Ann. Geophysica. 18. 909. (2000. . EG. . Springer-Verla. 200.

Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. S. E. Pryse1. A. M. Smith1. L. Kersley1. I. K. Walker1. C. N. Mitchell1. J. Moen2,*. R. W. Smith. . Departmen. o. Physics. Universit. o. Wales. Aberystwyth. Ceredigio. SY2. 3BZ. U. E-mail. sep@aber.ac.u.

. AFRL/VS. (Space). Hansco. AFB. M. 01731-3010. US. . Geophysic. Institute. Universit. o. Alaska-Fairbanks. AK99775. US. Received. 2. Februar. 199. . Revised. 2. Jul. 199. . Accepted. 1. Augus. 199. Abstract. Observation. ar. presente. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. steady. northwar. IMF. Th. mea. surements. mad. b. si. complementar. experimenta. techniques. includin. radi. tomography. all-sk. an.

meridia. scannin. photomete. optica. imaging. inco. heren. an. coheren. scatte. radar. an. satellit. particl. detection. revea. plasm. parameter. consisten. wit. ionospheri. signature. o. lob. reconnection. Th. optica. green-lin. footprin. o. th. reconnectio. sit. i. see. t. li. i. th. sunwar. plasm. convectio. o. th. lob. cells. Downstrea. i. th. regio. o. softe. precipitatio. th. revers. energ. dispersio. o. th. incomin.

ion. ca. b. identied. . stee. latitudina. densit. gradien. a. th. equatorwar. edg. o. th. precipitatio. identie. th. genera. locatio. o. a. adiaroi. boundary. separatin. th. ope. el. line. o. pola. lob. cell. fro. th. close. el. o. viscous-drive. cells. Enhancement. i. plasm. densit. t. th. sout. o. th. gradien. ar. interprete. a. ionisatio. bein. recongure. a. i. i. thrus.

agains. th. boundar. b. th. antisunwar. .o. o. th. viscou. cell. nea. noon. Eac. o. th. instrument. individuall. pro. vide. valuabl. informatio. o. certai. aspect. o. th. ionosphere. bu. th. pape. demonstrate. tha. take. togethe. th. di.eren. experiment. complemen. eac. othe. t. giv. . consisten. an. comprehensiv. pictur. o. th. daysid. pola. ionosphere. Ke. words. Ionospher. (pola. ionosphere.

. Magnetospheri. physic. (magnetosphereionospher. interactions. pola. ca. phenomena. Correspondenc. to. S.E. Prys. . O. sabbatica. leav. fro. Arcti. Geophysics. Universit. Course. o. Svalbard. N-917. Longyearbyen. Norwa. . Introductio. Th. in.uenc. o. th. sola. win. o. th. magnetosphere. an. i. tur. th. ionosphere. depend. largel. o. th. couplin. betwee. th. interplanetar. magneti. el. (IMF. an.

th. geomagneti. eld. . majo. rol. i. playe. b. magnetospheri. reconnectio. (Dungey. 1961. whe. th. magneti. shea. betwee. th. tw. eld. i. su.cientl. large. Fo. southwar. IMF. reconnectio. i. mos. likel. t. occu. i. th. vicinit. o. th. equatoria. plane. However. whe. th. IM. i. northwar. reconnectio. ma. tak. plac. a. hig. latitud. i. th. magnetospheri. lobe. I. follow. tha.

th. orientatio. o. th. IM. ha. direc. in.uenc. o. th. dynamic. an. structur. o. ionospheri. plasm. a. aurora. an. pola. latitudes. Fo. equatoria. reconnectio. unde. steady-state. . twi. vorte. convectio. .o. i. established. Ther. i. antisunwar. plasm. .o. i. th. pola. ca. wher. th. el. line. ar. ope. an. retur. sunwar. .ow. a. lowe. latitude. i. th. dus.

an. daw. sector. o. close. el. lines. Th. dawn-dus. asymmetr. depend. o. th. B. componen. o. th. IMF. wit. th. tensio. forc. pullin. newl. opene. el. line. eas. o. wes. dependin. o. th. sig. o. B. (e.g. Cowle. e. al.. 1991). Th. reconnectio. sit. i. likel. t. ma. int. th. ionospher. equatorward. o. th. cusp. nea. th. low-latitud. edg. o.

