EASTER TRADITIONS RELATIVE TO FOOD

INDEX
1. EASTER TRADITIONS. 1 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. 1.6. Religion Origin of Easter Mass 2 Catholic thought Processions... 3 Processions in Andalusia

2. EASTER FOOD... 7 2.1. Fasting 2.2. Pestios.. 8 2.3. Torrijas.... 9 2.4. Saints bones .. 10 2.5. Buuelos...... 11 2.6. Rice with milk.. 12 2.7.Garbanzos with cod and spinach 2.8. Churros with chocolate.. 13 3. EASTER MUSIC 14 3.1. Suffering and Saetas 3.1.1.What is a Saeta? . 16 3.1.2.Beginning of the Saeta 3.1.3.The Performance of Saeta.. 17 3.2. Marcha 18 4. CLOTHES RELATED TO EASTER... 19 4.1. Nazarenes 4.2. Mantle... 21 5. CURIOSITIES. 22

5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 24 5.5.

Relationship between the Easter's date and full moon Pointed hood's origin Who is the Easter Bunny? 23 Why is Easter called passion? ..................................... Who are costaleros?

6. CONCLUSION... 25 7. ANNEXES: SURVEY....... 26 7.1. Annex 1: What do you usually do in Holy Week?
7.2. Annex 2: Do you participate in any brotherhood? .............. 27

7.3. Annex 3: Do you eat any typical Easter meal? . 28 7.4. Annex 4: Do you feel the Holy Week like a religious issue? 29 7.5. Annex 5: Yes / no questions.. 30 Do you think brotherhoods could take advantage of their money to help needy people? Do you usually practice lent fasting? Do you think penitents suffer worth it? Would you change the Holy Week date?
7.6. Annex 6: How do you often go to se processions in Easter

time? 31 7.7. Annex 7: Do you prefer la Macarena or la Trianera? ..... 32 8. WEBGRAPHY... 33

1. EATER TRADITIONS
Nowadays, everybody knows what Easter exactly is. However, while

many think that Easter is only about tradition, some other people know that these traditions have a basis, a nexus, which is religion, and often it's difficult to say if nowadays the important thing is the tradition or the religions since Spain is, politically talking, an atheist country although it used to be a Catholic kingdom.

1. 1. Religion
For the Christians, Easter is period of time in which we celebrate the death and the resurrection of Jesus. It's very important to understand Easter from a Christian point of view. The doctrine of the commemoration of the death and resurrection of God is necessary for the existence of Christianity or Christian Easter. Beyond this doctrine there is the knowledge of the fact that Jesus dead in order to pay the punishment of death which God imposed us as a consequence of our misbehavior. He was crucified and he resurrected with a glorified body, obtaining victory over death. When we put our faith at him we have the promise that someday we will have a body like the one of our Lord and we will rein heaven with him.

1. 2. Origin of Easter
The first time Easter was celebrated is much related to the meeting between Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna, and Aniceto, the bishop of Rome, in 154 and with the purpose of reaching a deal about when Easter should be celebrated. While the bishop of Smyrna thought that Easter should be a vigil finishing with the Lord's Latter during the night of Nisan the 14 th, a month in Jews calendar, in order to follow Jews tradition, Aniceto believed that Easter should be celebrated on Sundays. A lot of time later, the Christian Church decided that Aniceto's belief was the right one.

1. 3. Mass
Some time ago, the Christian church stated a locked date for this feast. They said that Easter should be celebrated on Sundays, but they said more. As

we all know, Easter is celebrated in different days every year. The reason of this is that the Jew calendar has got 354 days and it's based in the moon phases, meanwhile ours is sunbased. Every four years, Jews introduce a month into their calendar, as Sanedrin said long time ago. Jews celebrate a dinner the night before Easter, on Nisan the 14 th, so actually they think that Easter must be on Nisan the 15th. The differences between both calendars made that, in the end, the Christian church determined that the day must be the first Sunday after the first full moon after the Spring Equinox.

