Irish and
Iraqi nationality and had lived in Iraq for 30 years with her Iraqi
husband. The CARE International head was taken hostage in October
2004 while travelling to work in Baghdad. She appeared in a video
appealing for the British forces to withdraw from Iraq, but was killed
just under a month later. Her body has never been found, and no group
has claimed responsibility for her death.
47
5.
Her family has implored Foreign Secretaries Jack Straw and
Margaret Beckett, as well as the Foreign Office, to question the
suspects about the location of Mrs Hassan's remains. “They have
refused this request even though this is the only way that Margaret's
remains will be found and we can bring her home to be buried with
the dignity she deserves.”, they said.
6.
Yesterday her family said that, during her captivity, the
kidnappers made four calls to her Iraqi husband Tahseen in Baghdad,
demanding to speak to a member of the British Embassy. But the
British told him they would not speak to the hostage-takers.The
Foreign Office confirmed that Mrs Hassan's husband was called from
her phone by someone claiming to be holding her, but said they had
been unable to confirm the claims.
7.
Deidre, Geraldine, Kathryn and Michael Fitzsimons said in a
statement released yesterday: “We believe that the refusal by the
British Government to open a dialogue with the kidnappers cost our
sister her life.”
8.
During her kidnap, in which video recordings of her pleading for
her life were released, officials were keen to distance her from the
British Government and emphasise her charity work in Iraq. “Our
strategy was one of ‘personalisation and localisation’, minimising the
links between Mrs Hassan and the UK”, a Foreign Office spokesman
said. “We understand her family having criticisms of the Government
approach and we remain in regular contact with them.”
(“The Daily Telegraph”, Monday, June 5, 2006)
48
I. Choose from A to H the sentence that best summarises each
paragraph (1-8) of the article above and insert them in the boxes
preceding each paragraph. The first one has been done for you:
A. Justice at work – the first sentence against an Iraqi hostage-taker
B. The British Embassy refuses any communication with Iraqi hostage-takers.
C. Life in prison for the abetter of Margaret Hassan’s kidnappers
D. The British Government’s strategy of assuming political distance
E. Finding evidence against Mustafa Salman
F. Iraqi citizen killed due to her British nationality?
G. Margaret Hassan’s family blame the British Government for her death.
H. The British authorities fail to comfort the grieved family.
52
UNIT 7
HOME CONFINEMENT
A Supervision Tool
Home confinement is a tool that helps U.S. probation and
pretrial services officers supervise, or monitor, defendants and
offenders in the community. In the federal courts, home confinement
is not a sentence in and of itself but may be a condition of either
probation, parole, supervised release, or pretrial release. A person
placed under home confinement is confined to his or her residence,
usually linked to an electronic monitoring system, and required to
maintain a strict daily activity schedule. When the person is allowed to
leave home, and for what reasons, is determined case by case.
Home confinement's purpose depends on the phase of the criminal
justice process in which it is used. In all cases, it is a means to restrict a
person's activity and to protect the public from any threat the person
may pose. In pretrial cases, home confinement is an alternative to detention
53
used to ensure that defendants appear in court. In post-sentence cases,
home confinement is used as a punishment, viewed as more punitive
than regular supervision but less restrictive than imprisonment. Courts
may use home confinement as a sanction for persons who violate the
conditions of their supervision. Also, the Federal Bureau of Prisons may
use it for inmates released to serve the last part of their sentence under
the supervision of U.S. probation officers.
Officers screen defendants and offenders to determine eligibility
for the home confinement program. Certain categories of serious or
repeat offenders are not allowed to participate. Prior criminal record,
history of violence, and medical and mental health conditions and
needs are factors that officers carefully consider. Previous failures on
supervision, risk to the public that the person presents, third-party risk
(such as previous incidents of domestic violence in the household),
and the person's willingness to participate are considerations as well.
Close supervision by officers is a crucial component of the home
confinement program. The officer's job is demanding, time consuming,
and sometimes dangerous. It requires frequent phone calls to make
sure participants are adhering to their approved schedules; frequent
unannounced, face-to-face visits; and 24-hour, 7-day response to alerts
from the monitoring center.
A B
1. probation a. The release of a person who has been
arrested and charged with a federal crime
while he or she awaits trial; a pretrial services
officer supervises the person in the community
until he or she returns to court.
2. parole b. One of a number of people living together,
especially in a hospital, prison or some other
institution.
3. supervised release c. The penalty laid down in a law for
contravention of its provisions.
4. pretrial release d. Custody or confinement, especially of a
suspect awaiting trial.
54
5. detention e. Instead of sending an individual to prison,
the court releases the person to the community
and orders him or her to complete a period of
supervision monitored by a U.S. probation
officer and to abide by certain conditions.
6. sanction f. A term of supervision served after a person
is released from prison; it does not replace a
portion of the sentence of imprisonment but is
in addition to the time spent in prison.
7. inmate g. The release of a prisoner before his
sentence has expired, on the condition that
he is of good behaviour.
II. Say whether the following statements are true (T) or false
(F); when the sentences are false, correct them:
1. Community Service is a special condition imposed by the court
that requires an individual to work – without pay – for a civic or
nonprofit organization. ___
2. When a parolee is released to the community, he or she is no
longer placed under the supervision of a U.S. probation officer.