th. antisunwar. .o. i. th. noo. secto. (Lockwood. 1998). Middle. altitud. observation. o. th. signature. o. reconnectio. hav. bee. observe. i. satellit. particl. measurements. Newel. an. Men. (1995. repor. th. dispersio. o. io. energies. characteristi. o. equatoria. reconnection. wit. energ. decreasin. wit. increasin. latitude. High-latitud. optica. emission. accompanyin. particl. precipitatio. hav. bee. studie. extensivel. (Feldstei. an. Galperin. 198. an. reference.

within). Fase. e. al. (1993. interpre. te. multipl. brightening. o. daysid. poleward-movin. aurora. form. i. term. o. .u. transfe. event. (FTEs. wit. multipl. X-lin. reconnection. whil. classicatio. o. di.eren. categorie. o. daysid. auror. accordin. t. IM. orientatio. wa. reporte. b. Sandhol. e. al. (1998). A.

S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. 9. exampl. o. th. spatia. distributio. o. th. ionospheri. plasm. consisten. wit. low-latitud. reconnectio. wa. presente. b. Walke. e. al. (1998. tha. wa. interprete. i. term. o. io. dispersio. an. th. open/close. boundar. o. magneti. el. lines. H. radar. hav. bee. use.

t. identif. ionospheri. feature. o. th. reconnection. Pin. noc. e. al. (1995. observe. FTE. tha. originate. i. th. ionospheri. footprin. o. th. low-latitud. boundar. laye. (LLBL. an. wer. superpose. o. th. backgroun. polewar. .ow-component. Unde. northwar. IMF. o. mor. specicall. i. th. IM. cloc. angl. i. les. tha. abou. 45. magneti. reconnectio. ma. occu. a. lob. el. lines.

Th. associate. high-latitud. ionospheri. .o. pattern. ar. depicte. b. Cowle. (1998. i. . gur. adapte. fro. earlie. wor. b. Rei. an. Burc. (1985). I. contras. t. th. .ow. fo. equatoria. reconnec. tion. lob. reconnectio. result. i. sunwar. .o. ove. th. pola. regio. an. retur. .ow. a. lowe. latitude. i. th. daw. an. dus. sectors. Th. asymmetr. aroun. th. noo. meridia.

i. agai. dependen. o. By. wit. th. daw. cel. bein. enlarge. fo. B. . . an. th. dus. cel. enlarge. fo. B. . 0. Th. ope. el. line. o. th. lob. convectio. cell. ar. separate. b. a. adiaroi. boundar. fro. plasm. circulatin. i. th. viscou. cell. o. close. el. line. a. lowe. latitudes. Th. reconnectio. sit. i. thi. cas. i.

believe. t. ma. int. th. sunwar. plasm. .o. o. th. pola. ca. (Lockwood. 1998). Optica. signature. o. lob. reconnectio. hav. bee. identie. b. Sandhol. e. al. (1996). whil. DMS. particl. dat. revea. revers. io. dispersio. wit. energ. decreasin. wit. decreasin. latitud. (eierose. e. al.. 1997). Th. presen. stud. i. a. investigatio. o. observation. mad. i. th. Europea. secto.

nea. magneti. noo. o. th. mornin. o. 2. January. 1998. whe. B. wa. strongl. positive. Th. result. presente. focu. o. th. tim. interva. 0835-092. UT. . tomographi. imag. fro. thi. tim. perio. ha. bee. use. b. Prys. e. al. (1999. t. identif. footprint. o. lob. reconnectio. i. th. spatia. structur. o. th. ionospheri. ionisation. Th. curren. wor. extend. th. earlie.

study. an. use. observation. fro. si. comple. mentar. experimenta. technique. t. establis. genera. ionospheri. condition. ove. . prolonge. perio. o. stead. northwar. IMF. Th. multi-instrumen. approach. base. o. radi. tomography. optical. rada. an. satellit. particl. measurements. i. essentia. fo. . comprehensiv. vie. o. ionospheri. behaviour. . Th. interplanetar. magneti. el. Th. component. o. th. IMF. measure.