1. 4. Catholic thought
Nowadays it's very common to see people who follow this tradition although they're atheists. Some say that as we've already said- since Spain has always been a Christian country, even many of them are part of brotherhoods and participate in these feasts. Many cry when they see the processions of virgins and wooden sculpture of Jesus and his relatives. Specially in Seville, there's strong feeling about Easter: the underground which connects the metropolitan area and some close villages get's collapsed due to the huge increase of travelers. The whole city looks like a different one, and there's no doubt that if they didn't consider this feast as an important one, these facts would be impossible. What's happening them? An increasing number of people say that this is a time when we should remember missing values, which are very important in order to recover the social peace. Nowadays, Easter has become a holiday which let us fall into vices and laziness for many, but still with that people love Easter. There's only one possible explanation: even though the catholic thought has been forgotten, the tradition, which lead us "into the light", is still important for many.

1. 5. Processions
Processions are religious parades organized by some people who make a route, which is usually cyclic. They do exist in most big religions, and they

come from the ancient Greece. In Christianity, they are a part of the most important form of outward worship. The appearance of mendicant orders during the XIV and the XV centuries produced an increase in the number of images with doctrinal purposes. When the Council of Trent was celebrated processions acquired an enormous importance. The Catholic Church sees in these types of acts a powerful instrument of evangelization and persuasion since the visual impact of the image was more effective than the reading of biblical accounts. The reading was limited due to the high levels of illiteracy and because of the prohibition of the translation from the Latin sacred texts. Nowadays, processions still exist. The most important ones are at Spain, Argentina, Peru and Guatemala.

1. 6. Processions in Andalusia
The most important processions in Spain take place during the Holy Week, in Seville, although they also they place during the Corpus Christi. They're organized by brotherhoods, whose main functions are formation, cult and charity. Those brotherhoods are organized by the General Council of Fraternities and Brotherhoods. Processions in Seville transform the city during the period of the Holy Week and they're the result of a very long development of the tradition. Every day during the Holy week, several processions take appearance. Those processions go through the city and are accompanied by music elements, which are in fact whole moving concerts. They look very similar to what everyone sees as parade, where the religious images are on floats, platforms decorated with religious elements like sculptures of Jesus and the Virgin. The elements composing processions are:
The Marching Order, which consists of a structure and and a common

objective for every processions, which consists of going from the church of the brotherhood to the Cathedral of Seville and going back. The structure of a procession is:
1 2

A great cross carried at the beginning of each procession. A lot of people wearing pointed hoods and a habit, marching in silence (Nazarenos)

3 4 5

A group of acolytes wearing vestments The procession itself, which number can vary between 1 and 3. A musical group attached in most cases.

The Procession, the center of each procession, composed of wooden

images. It is usually decorated with flowers, candles, fabric...

The Music, although some processions have silence as a rule. Some

processions have a cappella choirs or wind quartets, and it is very common to hear trumpets and drums. Since the Holy Week lasts several days, there are numerous processions related to this great feast. Let's review them briefly in relation with the day being shown: Holy Monday - El Beso de Judas, founded in 1955. It counts with 2 pasos, being the second of them aerial. The habits are white with purple masks. - Vera Cruz, founded in 1448. The crucified Lord is accompanied in the paso by the light of four green candles. This is the first paso shown which has not got musical accompaniment. Holy Tuesday El beso de Judas

Los Dolores. Founded in 1945, the first procession represents Jesus and the second one is Our Lady of Sorrows. The habits are white and a burgundy velvet mask is worn, too.

Holy Wednesday San Bernardo. Founded in 1763, it counts with two processions. We have to point that this brotherhood is sometimes called the brotherhood of bullfighters. The first procession represents Jesus as the Lord of Health. In the second one, Our Lady of Refuge in represented in a combination of maroon and gold. The habits are black. San Bernardo's Brotherhood

Holy Thursday Pasin. Founded in 1531, it counts with two processions. The Lord of the Passion is the first one and The Virgin of the Mercy and Saint John go as the second paso, with a velvet canopy embroidered in gold. The habits are black.

Holy Friday El Silencio. It was founded in 1356, and it is the eldest brotherhood in Seville. On the first procession there's the image of Jesus holding a silver cross rounded by a number of purple lilium. On the second one there's the Virgin of the conception and Saint John, with precious stones and pure silver. La Macarena. It was founded in 1595, and it's the most well known brotherhood outside Seville due to El Silencio' Brotherhood

La Macarena

the personality of the Virgin. The first procession represents the moment when the sentence of our Lord was published. The second one represents an image of the Virgin of the Esperanza Macarena. The habits are white with purple masks in the procession of our Lord and green masks in the procession of the Virgin.

