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PET Grammar
You are reading this lesson because you are almost ready to take the grammar part of the Preliminary English Test of Cambridge exam. Well done! In the exercise that follows you will be tested on everything which you have studied so far. When you pass this lesson it means that you are ready to take the exam - Good luck!
FOR TO IN - ON BY WITH AT FROM OF are among the most used prepositions Examples: Ive worked here for two years He is at the traffic lights The book was written by Shakespeare
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A mountain is biggER THAN a hill The Pacific Ocean is widER THAN the Atlantic Ocean The Nile is longER THAN the Mississippi
Superlatives of Adjectives:
Everest is THE tallEST mountain The Pacific Ocean is widEST Ocean The Nile is longEST river
UNIT 2
Mary drives carefully, Anne drives more carefully The majority of adverbs finish in ly because they are formed directly from the adjective: Frequent(ly), slow(ly), sad(ly), usual(ly) and happ(ily). This is the base form. We make the comparison by putting MORE in front of the base form: more frequently, more slowly, more sadly, more usually and more happily. But there are also a few irregular forms like best and worst
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Example: We went to the cinema last night We were going to the cinema when we saw a car accident
And TAKE is to accept, to get or receive something But to TAKE UP is to begin a new hobby, e.g.
UNIT 3
LESSON 9: STATIVE VERBS
I want a beer, she prefers a cup of tea A stative verb is not a verb of action like eat, drink, play or swim. A stative verb is a verb like know, understand, believe, want or like. Stative verbs are non-continuous, they cannot (usually) be used in continuous tenses like the present, past or future continuous: Very often they express feelings like remember, think, realize, agree or disagree. Or verbs of the senses like see, smell, and hear.
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UNIT 4
1)
2)
A past action for which we dont use a fixed time reference, e.g. All my brothers have been to Italy
3)
An action that is still happening: I have lived here for a long time
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Past Simple: WENT PLAYED SANG RAN WORKED - ATE etc. We use it to refer to a past action and usually mention a past time:
Examples: She is a lovely old American lady It is a two-hundred year-old, golden wooden chair It's an ugly deep red Persian carpet
Example:
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A Non-Defining Relative Clause gives us extra information which is NOT grammatically necessary for the sentence. And this extra information is also unnecessary. We must put this extra information between commas in order to distinguish it from defining relative clauses. Example:
UNIT 5
LESSON 17: ADVERBS
An adverb describes or modifies:
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I leave tomorrow - I will leave tomorrow I shall leave tomorrow I am leaving tomorrow - I shall be leaving tomorrow I am going to be leaving tomorrow - I will be leaving tomorrow - I will have left tomorrow And thats not counting the modal verbs which can also express the future, e.g. I can/must come tomorrow
Men and women are equal under the law / Neither Madrid nor Barcelona is in France
or clauses
I drink coffee but my husband drinks tea / I earn little money so I dont go out much
Subordinating conjunctions: before, after, since, because, although, though, as, if, than, that, until, till and when.
I havent seen John since he came back from France I know because Mary told me
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UNIT 6
LESSON 21: CONTABLES/UNCOUNTABLES
A Countable noun is any unit of anything that we can count, people, places and objects, concrete or abstract. They also have a plural form.
On the other hand, Uncountable nouns refer to materials and concepts which we do not perceive as individual items which we are able to count. The words:
Question: Are there any books on the table? Positive answer: Yes, there are some books on the table Negative answer: No, there arent any books on the table
And a few verbs can take both the TO form and the ING form: CONTINUE TO do/doING START TO do/doING - LIKE TO do/doING
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Strictly speaking, nouns dont have opposites, only nouns that are related to adjectives can have an opposite, goodness (derived from good) - badness (derived from bad), happiness(derived from happy) - sadness (derived from sad).
UNIT 7
LESSON 25: SO/NEITHER
We use SO + Auxiliary verb + Subject to indicate a similarity of somebody, something or some action that has previously been mentioned:
I live in Birmingham
We use NEITHER + Auxiliary verb + Subject to indicate the negate a similarity of somebody, something or some action that has previously been mentioned:
- they cannot take TO in the Infinitive: TO MUST, TO CAN - they do not take s" in the third person singular, e.g. He can speak five languages - some modals do not have all the verb forms, e.g. MUST has no past, CAN has no future tense.
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THERE IS a boat on the river today THERE WAS a boat on the river yesterday THERE WILL BE a boat on the river tomorrow
We HAD our hair DONE - We will HAVE our car REPAIRED - We GET our teeth CLEANED
UNIT 8
LESSON 29: TOO/ENOUGH
When we use too + adjective / adverb + Infinitive, the implication is usually negative:
But enough can also precede a noun (we have enough money to go on holiday).
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A kilo (of meat), a loaf (of bread) and a bottle (of wine) are also quantifiers. They measure amounts of things that are uncountable individually.
I used to play football but I play tennis now I used to drive a Mercedes but I drive Ford car now
Question form:
For the idea of used to in question and negative forms, we often prefer to use:
The Past Simple: Did you live in London? I didn't live in London Or Present Perfect: I haven't lived in London. Haven't you lived in London?
BY introduces the agent (that is, the original subject of the active sentence). So: The man killed the tiger
Becomes the subject of the passive sentence: The tiger was killed BY the man Sometimes the agent can be omitted if it is considered not important: The tiger was killed (BY the man).
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UNIT 9
LESSON 33: SENTECE TRANSFORMATION
Sentence transformation measures your ability to change the words and grammar in a sentence but at the same time maintaining the exact meaning.
The car isnt big enough to take 6 people Can be transformed into:
I went to London and Mary went to London too Can be transformed into:
Its already 2011 and Ive been gone from Glasgow for three years Can be transformed into:
One of the goals in the Preliminary English Test (PET) is to be able to interpret street signs and announcements. These can refer to prohibitions, orders, instructions, warnings, messages or advice. Examples:
NO SMOKING (Prohibition) KEEP DOOR CLOSED (Order) BEWARE OF THE DOG (Warning) OPEN 8 TO 6 MONDAYS TO FRIDAYS (Informative) STORE IN A COOL PLACE (Advisory)
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Words that in British English end in -ised, in American English end in ized Words that end in our in British English end in or.
In British English the Present Perfect is used more much more than in American English.
Spoken sentence: Im English, John said. Reported sentence: John said that he was English.
AS you can see the verb changes from present to past, from I am to he was.
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