The Six Stages of Second-Language Acquisition

This is also called "the silent period," when the student takes in the new language but does not Preproduction speak it. This period often lasts six weeks or longer, depending on the individual. The individual begins to speak using short words and sentences, but the emphasis is still Early on listening and absorbing the new language. production There will be many errors in the early production stage. Speech becomes more frequent, words and sentences are longer, but the individual still Speech relies heavily on context clues and familiar Emergent topics. Vocabulary continues to increase and errors begin to decrease, especially in common or repeated interactions. Speech is fairly fluent in social situations with minimal errors. New contexts and academic Beginning language are challenging and the individual Fluency will struggle to express themselves due to gaps in vocabulary and appropriate phrases. Communicating in the second language is fluent, especially in social language situations. The individual is able to speak almost fluently in new situations or in academic areas, but Intermediate there will be gaps in vocabulary knowledge Fluency and some unknown expressions. There are very few errors, and the individual is able to demonstrate higher order thinking skills in the second language such as offering an opinion or analyzing a problem. The individual communicates fluently in all contexts and can maneuver successfully in new contexts and when exposed to new academic Advanced information. At this stage, the individual may Fluency still have an accent and use idiomatic expressions incorrectly at times, but the individual is essentially fluent and comfortable communicating in the second language. How long does it take for a language learner to go through these stages? Just as in any other learning situation, it depends on the individual. One of the major contributors to accelerated second language learning is the strength of first language skills. Language researchers such as Jim Cummins, Catherine Snow, Lily Wong Filmore and Stephen Krashen have studied this topic in a variety of ways for many years. The general consensus is that it takes between five to seven years for an individual to achieve advanced fluency. This generally applies to individuals who have strong first language and literacy skills. If an individual has not fully developed first language and literacy skills, it may take between seven to ten years to reach advanced fluency. It is very important to note that every ELL student comes with his or her

own unique language and education background, and this will have an impact on their English learning process. It is also important to keep in mind that the understood goal for American ELL students is Advanced Fluency, which includes fluency in academic contexts as well as social contexts. Teachers often get frustrated when ELL students appear to be fluent because they have strong social English skills, but then they do not participate well in academic projects and discussions. Teachers who are aware of ELL students' need to develop academic language fluency in English will be much better prepared to assist those students in becoming academically successful. (Learn more about Colorn Colorado's webcast about academic language and ELLs.) Back to Top

Instructional Strategies
If you have ELL students in your classroom, it is more than likely there will be students at a variety of stages in the language acquisition process. What can teachers do to differentiate instruction according to language level? Here are some suggestions for appropriate instructional strategies according to stages of language acquisition. Language Stage

Strategies Emphasize listening comprehension by using read-alouds and music. Use visuals and have students point to pictures or act out vocabulary. Speak slowly and use shorter words, but use correct English phrasing. Model "survival" language by saying and showing the meaning. For example, say, "Open your book," and then open a book while the student observes. Gesture, point and show as much as possible. More advanced classmates who speak the same language can support new learning through interpretation. Avoid excessive error correction. Reinforce learning by modeling correct language usage when students make mistakes. Continue the strategies listed above, but add opportunities for students to produce simple language. Ask students to point to pictures and say the new word. Ask yes/no and either/or questions.

Preproduction

Early Production

Have students work in pairs or small groups to discuss a problem. Have literate students write short sentences or words in graphic organizers. Model a phrase and have the student repeat it and add modifications. Teacher says, "This book is very interesting." The student repeats it and says, "This book is very boring." Continue with as many modifications as possible. Avoid excessive error correction. Reinforce learning by modeling correct usage.

Speech Emergent

Introduce more academic language and skills by using the same techniques listed above, but beginning to use more academic vocabulary. Introduce new academic vocabulary and model how to use it in a sentence. Provide visuals and make connections with student's background knowledge as much as possible. Ask questions that require a short answer and are fairly literal. Introduce charts and graphs by using easily understood information such as a class survey of food preferences. Have students re-tell stories or experiences and have another student write them down. The ELL student can bring these narratives home to read and reinforce learning. In writing activities, provide the student with a fill-in-the blank version of the assignment with the necessary vocabulary listed on the page. Provide minimal error correction. Focus only on correction that directly interferes with meaning. Reinforce learning by modeling the correct usage.

Beginning Fluency

Have students work in pairs and groups to discuss content. During instruction, have students do a "Think, pair, share" to give the student an opportunity to process the new language and concept.

Ask questions that require a full response with explanation. If you do not understand the student's explanation, ask for clarification by paraphrasing and asking the student if you heard them correctly. Ask questions that require inference and justification of the answer. Ask students if they agree or disagree with a statement and why. Model more advanced academic language structures such as, "I think," "In my opinion," and "When you compare." Have students repeat the phrases in context. Re-phrase incorrect statements in correct English, or ask the student if they know another way to say it. Introduce nuances of language such as when to use more formal English and how to interact in conversations. Have students make short presentations, providing them with the phrases and language used in presentations ("Today I will be talking about") and giving them opportunities to practice the presentation with partners before getting in front of the class. Continue to provide visual support and vocabulary development. Correct errors that interfere with meaning, and pre-identify errors that will be corrected in student writing, such as verb-tense agreement. Only correct the errors agreed upon. You may want to assist in improving pronunciation by asking a student to repeat key vocabulary and discussing how different languages have different sounds.

Intermediate Fluency

Identify key academic vocabulary and phrases and model them. Ask students to produce the language in class activities. Use graphic organizers and thinking maps and check to make sure the student is filling them in with details. Challenge the student to add more.

Help the student make connections with new vocabulary by instructing him or her in the etymology of words or word families such as, "important, importance, importantly." Create assessments that give students an opportunity to present in English after they have an opportunity to practice in pairs or small groups. Introduce more academic skills, such as brainstorming, prioritizing, categorization, summarizing and compare and contrast. Ask students to identify vocabulary by symbols that show whether the student "knows it really well, kind of knows it, or doesn't know it at all." Help students focus on strategies to get the meaning of new words. Have a "guessing time" during silent reading where they circle words they don't know and write down their guess of the meaning. Check the results as a class. Introduce idioms and give examples of how to use them appropriately. For example, "Let's wind up our work." What's another way you could use the phrase "wind up?" Starting at this level, students need more correction/feedback, even on errors that do not directly affect meaning. They should be developing a more advanced command of syntax, pragmatics, pronunciation, and other elements that do not necessarily affect meaning but do contribute to oral fluency. It may also be helpful to discuss language goals with the student so you can assist in providing modeling and correction in specified areas.

Advanced Fluency

Students at this level are close to native language fluency and can interact well in a variety of situations. Continue to develop language skills as gaps arise by using the strategies listed above. Although the student may seem completely fluent, he or she still

benefit from visual support, building on background knowledge, preteaching vocabulary and making connections between content areas. Offer challenge activities to expand the student's vocabulary knowledge such as identifying antonyms, synonyms and the use of a thesaurus and dictionary. Demonstrate effective note-taking and provide a template. Offer error correction on academic work and on oral language. Because students at this stage have achieved near-native fluency, they benefit from support in fine-tuning their oral and written language skills.