El Gran Poder. It was founded in 1431. The habits are black and they have an esparto belt.

La Esperanza de Triana. It was founded in 1418 and it counts with two processions: the Lord of the Three Falls and the mystery one, where Jesus of is represented a in company Cyrene, Jewish

homan and a Roman soldier riding a horse. The habits are purple with purple masks in the second La Trianera procession and green in the first. In both cases, penitents wear white coats.

Holy Saturday La Trinidad. It was founded in 1555 and it counts with three processions. The first one represents the allegoric mystery of The Trinity, the second one represents the moment when the Lord of the Five Wounds is being extracted from the Cross, in presence of the Virgin of the Conception, Saint John and the three Marias. The third procession represents the Virgin of the Esperanza under a magnificent canopy of green velvet embroidered in gold. The habits are white, with black coat and mask, and white scapulars. Sunday of Resurrection El Resucitado. It was founded in 1972, and it El Resucitado

counts with two processions. It comes out from the Saint Marina Church when the Sunday of Resurrection starts. The first procession represents the moment when Jesus came out from the Tomb, accompanied by an angel. The second one represents the Virgin Aurora. The habits are white and coated.

2. EASTER FOOD
2. 1. Fasting
Fasting, that takes place at the time of Lent, consists of making one only meal a day and abstaining from eating certain foods, mainly meat, both red meats and white meats. At first, it was forbidden to eat dairy products and eggs, but later these products were removed from Lenten fasting. The unique meal of the day was during the sunset. Later, this took place at three oclock in the afternoon and, since the 14 th century; it is permitted to eat at noon. This unique meal was called colacin. The imposition of not eating meat during the Lent caused certains dishes, like fish accompanied by all kinds of vegetables, legumes and confectionery as torrijas, pestios and Saints bones to become extremely important. Many of these sweetmeats were made by using typical Moorish products such as almonds, cinnamon, sugar or matalauva. These products came to Spain in the Al-Andalus period and now they are part of our gastronomic traditions. All these dishes are usually dishes with a great capacity to satisfy the hunger, helping to endure the meat fasting. There are other typical Easter dishes like buuelos, garbanzos con bacalao y espinacas, arroz con leche or churros with chocolate.

2. 2. Pestios
Pestios are a very typical Easter dessert in Andalusia. Pestios were first made in the Al-Andalus period, when the Moorish were in the Iberian

Peninsula. Since then, their recipes have been transmitted from generation to generation. Although pestios are also made in Christmas, they are more typical in Lent. The ingredients to prepare pestios are:

Olive oil An orange A lemon rind Cinnamon Yeast Flour White wine Eggs Honey

First at all, you have to fry half an orange, a lemon rind and cinnamon stick, and then strain the oil. Later, you have to pour it in a bowl and add a grated lemon peel, yeast, 1 kg. of flour and a white wine glass. You have to knead until the ingredients are completely mixed. In addition, you have to add the stirred eggs and go on kneading. When the dough is finished, you have to do the pestios. Finally, you have to fry them and cover them with honey.

2. 3. Torrijas
Torrijas are an extremely old dessert, considered the most important one in Spanish Easter. It is said that they were invented by nuns in the 15 th century, at

the end of Middle Ages. Nuns prepared the torrijas by using leftover bread in order to end hunger during the meat fast in Lent. However, in Al-Andalus period, there was a dessert called zalabiyya that is considered a previous version of torrijas. The zalabiyya was a kind of brioche which was fried in oil and then it was covered with honey. Later, at the beginning of 20 th century, torrijas became very famous in Madrid taverns and bars, where torrijas were served with a cup of wine. Currently, there is a really famous tavern in Madrid called El Anciano Rey de los Vinos, where torrijas continue being prepared in a traditional way. Nevertheless nowadays Aragon is the Spanish community where more torrijas are prepared and eaten every year. The ingredients to prepare torrijas are:

A loaf of bread Milk Lemon Sugar Eggs Olive oil Cinnamon Honey

First at all, you have to pour the milk in a pan and put on the fire. Then, you have to add the cinnamon, the lemon peel and the sugar. In addition, you have to stir it to dissolve the sugar. After that, you have to slice the bread and put it in the milk during 10 or 12 seconds.