___
3. During the probation period, an individual is supervised by a
probation officer. ___
4. A supervised release replaces a certain portion of the sentence of
imprisonment. ___
5. In post-sentence cases, home confinement is seen as more punitive
than imprisonment. ___
6. A person who violates the conditions of his/her supervision may
be sanctioned to home confinement. ___
7. All categories of offenders are allowed to participate in the home
confinement program. ___
8. Home confinement may include the use of electronic monitoring
equipment. ___
9. The only cases when a person placed under home confinement is
allowed to leave home are work and medical appointments. ___
10. The judges determine if offenders are eligible for the home
confinement program. ___
55
III. From the verbs in column A, derive the corresponding
nouns (column B) and adjectives (column C), using the suffixes
given:
A B C
Verbs Nouns: -ance, -ion, Adjectives: -ed, -ing,
-ment, -al, -er -able, -ive
1. to punish punishment, punisher punished, punishable, punishing
2. to confine
3. to sentence
4. to release
5. to complete
6. to monitor
7. to possess
8. to select
9. to attend
10. to approve
11. to defend
12. to supervise
13. to restrict
14. to require
15. to consider
IV. Use the words given in capitals at the end of lines to form
a word that fits in the space in the same line; there is an example
on the first line:
Electronic Monitoring
In most cases, U.S. probation and pretrial services officers
use electronic monitoring in supervising persons placed
under home confinement. The individual wears a tamper- MONITOR
resistant ……………. on the ankle or wrist 24 hours a day.
The transmitter emits a radio ……………… signal that is TRANSMIT
detected by a …………/dialer unit connected to the home
phone. When the transmitter comes within range of the FREQUENT
receiver/dialer unit, that unit calls a monitoring center to
indicate that the person is in range, or at home. The person RECEIVE
must stay within 150 feet of the receiving unit to be
………… in range. The transmitter and the receiver/dialer CONSIDER
unit work together to detect and report the times the person
enters and exits his or her home.
56
V. Choose the correct plural form of the following nouns to
complete the sentence:
1. We need a negotiator to talk to the ………………. .
a) hostages-takers b) hostage-takers c) hostags-takers
2. Many ……………. have been issued this week.
a) search warrants b) searches warrants c) searchs warrants
3. The ……………… will be punished sooner or later.
a) laws-breakers b) lows-breakers c) law-breakers
4. The number of …………….. in our city has been doubled this year.
a) holds-ups b) hold-ups c) helds-ups
5. Two ………………….. have been accused of perjury.
a) woman-diplomats b) women-diplomats c) womans-diplomats
6. “My beloved …………………., your claims will soon be solved.”
a) fellow-citizens b) fellows-citizens c) felows-citizens
7. My ………………… have been charged with indecent exposure.
a) sisters-in-laws b) sister-in-law c) sisters-in-law
8. These ……………… are the result of hard work.
a) analysis b) analyses c) analises
9. Which are the ……………. used in this classification?
a) criterions b) criteria c) criterias
10. Which are the daily ……………… of a prisoner?
a) activityes b) activitis c) activities
Example:
1. trial courts
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
4. ___________________
5. ___________________
6. ___________________
7. ___________________
8. ___________________
9. ___________________
10. ___________________
11. ___________________
12. ___________________
13. ___________________
14. ___________________
15. ___________________
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PART II
UNIT 1
STUDENT FIRST AMENDMENT CASE
2. Which were the subject matters of the two articles submitted for
publication?
________________________________________________________
5. What reasons did the teacher have to prohibit these articles from
being published?
________________________________________________________
7. Why did the student authors bring suit to the U.S. District Court?
________________________________________________________
9. Why did the students appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Eighth Circuit?
________________________________________________________
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III. Practical task – Role playing: Starting from the case
presented, try to enact its presentation in front of the Supreme
Court, following the next instructions:
Imperative
Present tense simple take a break and then
If you get tired, start again.
65
VII. Fill in the gaps with the verbal constructions in the box
to complete the following conditional clauses:
had let will return might have had had been sentenced fail
could get had announced made would ask may walk
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UNIT 2
CONTEMPT OF COURT OR VIOLATION
OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS?
Branzburg v. Hayes
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VI. Choose the correct versions, paying attention to the use
of verbal tenses, conditionals and modal verbs in conditional
clauses:
1. If participants ……………. any problems with the monitoring
equipment, they must notify officers immediately.
a) will experience b) experience c) experiences d) would experience
2. If the defendant has a prior criminal record, his sentence
……………… harsher.
a) will be b) is c) would be d) should be
3. A grand jury decides if there …… a probable cause to indict
(accuse) individuals or corporations on criminal charges based upon
the evidence presented.
a) will be b) has been c) is d) would be
4. If a person ………….. that he/she has been wrongfully
imprisoned, he/she ……………. the right to challenge the legality of
the confinement.
a) believe, will have b) will believe, may have
c) believes, may have d) has believed, will have
5. If the writ of habeas corpus ……………….. , the prisoner will
be brought into court.
a) will be issued b) is issued c) had been issued d) were issued
6. If, after hearing both sides, the court ……… that the grounds
for the confinement are illegal, the petitioner ……………… .
a) finds, is released b) will find, is released
c) has found, had been released d) found, will be released
7. If I had known what an open-ended question is, I ……………
my last exam.
a) will pass b) would pass c) will have passed d) would have passed
8. If you were such a good lawyer, your arguments …………..
in the present situation.
a) will hold up b) would hold up c) would held up
d) would had held up
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9. If you ………….. the devil’s advocate and ……………. some
exceptions to the lawyers’argument, we could have won our last case.
a) have played, (have) found b) play, find
c) would have played, (would have) found
d) had played, (had) found
10. If you ……….. journalists covering the Supreme Court,
what would you write in a murder case article?