b. th. WIN. satellit. betwee. 0. an. 0. U. o. 2. January. 1998. ar. show. i. th. thre. panel. o. Fig. 1. Th. satellit. wa. upstrea. i. th. sola. wind. wit. co-ordinate. o. approximatel. . 232Re. . 14R. an. . y19Re. wher. i. measure. a. essentiall. constan. sola. win. spee. o. som. 45. k. s)1. Th. estimate. dela. i. th.

respons. o. th. ionospher. t. th. measure. IM. wa. abou. . . (Lockwoo. e. al.. 1989). Inspectio. o. Fig. . show. tha. th. IM. betwee. 073. an. 082. UT. th. perio. o. likel. in.uenc. o. th. ionospheri. observa. tions. wa. stead. i. magnitud. an. wit. onl. mino. Fig.1.Bx,ByandBzcomponentsoftheinterplanetarymagnetic eldintensitymeasuredbytheWINDsatellitebetween07and09UT on21January,1998 .uctuation. i. th. cloc. angle. B.

attaine. . valu. o. 1. nT. whic. wa. maintaine. fo. mos. o. th. tim. interva. o. interest. B. wa. als. positiv. wit. value. generall. betwee. . an. . nT. a. wa. Bx. Th. cloc. angl. fo. th. perio. wa. les. tha. 27. Moreover. a. thi. genera. IM. orientatio. ha. bee. i. plac. sinc. shortl. afte. 0. UT. i. i. anticipate.

tha. th. high-latitud. convectio. .o. wa. establishe. b. th. tim. observa. tion. starte. an. tha. i. wa. maintaine. i. steady-stat. throughou. th. perio. o. interest. Th. orientatio. o. B. an. B. favoure. lob. reconnection. However. B. wa. positive. whic. i. no. th. favoure. conditio. fo. reconnectio. i. th. Norther. Hemispher. (Crooker. 1992). Nevertheless. eierose. e. al. (1997. observe. cus. aurora.

tha. the. tak. a. signatur. o. high-latitud. reconnection. unde. bot. negativ. an. positiv. Bx. albei. wit. wea. gree. emissio. fo. th. latter. . Observation. 3.. H. rada. Observation. o. plasm. .ow. durin. th. tim. interva. o. interes. wer. mad. b. th. H. Collaborativ. U. Superdar. rada. (CUTLASS. wit. transmitter. i. Finlan. an. Iceland. Figur.

. show. th. line-of-sigh. velocitie. measure. alon. th. Finlan. rada. beam. a.

9. S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM.

Fig. 2. Line-of-sigh. velocitie. measure. b. th. Finlan. rada. o. th. CUTLAS. Superdar. facilit. a. 085. U. o. . geographi. grid. Th. positiv. value. represen. .ow. toward. th. rada. an. negativ. value. .ow. away. Superimpose. ar. .o. strea. line. (soli.

curves)an. th. adiaroi. boundar. (dashe. curve. reminiscen. o. . portio. o. th. Cowle. (1998. patter. fo. th. prevalen. IM. condition. 085. U. o. . geographi. co-ordinat. grid. Unfortu. natel. vecto. velocitie. wer. no. availabl. a. n. backscatte. wa. recorde. b. th. Icelan. radar. Th. gur. indicate. th. backscatte. t. b. conne. essentiall. t. th. nort. o. Svalbard. Clos.

inspectio. show. th. low. latitud. boundar. o. th. backscatte. t. b. a. approxi. matel. 76.3MLAT. intersectin. 80N. 20E. Th. componen. o. th. plasm. drif. alon. th. bea. i. relativel. stron. an. awa. fro. th. rada. o. th. wester. sid. o. th. eld-of-view. I. i. toward. th. rada. i. th. centra. beams. an. awa. o. th. easter. sid. a. th. equatorwar.

edg. o. signa. return. Th. velocit. compo. nent. show. i. th. gur. ar. typica. o. thos. observe. b. CUTLAS. ove. a. extende. tim. perio. extendin. fro. 083. t. 091. UT. afte. whic. th. signa. return. weake. bu. nevertheles. stil. sho. signature. o. th. .o. patter. unti. afte. 092. UT. Superimpose. o. th. gur. ar. .o. strea. line. reminiscen. o. .