In the meanwhile, you have to whisk the eggs and then you have to dip each slice of bread in the stirred eggs and fry them. Finally, you have to cover them with sugar, cinnamon and honey.

2. 4. Saints bones
The Saints bones are a typical Easter sweet; they are made in All Saints Day as well. They have a cylindrical shape, they are made by using marzipan and they are filled with dulce de yema. These confectioneries were first made in the 17 th century, possibly in Madrid. The ingredients to prepare Saints bones are:

Almonds Sugar Anisette Nuts Hazelnut Eggs

First at all, you have to knead the almonds with the sugar, the anisette and the water. This dough is divided into two parts: we add nuts to one part and we add the hazelnut to the other one. You have to let rest the two parts of dough in the fridge.

To prepare the dulce de yema, first, you have to do the syrup by using the water and the sugar. Then, you have to stir the eggs and add them to the syrup. When the dough is cool, you have to made with this 1cm diameter cylinder and introduce them in the oven for 3 minutes approximately.

Finally, you have to fill the cylinders with the dulce de yema by using a pastry bag.

2. 5. Buuelos A Buuelo is a sweet made by using flour and that may include a filling which can be sweet or savory. The sweet buuelos can be filled with chocolate, crema pastelera or cream. Also, the buuelos filled with cod are really famous in Spain. It is typical to made buuelos at Easter as well as in All Saints Day. The buuelos were first made by the Moorish. In Al-Andalus, most of the citizens were poor and they did not have food enough. Therefore, in order to earn more money, so they sold the buuelos that they made themselves. In Andalusia there is a really famous kind of buuelos called buuelos de viento because they are empty. The ingredients to prepare the buuelos de viento are: Flour Vanilla Eggs Lemon Olive oil

Water Butter Sugar

First, you have to put water, the butter, the grated lemon rind and the sugar in a pan and heat it. When it is boiling, you have to add the flour until it becomes a dough. Then, you have to let the dough to cool down and then add the eggs. After that, you have to fry the dough. And finally, you can cover them with sugar.

2. 6. Rice with milk

The arroz con leche, or rice with milk in english, is a very typical Easter dessert, which was first made by Moorish in Al-Andalus.

The ingredients to prepare rice with milk are: Milk Rice Sugar Lemon Cinnamon Put water in a pan and turn on the fire until it starts boiling. Then, add the rice to cook it. After that, put milk in other pan, put on the fire and add the sugar. When the milk is boiling, you have to add the cooked rice, the cinnamon, the lemon peel, and more sugar. Finally, put it in a dish, cover it with cinnamon and let it cool down.

2. 7. Garbanzos with cod and spinach

It is quite typical in Spain to eat garbanzos with cod and spinach at Easter. In addition, this dish is prepared in Oviedo on October 19 th to celebrate El desarme, which is a celebration to commemorate the defeat of the Carlist army. Shortly before his death, Fernando VII abolished the Salic Law, so he allowed his daughter to become Queen after he died. Until then, the Fernando VIIs brother, Carlos Mara Isidro, had been the heir to the Spanish throne. Therefore, when Fernando VII died in 1833, the First Carlist War broke out. In 1856, the Carlist battalions entered Oviedo. The people didnt fight but they prepared garbanzos with cod and spinach and they offered the Carlists a lot of wine. So, after they had eaten, they felt asleep and they were able to disarm the Carlists. The necessary ingredients to prepare garbanzos with cod and spinach are:
Garbanzos

 Cod Spinach Onions An Egg Garlic Slices of bread Olive oil Salt

2. 8. Churros with chocolate

The churros with chocolate are the typical Easter breakfast. It consists of a cup of chocolate and a dish with churros, as indicated in the picture. The chocolate came to Spain for the first time after the discovery of America. After the conquest of Mexico, cocoa was able to travel by boat from America to Spain. First of all, people used to eat cocoa with sugar cane to remove the bitter taste. Moreover, it was considered by the Spanish as a drink until the 20th century.

Even, the writer Marco Antonio de Orellana made reference to the cocoa in a poem:

Oh, divino chocolate! Que arrodillado te muelen Manos plegadas te baten Y ojos al cielo te beben Nowadays, the chocolate is eaten by almost everybody all around the world. It is delicious and there are many kinds of chocolate: dark chocolate, white chocolate, milk chocolate, chocolate with almond, chocolate with walnuts....