a) are b) were c) had been d) have been
11. If the defendant were found guilty, the jury …………………
the appropriate sentence, a life term or death.
a) will then determine b) would then determine
c) might then determine d) would then have determined
12. If the sentence of death for rape ……….. the Eighth
Amendment, the rapist may receive a life sentence.
a) violates b) is violated c) will violate d) has violated
13. Judges ……… the authority to hold journalists in contempt
of court, if reporters …….. to comply with an order to reveal the
identity of unnamed sources.
a) had, refused b) have, refuse c) have, would refuse
d) have, will have refused
14. If the grand jury …………… its proceedings in secret,
requiring a journalist to reveal confidential sources would have been
considered prosecutorial abuse.
a) had conducted b) has conducted c) conducted
d) would have conducted
15. If a journalist’s source is engaged in illegal activities and
……… that the journalist could be required to identify him/her, the
source ………….. hesitant to talk.
a) knew, would be b) knows, will be c) is known, will be
d) will know, will be
16. If reporters ……………. to identify their confidential
sources before a grand jury, the press will not truly be free.
a) will be forced b) must be forced c) are forced d) can be forced
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17. Unless you …………. things out, we shall have to go to
court.
a) don’t work b) work c) will work d) won’t work
18. If the pedestrian ………………….. by a policeman, the
former should have made a complaint to the nearest police station.
a) has be assaulted b) is assaulted c) will be assaulted
d) were assaulted
19. If the journalist’s story …………… criminal activity, he
would have reported it.
a) has involved b) involves c) had involved d) will involve
20. If a prosecutor ………………….. a grand jury investigation
in bad faith, journalists might have a right to refuse to reveal their
sources.
a) were conducting b) is conducting c) had been conducting
d) will be conducting
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UNIT 3
THE ROLE OF FEDERAL COURTS
IN BALANCING LIBERTIES AND SAFETY
I. Extract from the text above the English equivalents for the
following Romanian words and expressions:
• a fi băgat la închisoare pe nedrept = __________________________
• a contesta legalitatea = _________________________________
• a înainta o petiţie către Curte = ___________________________
• a emite o hotărâre/ordonanţă judecătorească = __________________
• a-şi atinge scopul = __________________________
• a cântări/evalua = _____________
• a ceda (în faţa/în favoarea) = ______________
• limitarea libertăţii de expresie = _____________________________
• pierderea drepturilor de proprietate = _________________________
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II. Match the Latin legal terms in column A with their English
explanatory definitions in column B:
A B
1. (writ) capias a. ‘do not leave the country’ interdiction
(mandat de aducere) addressed to a debtor that is being prosecuted;
2. (writ) Habeas Corpus b. ‘because of lack of care’: decision wrongly
made by a court (which does not therefore
set a precedent);
3. (writ) certiorari c. ‘after the event’;
4. quid pro quo d. a writ directing a sheriff or other officer
to arrest a named person;
5. ne exeat regno e. ‘eason of the law’: the principle behind a
law;
6. nolle prosequi f. ‘n fact’: as a matter of fact;
7. per incuriam g. ‘on its own’ or ‘alone’;
8. per procurationem h. a writ ordering a person to be brought
(per pro) before a court or judge, esp. so that the
court may ascertain whether his detention is
lawful;
9. de facto i. ‘one thing for another’: action done in
return for something done or promised;
10. ex post facto j. with the authority of /on behalf of;
11. locus standi k. an order of a superior court directing that
a record of proceedings in a lower court be
sent up for review.
12. ratio legis l. ‘do not pursue’: power used by the
Attorney-General to stop a criminal trial;
13. per se m. ‘place to stand’: right to be heard in a court;
III. Use the Latin legal terms in exercise II. in your own
sentences, as in the following examples:
He didn’t lie to you. He is the de facto owner of the property.
The taxpayer does not have locus standi in this court.
The secretary signed per pro the manager.
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IV. Re-read the text The Role of Federal Courts in Balancing
Liberties and Safety. Then check your reading comprehension by
choosing the right version:
1. The writ of habeas corpus is:
a) a writ ordering a person to be released from prison immediately.
b) a writ ordering a person to be placed under house arrest.
c) a writ ordering a person to be brought before a court or judge, to
see whether his detention is lawful.
2. The application of the Great Writ:
a) has never been suspended throughout United States history.
b) has been suspended during times of war (the Civil War) and
national crisis.
c) has been suspended whenever the newly elected president of the
United States so decided.
3. In Ex Parte Milligan (1866), Lamdin Milligan used the writ:
a) to successfully challenge the legality of his death penalty.
b) to successfully challenge the legality of his confinement.
c) to set a precedent for similar cases in lower courts.
4. The writ of habeas corpus was first mentioned in:
a) the Declaration of Independence.
b) the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679.
c) the U.S. Constitution.
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive forms:
Can you help me find (find) better accomodation and a new job?
The judges seem …………….. (1. grant) me parole due to my good
behaviour in prison. But my parole officer doesn’t appear ………….
(2. share) their opinion. Every time something bad happens in my
neighbourhood, he expects me ………. (3. confess) to a crime I did
not commit. Sometimes he comes unexpectedly to check upon me. For
instance, yesterday, he pretended ………………. (4. forget) to give
me an application form which had .……… (5. sign) for my job
interview. In other words, things appear …………….. (6. go) from
bad to worse and sometimes I think I would rather ……… (7. serve)
the rest of my sentence in prison than ………… (8. enjoy) a so-called
freedom. As to getting a job, all employers consider ex-convicts
…….. (9. be) dangerous people. That’s why I am supposed …………
(10. accept) any job that is offered to me. I can do nothing but
………… (11. wait) till my probation period is over and then ………..
