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Particle Accelerator
Introduction:- A particle accelerator is a device
that uses Electric fields to push electrically- charged particles to high. An ordinary television set is a simple form of accelerator. There are two basic types: linear accelerators and circular accelerators.
Particles are Beneficial useful for both fundamental and applied research in the sciences. For the most basic inquiries into the dynamics and structure of matter, space, and time. Physicists seek the simplest kinds of interactions at the highest possible energies. These typically entire particle energies of many GeV, and the interactions of the simplest kinds of particles: electrons and protons of the matter, or photons. Since isolated particles are experimentally unavailable due to color confinement or any other problem. These experiment are very useful to unfold secretes of the nature. For example Beam lines leading from the Van de Graaf accelerator to various experiments, in the Jussieu Campus at Paris at a higher level of complexity, nuclear physicists and cosmologists may use beams of bare atomic nuclei, stripped of electrons, To investigate the structure, interactions, and properties of the nuclei themselves, and of condensed matter at extremely high temperatures and densities, such as might have occurred in the first moments of
the Big Bang.{Larger Hadron Collider} These investigations often involve collisions of heavy nuclei of atoms like iron or gold at energies of several GeV per nucleon. In these process particle accelerators are used at very high scale.At lower energies, beams of accelerated nuclei are also used in medicine, as for the treatment of cancer. Linear accelerators are also widely used in medicine, for radiotherapy and radiosurgery the electrons can be used directly or they can be collided with a target to produce a beam of X-rays. The reliability, flexibility and accuracy of the radiation beam produced have largely supplanted the older use of Cobalt-60 therapy as a treatment tool. High energy electrons may be coaxed into emitting extremely bright and coherent beams of high energy photons--ultraviolet and X ray--via synchrotron radiation, which photons have numerous uses in the study of atomic structure, chemistry, condensed matter physics, biology, and technology.
Types of particle accelerator :1. Linear particle accelerators 2.Circular or cyclic accelerators 3.Tandem electrostatic accelerators 1. Linear particle accelerator:-In a linear accelerator
(linac) Particles are accelerated in a straight line with a target of interest at one end. Linacs are very widely used every cathode ray tube contains one. They are also used to provide an initial low-energy kick to particles before they are
injected into circular accelerators. The longest linac in the world is the Stanford Linear Accelerator, SLAC, which is 3 km (2 miles) long. SLAC is an electron-proton collider. Linear highenergy accelerators use a linear collection of plates (or drift tubes) to which an alternating high-energy field is applied.
2.Circular accelerators:-
In the circular accelerator, Particles move in a circle until they reach sufficient energy. The particle track is typically bent into a circle using electromagnets. The advantage of circular accelerators over linear accelerators (linacs) is that the ring technology allows continuous acceleration, as the particle can transfer indefinitely. Another advantage is that a circular accelerator is relatively smaller than a linear accelerator of comparable power (i.e. a linac would have to be extremely long to have the equivalent power of a circular accelerator).Depending on the energy and the particle being accelerated, usually measured in electron volts (eV). An important principle for circular accelerators and particle beams is that the curvature of the particle trajectory is proportional to the particle charge and to the magnetic field, but inversely proportional to the (typically relativistic) momentum.
terminal, some electrons are stripped from the ion. The ion then becomes positive and accelerated away by the high positive voltage. Thus, this type of accelerator is called a 'tandem' accelerator.
Some Important particle accelerator:1. Cyclotron 2.Betatron 3.Synchrotron 4.Larger Particle Accelerator Cyclotron: - Cyclotron is a device, which is used to accelerate
positively charged particle like protons, a-particle etc. to acquire enough energy to carry out nuclear disintegration. The earliest circular accelerators were cyclotrons, invented in 1929 by Ernest O. Lawrence at the University of California, Berkeley. Cyclotrons are useful for lower energy applications. Cyclotrons have a single pair of hollow 'D'-shaped plates to accelerate the particles and a single large dipole magnet to bend their path into a circular orbit. It is a characteristic property of charged particles in a uniform and constant magnetic field B that they orbit with a constant period, at a frequency called the cyclotron frequency, so long as their speed is small compared to the speed of light c.
thus a positively charged particle will acquire maximum when it is at the periphery of the dees.Cyclotrons reach an energy limit
because of relativistic effects whereby the particles effectively become more massive, so that their cyclotron frequency drops out of synch with the accelerating RF. Therefore simple cyclotrons can accelerate protons only to an energy of around 15 million electron volts (15 MeV, corresponding to a speed of roughly 10% of c), because the protons get out of phase with the driving electric field. If accelerated further, the beam would continue to spiral outward to a larger radius but the particles would no longer gain enough speed to complete the larger circle in step with the accelerating RF. Cyclotrons are nevertheless still useful for lower energy applications. Advantages of the cyclotron Cyclotrons have a single electrical driver, which saves both money and power, since more expense may be allocated to increasing efficiency. Cyclotrons produce a continuous stream of particles at the target, so the average power is relatively high. The compactness of the device reduces other costs, such as its foundations, radiation shielding, and the enclosing building.
field but in synchrotron both these field are use to vary. By increasing these parameters as the particles gain energy, their path can be held constant as they are accelerated. This allows the vacuum container for the particles to be a large thin torus. In reality, it is easier to use some straight sections between the bending magnets and some bent sections within the magnets giving the torus the shape of a round-cornered polygon. A path of large effective radius may thus be constructed using simple straight and curved pipe segments, unlike the disc-shaped chamber of the cyclotron type devices.. The maximum energy that a cyclic accelerator can impart is typically limited by the strength of the magnetic field(s) and the minimum radius (maximum curvature) of the particle path. Synchrotrons overcome these problems, using a narrow beam pipe, which can be surrounded by much smaller and more tightly focusing magnets. The ability of this device to accelerate particles is limited by the fact that the particles must be charged to be accelerated at all, but charged particles under acceleration emit photons (light). The energy of those is limited strictly by the strength of magnets and by the cost.
injection velocity the magnetic field is then increased. The particles pass through an electrostatic accelerator driven by a high alternating voltage. At particle speeds not close to the speed of light the frequency of the accelerating voltage can be made roughly proportional to the current in the bending magnets. A finer control of the frequency is performed by a loop which responds to the detection of the passing of the traveling group of particles. At particle speeds, approaching light speed the frequency becomes more nearly constant, while the current in the bending magnets continues to increase. The maximum energy that can be applied to the particles (for a given ring size and magnet count) is determined by the saturation of the cores of the bending magnets (the point at which increasing current does not produce additional magnetic field).
Picture of Synchrotron
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27 kilometres (17 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 metres underground. The 3.8 m wide concrete-lined tunnel, constructed between 1983 and 1988, was formerly used to house the Large Electron-Positron Collider. It crosses the border between Switzerland and France at four points, with most of it in France. Surface buildings hold ancillary equipment such as compressors, ventilation equipment, control electronics and refrigeration plants. The collider tunnel contains two adjacent parallel beam pipes that intersect at four points, each containing a proton beam, which travels in opposite directions around the ring. Some 1,232 dipole magnets keep the beams on their circular path, while an additional 392 quadrupole magnets are used to keep the beams focused, in order to maximize the chances of interaction between the particles in the four intersection points, where the two beams will cross. In total, over 1,600 superconducting magnets are installed, with most weighing over 27 tonnes. Approximately 96 tonnes of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at their operating temperature of 1.9 K, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature. Superconducting quadrupole electromagnets are used to direct the beams to four intersection points, where interactions between protons will take place.
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