3. EASTER MUSIC
3. 1. Suffering and Saetas
An artist wears her art in place of wounds. -Patti Smith Art has usually been identified with personal, imaginative and occasionally agonizing expressions of suffering. We can think about people like Vincent van Gogh and Curt Cobain. Even comedy is one area that has been linked with the awful creative. Actually, there is a Top Ten Tortured Artists list!

While not all ingenious people can be called tormented in any way, much art has been produced by the identifying with some form of suffering. Art is frequently a method of sublimation. Sublimation is when some feeling, desire or reflection is expressed by displacing it into some other appearance. It occurs when displacement serves an advanced socially or cultural valuable principle, as in inventions or the creation of art. Sublimation has been called an emotional defense mechanism, and it is that way in many cases. In the case of violent behavior, for example, sports may serve as a viable opening or channel. In the case of expressions of anguish, pain or other severe emotions there have a propensity to be two major areas where these can be

sublimated or expressed profitably in a socially formal way. Those areas would be art and religion. In the religious context this sometimes becomes expressed directly by self-inflicted injury. Devotional acts of bodily-injury may be used for commemoration of the suffering of others, as demonstrations of belief in divine powers to overcome suffering, as redemptive acts, as pledges of faithfulness, as marking of major life passages or as collective expressions of social discontent or anger. They become in fact rituals. Rituals can have many purposes and symbolize many things. They are both socially and psychologically useful. The penitents of Christianity, particularly Catholicism, the

commemoration of Asura by certain portions of the Shia Islamic community, the Hindu practices at Thaipusam festival which includes a Kavadi ritual in which people pierce their skin, Native American Sun Dance ceremonies which sometimes involve piercing and suspension by flesh, tribal rites of passage in Africa and South America and Polynesia which often scarification or tattooing, all speak directly of physical suffering as symbolic and expressive. Physical suffering in these contexts is symbolic of numerous psychological and social transitions, hopes, expressions of sanctity, social cohesiveness and group solidarity. It is not surprising since most religions contain certain elements to both address suffering and provide some form of comfort, salvation, redemption or transformation that much religious art deals with this topic of suffering. It is from Christianity that the abundant expressions of suffering appear. The great Pietas of artists such as Michelangelo and El Greco (image source) are one such instance. Suffering in the Christian background is unavoidably attached to the crucifixion of the Christ. And most religious art of suffering in Christianity represents

aspects of this as well as aspects of the sorrow of various saints as they endeavor to complete their divine vocations. At Easter, the closing week of Lent is called Holy Week. This week is marked in Spain particularly by large processions of religious people carrying icons through the streets of their cities and towns. During these processions there are particular stopping points which symbolize the stopping points of Christ along the Via Dolorosa as he held the cross to his crucifixion. In particular, in southern Spain the moments of these processional breaks are noticeable by the singing of a particular type of song called a Saeta.

3. 1. 1. What is a Saeta?
A Saeta is a cappella (unaccompanied) song of a religious origin from Spain that is sung during Lent, though it can be sung during other occasions of religious importance. Also, It has been sung in prisons when Catholic spiritual groups visited prisoners. Saetas are also known colloquially as arrows to the heart.

3. 1. 2. Beginning of the Saeta

There are countless theories about the origins of Saetas. Some of them say they are descendents of sung Psalms, and others believe them to be originated by the ancient Jewish chanting. The Sephardic Jewish community has got a long history in Spain, as the Christian community has. The Moors conquered Spain in the Middle Ages so there is also the possibility of the Islamic/Arabic music being somewhat influential in the development of Saetas.

There are numerous sorts of Saetas. Some have rhythms that look like

Gregorian chants, Islamic calls to prayer, Jewish performance as well as Arabic musical ornamentation. In all the Saeta is often referred to as the song-prayer. The influences of the people of the Romani (also known as Roma, Roms or Gypsy) culture, with wondered origins to have been in India, are distinguished in the music of the Spanish Romani Saetas. The Romani are the standard singers of Saetas as well as the creators of most Flamenco music, dance and other related art figures. Modern Saetas take supplementary elements from Flamenco music to adorn the desolate notes.