(12. start) a new life on my own. I hope soon ………….. (13. work)
in a new job and ……………. (14. live) in a flat of my own. Till then
I am just trying …………… (15. keep) in mind that I am not the first
ex-convict ………….. (16. treat) in this way.
80
UNIT 4
UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION:
AMENDMENTS
Amendment IV [Annotations]
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V [Annotations]
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI [Annotations]
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to
a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
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nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his
favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
Amendment IX [Annotations]
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
IV. Practise the use of Gerunds after the following verbs and
expressions to say what we generally like or dislike doing:
Example:
I really like ……………………………. .
I really like spending time with my family and my friends.
He detests ………………………………
He detests being held responsible for something he did not do.
It’s no good ……………………………
It’s no good trying to be friendly with everybody.
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1. My boss really detests……………………………………………...
2. She does enjoy …………………………………………………….
3. I can’t tell you how much I hate…………………………………..
(passive gerund).
4. Everybody loves …………………………………………………..
5. I definitely prefer ……………………….. to ……………………..
(prefer + gerund + TO + gerund = prefer doing smth to doing
smth else)
6. My teacher resents ………………………………………………...
7. It’s no use ………………………………………………………….
8. I am sure that it’s not worth ……………………………………….
9. If you think this is worth ……………….……………… , then
………………………..
10. There’s no point in ………………………………………………..
11. Old people can’t stand ……………………………………………
12. Though I hate saying this, I am used to …………………………...
13. Finally, I have got used to …………………………………………
14. I have to admit, I am not accustomed to ………………………….
15. Sometimes, students have difficulty in ……………………………
16. I can’t tell you how much I look forward to ………………………
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12. I suggest ...................... upon the case after a short break.
a) to deliberate b) deliberating c) to be deliberating d) deliberate
13. The judge admitted ..................... bribe from one of his
clients months before the trial.
a) to take b) to be taking c) having taken d) having took
14. He finds it hard .......................... the corrupt system of
justice in this third world country.
a) enduring b) to endure c) having endured d) for him to endure
15. He has been charged with .................... and taken into
custody.
a) trespass b) trespassing c) tresspassing d) to trespass
16. It surprises me ................. that he has been accused of money
laundering.
a) hearing b) to have heard c) to hear d) being heard
17. Would you mind ........……........... up when the verdict is
pronounced?
a) to stand b) stand c) being stand d) standing
18. ‘I strongly object to ...........……....... treated like a hardened
criminal!’
a) be b) is c) being d) been
19. We keep ………………. the law-makers that new laws
should be instituted against public corruption.
a) telling b) to be telling c) being told d) having tell
20. All foreigners complain that they are not used to
………………….. on the left.
a) drive b) have to drive c) driving d) having driven
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UNIT 5
DISCLOSURE OF
CLASSIFIED INFORMATION
One of the only ways that the general public learns about the
activities of its government is through the leaking of classified
information to the press. The news about the NSA's eavesdropping
programs and the CIA's alleged “black sites” was leaked to the press,
which put the leaker at risk of being prosecuted for grave national
security violations. The federal government takes these leaks seriously
and has vowed to prosecute any person who has disclosed or has
possessed classified information.
Receiving or obtaining classified information is covered by
section 793. In order to convict an individual for the unlawful
possession of classified information, the government must prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that:
• the defendant possessed certain enumerated information, which
he knows has been obtained contrary to law;
• the defendant received it from any person or any source;
• the information related to the national defense and
• the information was received for the purpose of obtaining
information respecting the national defense with intent or
reason to believe that the information is to be used to the
injury of the United States, or to the advantage of any foreign
nation.
The punishment for a violation of section 793 is a fine,
imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both.
Section 798 covers disclosure of classified information. To
convict a person for disclosing classified information, the government
must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that:
• the defendant provided classified information to another person;
• that person was not authorized to receive the classified infor-
mation;
• the classified information concerns the nature, preparation, or
use of any code, cipher, or cryptographic system of the
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United States or any foreign government; or concerns the
design, construction, use, maintenance, or repair of any device,
apparatus, or appliance used or prepared or planned for use by
the United States or any foreign government for cryptographic
or communication intelligence purposes; or concerning the
communication intelligence activities of the United States or
any foreign government; or is obtained by the processes of
communication intelligence from the communications of any
foreign government, knowing the same to have been obtained
by such processes;
• and the defendant knows that the information is to be used to
the prejudice of the United States, or for the benefit of any
foreign government to the detriment of the United States
The punishment for a violation of section 798 is a fine,
imprisonment for up to 10 years, or both.
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UNIT 6
HEALTH CARE FRAUD
A B
1. health care fraud a. a defrauda/înşela/escroca
2. to oversee the investigation b. a executa separat teste/servicii în
vederea taxării unor tarife mai mari
3. the forfeiture of assets c. serviciu rambursabil
4. to defraud d. taxări frauduloase
5. billing for service not e. fraudă în cadrul sistemului medical
rendered
6. reimbursable service f. a fi supus unor proceduri medicale
nejustificate
7. kickback g. lezare corporală gravă
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8. to unbundle tests/services h. a supraveghea/controla investigaţia
to generate higher fees
9. outpatient surgery fraud i. mită/bani daţi contra unui serviciu
10. fraudulent billings j. confiscarea bunurilor
11. to undergo unwarranted k. fraudarea serviciilor operatorii
medical procedures pentru pacienţii externi
12. serious bodily injury l. taxarea unor servicii neprestate
verbs nouns
1. to investigate 1. investigation
2. to forfeit 2.
