Electromagnetic eldtheoryisthebasicapproachtothestudyoftheffectsof electricaclha rgeH. oweverc,ircuitheoryisasimpli cationof eldtheorythaits mucheasiertoapplyC. apacitanceisthecircuipt ropertythaat ccountsforenergy storedinelectric eldsI. nductanceaccountsforenergystoredinmagnetic elds.

W ewillearnthathevoltageacrossanidealinductorisproportionaltothetime derivativeo fthecurrent.Ontheotherhand,thevoltageacrossanidealcapacitoris proportionaltothet imeintegralofthecurrent. Wewilal lsostudymutuailnductance,acircuitpropertythataccountsformagn e t i c e l d st h a ta r em u t u a lt os e v e r a li n d u c t o r s .I nC h a p t e r1 5 ,w ew i l ls e et h a tm u t u a l inductanceformsthebasisfortran sformers,whicharecriticaltothetransmissionof electricalpoweroverlongdistances. S e v e r a lt y p e so ft r a n s d u c e r sa r eb a s e do ni n d u c t a n c ea n dc a p a c i t a n c e .F o re x a m - ple,onetypeofmicrophoneisbasicallya capacitorinwhichthecapacitancechanges withsoundpressure.Anapplicationofmutualind uctanceisthelinearvariabledif- ferentiatlransformerinwhichpositionoafmovingironc oreisconvertedintoa voltage. Sometimesanelectricaslignatlhartepresentsaphysicavl ariablesuchasdisplacementisnoisyF. orexample,inanactive(electronicallycontrolled)suspension fora nautomobile,thepositionsensorsareaffectedbyroadroughnessaswellasby theloadingoft hevehicleT. obtainanelectricaslignarlepresentingthedisplace- mentofeachwheel,the rapid uctuationsduetoroadroughnessmustbeeliminated. Later,wewillseethathiscanbea ccomplishedusinginductanceandcapacitancein c i r c u i t sk n o w na s l t e r s . Afterstudyingthischapter,wewillbereadyto extendthebasicircuit-analysis techniqueslearnedinChapter2tocircuitshavinginductanceandcapacitance. 3.C1APACITANCE Capacitorsareconstructedbyseparatingtwosheetsofconductorw, hichisusually metalli c,byathinlayerofinsulatingmaterial.Inaparallel-platecapacitor,thesheets a r e a ta n dp a r a l l e la ss h o w ni nF i g u r e3 . 1 .T h ei n s u l a t i n gm a t e r i a lb e t w e e nt h ep l a t e s , calleda dielectric,canbeair ,Mylar,polyester,polypropylene,mica,oravarietyof othermaterials. Letusconsiderwhathappensascurrent owsthroughacapacitor.Supposethat c u r r e n t o w sd o w n w a r d ,a ss h o w ni nF i g u r e3 . 2 ( a ) .I nm o s tm e t a l s ,c u r r e n tc o n s i s t so f electronsmoving,andconventionalcurrent owin gdownwardrepresentselectrons actuallymovingupward.Aselectronsmoveupward,theycoll ectonthelowerplateof t h ec a p a c i t o r .T h u s ,t h el o w e rp l a t ea c c u m u l a t e san e tn e g a t i v ec h a r g et h a tp r o d u c e s anelectric eldinthedielectri c.Thiselectric ? eldforceselectronstoleavetheupper plateathesameratethatheyaccum ulateonthelowerplateT. hereforec,urrent appearsto owthroughthecapacitor.Asthechargebuildsup,voltageappearsacross thecapa citor. Capacitorsareconstructedby separatingtwoconducting plates,whichareusually metall icb, yathinlayerof insulatingmaterial.