3. 1. 4. The Performance of Saeta

Singers will often address the iconic image of the Virgin Mary as she suffers the loss of her son as well as to the Christ image itself. As the act goes on the singer accommodates deeper inside with an aim to bring it out the feelings of affliction such as pain, loss, anguish or compassion and change it into song. And through music an intelligence-emotional connection is made between the singer and the image to which he sings. It is an expression of the symbolic. Expressions of empathy are most significantly identified with the crucifixion of the Christ. Words of the Saeta are poetic and deep. Obviously, the theme of the songs is Jesus Christs passion and death, this Francisco Moreno Galvans letter which was recorded in 1974 by Diego Clavel, is an example: Llevarla poquito a poco, Capataz, cortito el paso Porque se ajoga de pena, Y lleva los ojos rasos De lgrimas como perlas. (...) Lo bajaron del madero Y en sbanas lo pusieron, Su cuerpo descoloro, Su madre pregunta al cielo: Qu delito ha cometo?

3. 2. The Marcha

In Easter time, we can found some silent processions, with no musical accompaniment, and some have a cappella choirs or wind quartets. But many, and especially, those associated to poorest neighborhoods in history, bring out a drum and trumpet band behind the image of Christ and a brass band behind the Virgin, which usually play hymns or marchas from a standard repertoire. Those linked with the images of Christ are often memorial service naturally, while those associated with the Virgin are more festive. At first, each procession leaves its residence church (an event known as the salida), and then it returns (the entrada). Its a traditional fact that at the origin of the procession people improvise flamenco-style songs in the crowd or from a balcony along the route. Marchas are musical compositions which accompany the majority of the processions. A lot of them are beautiful pieces of music, such as: - Marchas de cabecera: Concierto de Aranjuez and Nabuco. - Marchas de Cristo: Luz de Jerusalem and Sagrada Oracin. - Marchas de palio: Amargura and La Madrug.

4. CLOTHES RELATED TO EASTER

Processions coincide, obviously, with Easter. Different collective groups participate in fraternities or religious brotherhood. Members of the brotherhood go with their brotherhoods accompanying a throne of Christ or Virgin attached to a passage from the Passion. Members get dressed in tunics: penitents or Nazarenes.

4. 1. Nazarenes

Easters Nazarenes are Brothers of the respective penitential corporations that wear the habit of Ordinances during the procession of penance of the brotherhood they belong to with enthroned images in steps or thrones. The clothes origin comes from centuries ago by the aesthetics created by la Hermandad Del Silencio (Seville). They are identified in the most of cases by their robes (hence the name given in the Spanish Levant, vestas). They get dressed with pointed hoods or capuz, with a tunic and a coat. Brotherhoods are different amongst them because of various characteristics, such as its color, emblem, which identifies each group. Some Nazarenes wear a smart suit although they also belong to the procession. Sometimes the layer is replaced by a tail, which tends to be collected in a girdle or a belt of Esparto grass so that it does not drag. The conical shape of the pointed hood of the Nazarenes evokes an

approach the penitent to heaven which is played by many Christians as a place of salvation. This symbolic value is analogous to cypresses, which are typical trees with pointed cup in Christian cemeteries; they approach to the deceased to heaven, place in which, according to some beliefs, life unfolds after death. The origin of the hooded or bonnet is at the beginnings of the Inquisition, when people who were punished for religious reasons, they were imposed the obligation of using a piece of cloth to cover the chest and back and a cone of cardboard as a sign of penance. There are also differences amongst Nazarenes, some of them go barefoot thus they make harder their penance, others carry crosses and there is who carry various representative elements of the brotherhood, musical objects, incense burners, etc. The Nazarenes and penitent terms are not synonymous. Nazarenes hood is always rigid thanks to the support that provides inside a rigid material cone. On the other hand, penitents always take the unassembled capirote so that it drops to the back.

Various types of Nazarenes exist according to the service they provide in the procession of penance of a brotherhood: Row Nazarene: they are Nazarenes without a special purpose of his/her own penance. They are divided into sections and are subject to the orders of the brothers of scepter or segment keeper. When they carry candles are called Lightsnararets. Nazarenes with cross: they go after the Christ or the Virgin and carry

penitential crosses usually made of wood. They wear the unassembled pointed hoods, so they are not really pointed as the rigid structure inside the hood is not there. Nazarenes who carry attributes or badges: they carry possessions of the brotherhood (banners, book of rules, speakers, etc.) Manigueteros: in the thrones that are lifted from under themselves there are the Nazarenes who are placed in the four corners grabbing with a hand to the handle. The handles are decorative elements; they are a remnant of the long thick rod that the Brothers use to lift the throne from the outside. Guardamantos: they are the Nazarenes that walk just behind the mantles throne to protect the integrity of the mantle of La Dolorosa the most valuable piece that is at risk of damage.