3. to facilitate 3.
4. to engage 4.
5. to estimate 5.
6. to involve 6.
7. to incorporate 7.
8. to punish 8.
9. to injure 9.
10. to render 10.
97
IV. Answer the following questions, after re-reading the text:
1. Who investigates health care frauds?
________________________________________________________
7. What is the punishment for a person charged with a health care fraud?
________________________________________________________
8. What is the punishment for a health care fraud when the patient is
seriously injured?
________________________________________________________
9. What is the punishment for a health care fraud when the patient dies?
________________________________________________________
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UNIT 7
IDENTITY THEFT
The Crime
It is a crime to do any of the following ten offenses listed in
section 1029(a):
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produce, use, or traffic
in one or more counterfeit access devices;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, traffic in or use one or
more unauthorized access devices during any one-year period,
and, by doing so, obtain anything of value aggregating $ 1,000
or more during that period;
103
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, possess fifteen or more
devices which are counterfeit or unauthorized access devices;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, produce, traffic in, have
control or custody of, or possess device-making equipment;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, effect transactions, with
1 or more access devices issued to another person or persons,
to receive payment or any other thing of value during any
1-year period the aggregate value of which is equal to or
greater than $ 1,000;
• without the authorization of the issuer of the access device,
knowingly, and with intent to defraud, solicit a person for the
purpose of either: offering an access device, or selling
information regarding or an application to obtain an access
device;
• knowingly, and with intent to defraud, use, produce, traffic in,
have control or custody of, or possess a telecommunications
instrument that has been modified or altered to obtain
unauthorized use of telecommunications services;
• knowingly and with intent to defraud use, produce, traffic in,
have control or custody of, or possess a scanning receiver;
• knowingly use, produce, traffic in, have control or custody of, or
possess hardware or software, knowing it has been configured
to insert or modify telecommunication identifying information
associated with or contained in a telecommunications
instrument so that such instrument may be used to obtain
telecommunications service without authorization; or
• without the authorization of the credit card system member or its
agent, knowingly, and with intent to defraud, cause or arrange
for another person to present to the member or its agent, for
payment, 1 or more evidences or records of transactions made
by an access device.
2. Which are the weak points of the social security system that make
identity theft crimes possible?
I am inclined to believe that _____________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
107
1. There are still many countries which have not decided to
abolish the death penalty.
There are still many countries which have not decided to do away with
the death penalty.
Yes, this is the first thing I did after I registered myself at the hotel.
________________________________________________________
VII. Choose the right version to form phrasal verbs that fit
in the context; check the list of the main phrasal verbs selected in
the alphabetical order of the adverbial particle present at the end
of the book before making your choice:
1. I don’t know how you can put …. ….. such an unbearable
situation.
a) by with b) up of c) up with
2. The good sales brought ………. an increase in the employee’s
salaries.
a) in b) around c) about
3. I guess the printer has either run ……….. paper or has broken
……….
a) away with, down b) out of, down c) off with, off
4. Several companies have decided to lay …. employees and call
….. all investment projects.
a) off, off b) out, off c) up, down
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5. You have to learn how to ……….. if you are suffering from
high stress levels.
a) draw back b) wind down c) hold up
6. My lawyer can bear ……. the truth of my story with
substantial evidence.
a) in b) away c) out
7. I called at the restaurant, but all the tables were ………. up.
a) cleaned b) booked c) reserved
8. We tried to bring the unconscious woman ……….. but
without any success.
a) round b) up c) over
9. Despite all difficulty, he finally managed to carry …… the
orders he had been given.
a) about b) off c) out
10. His joke caught …. right away and the public was very
excited.
a) on b) through c) out
11. The disastrous economic situation of our country …….
……. urgent measures.
a) brings about b) lays down c) calls for
12. If nobody comes …………. a solution soon, we shall go
bankrupt.
a) up with b) in with c) out with
13. If you don`t know my phone number, you could look it
……. in the phone directory.
a) into b)on c) up
14. Our travel agency will be taken ………. by a German
company.
a) in b) out c) over
15. Now it would be a good time to bring ……… the matter of
child support in Romania.
a) in b) up c) out
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16. I have a very urgent message. Could you put me ………….
to Mr. Leigh, please?
a) through b) off c) up
17. He put his failure in Court ………… bad luck.
a) up to b) down to c) back to
18. I must admit it was hard for me not to give ….. to his threats.
a) away b) out c) in
19. We can’t rule….. this argument for the final hearing.
a) out b) off c) down
20. Our plan to call the witness for the defence fell ………. due
to a miscarriage of justice.
a) about b) away c) through
21. You are wearing me …… with your annoying questions!
a) in b) out c) over
22. Everybody considered that the judge had a reason to let him
….. like that.
a) off b) on c) away
23. Why don’t you put …… your claim to be granted the right to
a fair trial?
a) in b) out c) forward
24. ‘Your Honour, I can stand ………… the defendant! I demand
to be heard!’
a) in for b) up for c) down to
25. Your skillful lawyer will talk him ……… testifying before
the jury.
a) into b) about c) against
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KEY TO EXERCISES
PART I
UNIT 1
I. 1. i-q; 2. k-v; 3. f-m; 4. h-s; 5. a-x; 6. l-n; 7. d-p; 8. b-u; 9. j-o; 10. e-r;
11. g-t; 12. c-w
II. 1. evidence; 2. verdict; 3. appeal; 4. law; 5. crime; 6. trial; 7. law,
law; 8. evidence; 9. verdict, appeal; 10. trial, law; 11. evidence; 12. trial, law.