4. 2. Mantle
Mantle is the costume that women wear on Holy Thursday (eve of Jesus' death and in this way they honor its figure) so that attending Saint trades and visiting tabernacles. In the afternoon Holy Friday some ladies with this outfit may also can be seen. Mantilla can be blond lace or Chantilly and carries a carey comb (shell) or other material of imitation that is covered with the mantle. Besides, there are also small hairpins, brooches etc, that keep it straight line. The dress is usually black and long, as well as stockings and shoes. Jewelry and accessories (earrings, choker and rosary) are usually of gold and silver. Men must wear a dark suit, tie and black shoes.

5. CURIOSITIES

5. 1. Relationship between the Easter's date and full moon

The Sunday after the first full moon of spring is called Easter Sunday. The full moon may be on the 21st of March, which is the first day of spring, but Easter will never be, and if the full moon is on a Sunday, Easter is on the following one. This is the rule which determines Easter days each year. However, since the forecast of the moon movements is quite difficult, knowing the exact moment of the full moon is even more. In other aspect, you might wonder why full moon is associated to the Easter holy week. Easter's date changes because it's based on Jewish Passover, which is based on a lunar calendar.

5. 2. Pointed hood's origin

We can find the origin of the hood caps at the beginning of the Inquisition, when people who were punished for religious reasons were imposed to wear a garment of cloth that had covered the chest and the back, and a dunce hat as a sign of penance. In Inquisition orders, this hat was called scapular or sackcloth Dunce hat had also been a kind of punishment for years for children who had disobeyed their teachers. And, for the same reason, processions acquired this symbol to their customs.

5. 3. Who is the Easter Bunny?

Today on Easter' Sunday, many children wake up to find that the Easter Bunny has left them baskets of candy. He has also hidden the eggs that they decorated earlier that week. Children hunt for the eggs all around the house. Neighborhoods and organizations hold Easter egg hunts, and the child who finds the most eggs wins a prize. The Easter Bunny is a rabbit-spirit. Long ago, he was called the "Easter Hare", hares and rabbits have frequent multiple births so they became a symbol of fertility. The custom of an Easter egg hunt began because children believed that hares laid eggs in the grass. The Romans believed that "All life comes from an egg." Christians consider eggs to be "the seed of life" and so they are symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Why we dye, or color, and decorate eggs is not certain. In ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome and Persia eggs were dyed for spring festivals. In medieval Europe, beautifully decorated eggs were given as gifts. Dolly Madison, who was the wife of the fourth American President, organized an egg roll in Washington D.C. in the United States, in the early nineteenth XIX century. She had been told that Egyptian children used to roll eggs against the pyramids so she invited the children of Washington to roll hard-boiled eggs down the hilly lawn of the new Capitol building! The custom continued, except for the years during the Civil War. In 1880, the First Lady invited children to the White House for the Egg Roll because officials had complained that they were ruining the Capitol lawn.

It has been held there ever since then, only canceled during times of war.

The event has grown, and today Easter Monday is the only day of the year when tourists are allowed to wander over the White House lawn. The wife of the President sponsors it for the children of the entire country. The egg rolling event is open to teenagers and under. Adults are allowed only when accompanied by children!

5. 4. Why is Easter called passion?

Although the word passion has romantic connotations nowadays, it was originally derived from the Latin word passio, which means suffering. In religious contexts, the Passion (often capitalized) refers to the torture, crucifixion, and death of Jesus. So, this is the reason for which we called Easter as passion.

5. 5. Who are costaleros?

People who carry the pasos proudly on their shoulders are called Costaleros. In some cases, more than a hundred men are required to lift the float; in others, costaleros are a group of around forty or fifty local ladies. In most cases, they are local residents who preserve a pride in their town and its customs. And, in all cases, they are people who are dedicated to participate for any reason. Its bound to some of the costaleros are severely religious members who are motivated by their beliefs and the true meaning of Easter. However, the great majority are just local residents enthusiastic to proudly participate in the culture of the town and to maintain its traditions. Perhaps, for others, the collective face of becoming a costalero is the major appeal; in any case, their reasons are personal and non important.