IV. 1. c; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. a; 8.c; 9. c; 10. a; 11. c; 12. c;
13. b; 14. c; 15. c.
VI. 1. c; 2.a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. d; 6. a; 7. d; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c.
VII. 1. g; 2. j; 3. i; 4. f; 5. a; 6. c; 7. e; 8. d; 9. b; 10. h.
VIII. 1. k; 2. d; 3. f; 4. g; 5. a; 6. h; 7. b; 8. i; 9. j; 10. e; 11. c.
IX. 1. am seeing; 2. are you thinking, don’t you talk; 3. has decided;
4. have you accepted; 5. came, asked, told, didn’t seem; 6. was waiting,
realized, was watching, decided; 7. has been presiding, is retiring; 8. didn’t
make, had found; 9. had been working, found out, had been married;
10. arrive, will have landed; 11. graduated, have reconsidered, have decided;
12. had already addressed, was summoned.
UNIT 2
I. 1. T; 2. T; 3. F; 4. F; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. F; 9. T; 10. T.
II. 1. f; 2. e; 3. h; 4. j; 5. a; 6. m; 7. b; 8. n; 9. l; 10. g; 11. o; 12. c;
13. d; 14. i; 15. k.
III. 1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b.
IV. 1. c; 2. i; 3. e; 4. j; 5. g; 6. h; 7. f; 8. a; 9. d; 10. b.
VII. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. d; 5. c; 6. a; 7. b; 8. b; 9. d; 10. d.
VIII. 1. c; 2. d; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. d; 11. b; 12. b;
13. a; 14. b; 15. c.
UNIT 3
I. 1. Court of Justice; 2. governments of the member states; 3. Each
member state; 4. the largest states, the smaller member states; 5. rotation
system; 6. bare majority; 7. judges and advocates-general; 8. EEC Treaty;
9. four chambers, two chambers; 10. annually.
112
IV. 1. j; 2. e, h; 3. f, i; 4. a; 5. b, g; 6. d; 7. c.
V. 1. run for; 2. summoned; 3. appointed; 4. convened; 5. elected;
6. sitting; 7. stand for; 8. heard; 9. dissolve; 10. dismissed.
VI. 1. d; 2. a; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. d; 7. b; 8. d; 9. b; 10. c.
VII. 1. b; 2. c; 3. b; 4. b; 5. b; 6. c; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c; 11. c; 12. c;
13. a; 14. b; 15. c.
UNIT 4
I. 1. d; 2. g; 3. i; 4. k; 5. h; 6. l; 7. j; 8. b; 9. f; 10. c; 11. e; 12. a.
IV. breach of trust; breach of the peace; breach of confidence;
infringement of copy-right; infringement of patents.
V. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. d; 7. d; 8. c; 9. c; 10. a; 11. b; 12. b;
13. c; 14. a; 15. b.
VI. 1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a.
VII. 1. possibility; 2. inability; 3. necessity; 4. impossibility; 5. logical
assumption (affirmative); 6. criticism; 7. requests; 8. advice; 9. offers;
10. suggestions; 11. permission; 12. remote possibility; 13. obligation;
14. logical assumption (negative); 15. past ability; 16. absence of obligation;
17. prohibition.
UNIT 5
II. 1. F; 2. T; 3. F; 4. T; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F; 8. T; 9. F; 10. F; 11. F; 12. T;
13. T; 14. F; 15. F.
V. 1. has been decided; 2. will be illustrated; 3. is caught; 4. was judged;
5. is prohibited; 6. has been considered; 7. had already been discussed;
8. were still being heard; 9. are now being escorted; 10. to have been reported;
11. will be issued; 12. would have been allocated.
VII. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c.
UNIT 6
I. 1. C; 2. E; 3. A; 4. F; 5. H; 6. B; 7. G; 8. D.
II. 1. C; 2. A; 3. B; 4. B; 5. B.
III. 1. c; 2. e; 3. h; 4. b; 5. f; 6. i; 7. a; 8. j; 9. g; 10. d.
IV. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. d; 5. a; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. c; 10. d; 11. b; 12. b;
13. b; 14. b; 15. a; 16. b; 17. c; 18. b; 19. c; 20. a.
UNIT 7
I. 1. e; 2. g; 3. f; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b.
II. 1. T; 2. F; 3. T; 4. F; 5. F; 6. T; 7. F; 8. T; 9. T; 10. F.
IV. transmitter, frequency, receiver, considered.
V. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. b; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. b; 10. c.
VI. criminal matters; petit jury; first offender; death penalty; community
work; mental health; guidelines; member state; probation officer; citizenship;
tax exempt; shoplifting; self-esteem; manslaughter.
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PART II
UNIT 1
I. 1. f; 2. d; 3. h; 4. a; 5. k; 6. i; 7. b; 8. e; 9. l; 10. c; 11. g; 12. j.
VII. 1. may walk; 2. fail; 3. will return; 4. had announced; 5. would
ask; 6. might have had; 7. had let; 8. made; 9. could get; 10. had been
sentenced.
UNIT 2
I. 1. F; 2. T; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T; 6. F; 7. F.
V. 1. will be released; 2. approves/approved/had approved, will
have/would have/would have had; 3. hadn’t been summoned; 4. meets;
5. would have voted; 6. decides; 7. would have got; 8. want, prohibits; 9. may
refer; 10. am/were/had been, will fight/would fight/would have fought.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. d; 8. b; 9. d; 10. b; 11. b; 12. a;
13. b; 14. a; 15. b; 16. c; 17. b; 18. a; 19. c; 20. a.