6. CONCLUSION
As we have seen, Spanish Easter is a very important tradition, and a very religious one too. We have tried to focus the general aspects of the tradition, since we think that, even if the main point of this work is the one related to food, it is very important to know where all this tradition comes from. When doing this project, the main problem we found was that when it comes to historical accuracy, this tradition has been studied again and again in the past, and this was a problem because information found in truthful websites was different, and the fact that they were truthful websites makes us think that maybe there are many different points of view when contemplating traditions. For us, the fact that this tradition loses importance constantly is a shame since in our opinion, culture and traditions is the only think that makes us different from other countries like the United States or the United Kingdom. This is another reason why we have tried to give this project a general point of view, and we have even talked about the relationship existing between these traditions and food. This project has been useful for us in the way that it has made us improve our domain of English and also in the way that it has made us learn more about Spanish traditions, since generally people do now know what the sources of tradition are. We would like to thank our English teacher, Mara Domnguez, for all his help at improving our English skills, and Nate, who has taught us a lot about mediatic resources. We expect this project to be useful for people studying Spanish traditions, for tourists, for Spanish bilingual people who want to read about things they already know.

ANNEX 1

Number of people YOU GO TO SEE PROCESSIONS YOU KEEP AT HOME YOU TRAVEL PEOPLE IN TOTAL 25 9 4 38

Per cent 65,79% 23,68% 10,53%

In order to explain the previous graph, it seems obviously that Spanish people, especially the population of Seville, have been linked to Holy Week customs for years to come.

ANNEX 2

DO YOU PARTICIPATE IN ANY BROTHERHOOD?

YES NO 6 32

We can presume that most of the people dont participate in processions directly, but they are used to seeing Easter marches because of the tradition.

ANNEX 3

Do you eat any typical Easter meal? Yes No 15 23

In this case, we have realized that survey respondents have confused what this question really wanted to means; because we think the majority of the people actually taste Easter sweets in this Holy Week time.

ANNEX 4

Do you feel the Holy Week like a religious issue? Yes Polled people Per cent 16 42,11% No 22 57,89%

We can figure out from this study that almost six people each ten normally get interested in Easter traditions like a free-time issue, facing to a religious feeling.

ANNEX 5

YES / NO QUESTIONS DO YOU THINK BROTHERHOODS COULD TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THEIR MONEY TO HELP NEEDY PEOPLE? DO YOU USUALLY PRACTICE LENT FASTING? DO YOU THINK PENITENTS' SUFFER WORTH IT? WOULD YOU CHANGE THE HOLY WEEK DATE?

YES

NO

25 4 13 1

13 34 25 37

Analyzing these four yes-no questions, we can perceive that quite people think about helping Developed World with religious financing. Besides, few polled think penitents suffer worth it and not much more people normally practice fasting. We can conclude talking about the fourth question, about which we could presume that almost everybody like Holy Week date.

ANNEX 6

How do you often go to se processions in Easter time?

Frecuency (days a week) [0,1) [1,3] [4,7] Survey respondants 11 16 11 Per cent 28,95% 42,11% 28,95%

Studying the graph, we can assume that the majority of the people of Seville normally go to see Easter marches around once, twice or three times a week. But, in the other two cases, there are a thirty per cent of citizens who never go to see processions or, in contrast, who go there almost every day in Holy Week.

ANNEX 7

DO YOU PREFER LA MACARENA OR LA

TRIANERA ?
La Macarena 4 Non-participation 29 La Trianera 5

No much polled people have determined their preferences about these two well known brotherhoods virgins. But, from dates we have, we can observe they both are really competitive with each other.

WEBGRAPHY
http://www.flamenco-world.com/magazine/about/saeta/esaet.htm http://www.spanish-food.org/desserts-torrijas.html

http://www.patrimonio-gastronomico.com/panreposteria_c.shtml? idboletin=129&idseccion=454&idarticulo=3325 http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/Chocolate/history.html http://www.recetasdemama.es http://es.wikipedia.org/ http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/2007/03/FAQ-Christian-HolidaysDuring-Holy-Week.aspx# http://www.whyeaster.com/cultures/spain.shtml