UNIT 3
II. 1. d; 2. h; 3. k; 4. i; 5. a; 6. l; 7. b; 8. j; 9. f; 10. c; 11. m; 12. e; 13. g.
IV. 1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. b.
V. 1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. d; 6. c; 7. b; 8. b; 9. d; 10. b; 11. c; 12. a;
13. b; 14. d; 15. a.
VI. 1. to have granted; 2. to share/to be sharing; 3. to confess; 4. to
have forgotten; 5. to be signed; 6. to be going; 7. serve; 8. enjoy; 9. to be;
10. to accept; 11. wait; 12. start; 13. to work/to be working; 14. live/be living;
15. to keep; 16. to be treated.
UNIT 4
I. 1. to ratify; 2. personal effects; 3. infamous; 4. presentment; 5. to
ascertain; 6. compulsory; 7. to inflict; 8. prosecution; 9. indictment;
10. seizure; 11. construe; 12. disparage.
II. 1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b.
III. Amendment XV. The right of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment XXV. In case of the removal of the President from office
or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.
VI. 1. b; 2. a; 3. a; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. c; 10. c; 11. a; 12. b;
13. c; 14. b; 15. b; 16. c; 17. d; 18. c; 19. a; 20. c.
UNIT 5
I. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. a; 5. a.
IV. 1. didn’t find; 2. did; 3. were appointed; 4. did; 5. kept; 6. were;
7. decided; 8. found; 9. found; 10. were kidnapped, asked; 11. voted;
12. were; 13. criminalized; 14. were punished; 15. knew.
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V. 1. had voted; 2. had been implemented; 3. had proved; 4. had
submitted; 5. had certified; 6. had been violated; 7. had been; 8. had
considered, (had) approved; 9. had offered; 10. hadn’t had.
VI. 1. b; 2. b; 3. d; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. d; 10. d; 11. b; 12. c;
13. d; 14. a; 15. b.
UNIT 6
I. 1. e; 2. h; 3. j; 4. a; 5. l; 6. c; 7. i; 8. b; 9. k; 10. d; 11. f; 12. g.
II. 1. kickback; 2. bribe; 3. hush-money; 4. boodle.
VI. 1. should be introduced; 2. should adjourn; 3. should withdraw;
4. should have called; 5. should be released; 6. shouldn’t approach;
7. shouldn’t come; 8. should be burgled; 9. should be released; 10. should
have taken; 11. should have gone; 12. should have missed; 13. should read;
14. should have informed; 15. should have shared, shouldn’t have said.
VIII. 1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. c; 6. c; 7. d; 8. c; 9. a; 10. b; 11. b; 12. c;
13. d; 14. b; 15. d.
UNIT 7
I. 1. a; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c.
V. 2. cut down on, put this down to; 3. let me down; 4. to break away,
to hold on; 5. come up with; 6. think this over; 7. to book up, checked in;
8. kept in with, cut me off; 9. have broken off, called off; 10. wear out.
VI. 2. replace; 3. met unexpectedly; 4. depend on my parents for
financial support; 5. be published; 6. inheriting, proved; 7. disclose, end the
relationship with; 8. raise to; 9. reach you; 10. has suffered, overcome.
VII. 1. c; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. b; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a; 9. c; 10. a; 11. c; 12. a;
13. c; 14. c; 15. b; 16. a; 17. b; 18. c; 19. a; 20. c; 21. b; 22. a; 23. c; 24. b; 25. a.
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APPENDIX A – PHRASAL VERBS
Here are some of the main phrasal verbs with their equivalent, listed in
the alphabetical order of the adverbial particle:
ABOUT
bring about = to cause
come about = to happen
fall about = to laugh in an uncontolled manner
feel about = to find (one`s way) or perceive sth by touching
fuss about = to be worried or excited, esp over small things
get about = to circulate, spread (about news, rumours etc)
hang about = to waste time, loiter
see about = to make inquires or arrangements
set about = to begin
throw about = to scatter sth everywhere
AFTER
look after = to take care of
run after = to pursue
take after = to resemble (one`s parents, relatives)
AT
call at = to visit briefly
catch at sth = to try to seize sth
drive at = to imply
fly at sb = to rush to attack sb
get at sb = to criticize sb repeatedly; influence sb illegally
go at sb = to attack sb
ACROSS
come / fall/ run across = to find sth or meet sb by chance
get (sth) across (to sb) = to (cause sth to) be communicated or understood
put oneself/ sth across (to sb) = to communicate or convey (one’s ideas,
personality) to sb
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AWAY
break away = to escape from captivity
clear (sth) away = to remove (objects) in order to leave a clear space
die away = to become so faint or weak that is no longer noticeable
do away with sth = to get rid of sth, abolish sth
get away with = to escape punishment
give sth/sb away = to reveal or betray sth/sb; give sth free of charge
run away with = to steal sth and carry it away
take away = to remove
turn away = to refuse admittance to sb
wear (sth) away = to become thin, damaged, weak by constant use
BACK
answer (sb) back = to speak rudely (to sb) , esp when being criticized
cut (sth) back or cut back on sth = to reduce sth considerably
fall back (on sb) = to retreat, turn back; to go to sb for help when in difficulty
hold sth/sb back = to prevent the development/advance of sth/sb, to delay
look back = to think about one`s past
take back = to withdraw a statement or comment
DOWN
break down = to collapse, cease to function; lose control of feelings
cut down on = to reduce (consumption)
get (sb) down = to make sb depressed or demoralized
get down to sth = to begin to do sth, give serious attention to sth
let sb down = to disappoint sb, fail to help sb
look down on sb = to despise sb
note down = to write from speech
put (sth) down to (sth) = to consider that sth is caused by sth; charge an item
to a particular account
run (sb/sth) down = to criticize; to gradually stop functioning; hit and knock
sth/sb to the ground
turn (sth/sb) down = to reject or refuse to consider; reduce heat, noise etc
IN, INTO
break in = to enter a building by force; interrupt (a conversation)
bring in = to introduce (legislation) ; arrest sb; pronounce a verdict
come in = to become fashionable
come into = to inherit
check in = to register as a guest at a hotel
drop in = to visit unexpectedly
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eat into sth = to consume a part of sth; destroy, corrode sth
fall in with = to agree to
fit in = to mix well with others
give in = to yield, cease to resist
go into = to investigate
go in for = to participate, take part in
keep in with sb = to continue to be friendly with sb
let sb in for = to cause sb to get into trouble
put in = to make an official request
run into = to meet by chance; collide with
stand in for = to replace temporarily
take in = to deceive; to understand; to make clothes smaller
talk sb into = to convince sb to do sth
turn in = to go to bed; to report to the authorities
turn into = to convert
OFF
break off = to end sth suddenly
bring off = to succeed in sth difficult
call off = to cancel
come off = to succeed; take place, happen as arranged
cut (sb) off = to disconnect; stop the supply of sth to sb; disinherit sb; isolate
drop off /fall off = to decrease
get off = to send
get off with = to nearly escape punishment
give off = to send out or emit sth
go off = to explode
let sb off = not to punish severily
put off = to postpone
put sb off (sth) = distract sb, disturb sb who is doing sth
see sb off = to accompany a traveller to a railway station, airport etc
show off = to try to impress others by all means
take off = remove (clothing); leave the ground (of aeroplanes); imitate sb in a
comic way
turn off = to switch off
wear off = to disappear gradually (the effect of sth)
ON
carry on (with) = to continue
catch on = to become popular
get on = to make progress
go on with = to continue sth esp after a pause
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hold on = to wait
keep on = to continue doing sth
live on sb/sth = to depend on sb/sth for financial support
look on = to watch sth without taking part in it
move on to = to change the subject
take on = to undertake work; employ staff; accept as an opponent
try on = to try the fit (of clothes)
turn on = switch on; attack sb suddenly
work on = to be occupied with
OUT
back out of = to withdraw from
bear out = to support the truth of
bring out/ come out = to publish
carry out = to fulfil or perform sth
check out = to pay one`s bill and leave the hotel
fall out with sb = to quarell with sb
give out = to come to an end; to announce; to distribute
look out = be careful; watch out
make out = to understand sth; claim to be; complete sth
put out = to extinguish
rule out = exclude, eliminate
run out of = to exhaust the supply of sth
see out = to accompany sb to an exit
turn out = to prove to be; produce
wear out = become useless or exhausted through use (clothes); cause sb to
become exhausted, tire sb out
work out = to find a solution by resoning; turn out successfully
OVER
blow over = to cease or finish; be forgotten
come over = (of a feeling) affect sb; change from one side, opinion to another
get over = to recover from; overcome or master sth;
get sth over (with) = to communicate sth to sb; complete sth unpleasant but
necessary
make over = to transfer the ownership of sth
pass over (to) = to hand (to sb)
see over = to inspect by making a tour of
take over = to assume the control or management of
think over = to reflect upon sth before making a decision
turn (sth) over = to turn a page; to fall on one side; do business worth (the
specified amount); (of a shop) sell out and replace its stock
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THROUGH
be through with = to put an end to (a friendship, practice)
break through = to make a discovery; come out from behind cover
carry through = to complete sth in spite of difficulties
fall through = to fail to take place
get through = to make contact with sb, esp by telephone; (with) sth = finish or
complete (a job, task)
go through = to suffer; to examine sth closely and systematically
let sb through = to allow sb to pass an exam or a test
run through = to rehearse or practice; exhaust (money) by wasteful spending
see through sb/sth = not to be deceived by sb/sth; not abandon sth until it is
finished; help or support sb esp in difficult times
UP
be up to = to be required as a duty or obligation from sb; be left to sb to decide
book up = to make a reservation for
break up = to put an end to (a relationship); dissolve or disperse; lose control
of emotions
bring up = to care for and train (a child); raise a subject for discussion; vomit
catch up = to reach sb who is ahead; be absorbed or involved in
come up to = to equal or meet a standard
come up with = to produce or find (an idea)
draw up = to come to a stop (of vehicles)
give up = to stop doing sth; to surrender; admit one`s defeat or inability to do
sth; to reveal or disclose information
hold up = to rob (a bank, vehicle); delay,hinder; survive or last
keep up with = stay at an equal level with
look up = to search for sth (a word) in a reference
look up to = to respect
make up = to invent a story; end a quarrel; compensate for sth; put cosmetics
on sb`s face
live up to = to reach the standard that may be expected
put up with = to tolerate
set up = to start a business; make (an apparatus) ready for use; establish (a record)
stand up for sb/sth = speak /work etc in favour of sb/sth, support sb/sth;
take up = to begin a hobby, sport, study, language etc; shorten a garmet;
occupy or fill (space or time)
work up = to arose the feelings of, excite; cause to grow or develop; advance
in business
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APPENDIX B
ENGLISH-ROMANIAN GLOSSARY OF LEGAL TERMS
127
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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