portio. o. th. Cowle. (1998. .o. patter. fo. th. prevalen. IM. conditions. Th. strea. lines. depicte. b. th. arrowe. soli. curves. sho. a. enlarge. daw. lob. cel. an. reduce. dus. cel. i. accor. wit. B. . 0. Th. consistenc. o. th. measure. ment. wit. th. theoreticall. propose. .o. patter. i. clearl. seen. i. particula. i. th. sunwar. cross-pola. .o. an.

th. antisunwar. .ow. i. th. dus. an. daw. sector. a. th. equatorwar. edge. o. th. lob. cell. an. polewar. side. o. th. viscou. cells. Th. dashe. ar. o. th. gur. separatin. th. .ow. o. th. lob. cell. fro. thos. o. th. viscou. cell. show. th. approximat. possibl. locatio. o. th. adiaroi. boundar. acros. whic. ther. i. n. plasma-.ow.

3.. All-sk. camer. Image. o. th. 557.. n. aurora. emission. measure. a. . mi. interval. b. th. all-sk. camer. a. Longyearbye. betwee. 084. an. 085. U. ar. show. i. Fig. 3. Thes. ar. als. typica. o. observation. ove. . wide. tim. interval. Th. image. ar. o. . geographi. co-ordinat. grid. an. sho. . distinc. emissio. regio.

centre. generall. nea. 80N. 0E(78.2MLAT). Clos. inspec. tio. o. th. structur. show. tha. i. brighten. an. fade. wit. . perio. o. betwee. . an. . min. It. locatio. i. take. t. b. indicativ. o. th. positio. o. th. ionospheri. mappin. o. th. reconnectio. site. Sporadi. enhance. ment. o. intensit. ar. observe. ove. th. sout. o. Svalbard. wit. . steadil. brightenin.

featur. a. th. extrem. o. th. eld-of-view. 3.. Meridia. scannin. photomete. Th. observation. o. th. all-sk. camer. ar. reinforce. b. th. Meridia. Scannin. Photomete. (MSP. o. th. Geophysica. Institute. Universit. o. Alaska. Fairbanks. locate. a. Longyearbyen. Th. instrumen. measure. line. of-sigh. intensitie. o. aurora. emissions. a. . functio. o. elevation. a. i. scan. essentiall. alon. th.

magneti. meridia. wit. . tota. dat. acquisitio. tim. o. 1. s. Figur. . show. th. intensitie. o. th. 557.. n. emissio. (righ. panel. an. th. 630.. n. emissio. (lef. panel. fro. 084. t. 091. UT. a. . functio. o. elevatio. measure. fro. th. norther. horizon. Th. green-lin. observations. relatin. t. energeti. electron. (keV. tha. penetrat. t. E-laye. altitudes. sho. .

latitudinall. narro. regio. o. enhance. emissio. maximisin. a. a. elevatio. o. abou. 15. (80.3N. 1.0E. 78.3MLAT). Thi. latitud. relate. t. tha. o. th. high-latitud. emissio. i. th. all-sk. images. I. th. sout. o. th. eld-of-view. a. elevation. greate. tha. abou. 120. th. gree. emissio. show. . ban. o. increase. intensity. Whils. i. i. know. tha. ther. wa. som. clou. cove.

i. thi. regio. o. th. sky. carefu. analysi. reveale. tha. th. emissio. wa. see. throug. th. clou. an. possibl. represente. di.us. auror. originat. in. fro. rin. curren. precipitation. Thi. ma. relat. t. th. sporadi. enhancement. see. t. th. sout. o. Svalbar. i. th. all-sk. images. Th. re. lin. show. . broa. ban. structur. tha. arise. fro. sof. particl. precipitatio. (fe.

hundred. o. eV. penetratin. t. F-regio. altitudes. A. th. emissio. ca. originat. ove. . wid. rang. o. altitudes. i. i. no. possibl. t. b. precis. abou. th. latitud. range. However. th. dat. ar. consisten. wit. th. possibl. interpretatio. tha. ther. wa. sof. precipitatio. an. 63. n. emissio. a. 25. k. t. th. sout. o. th. green-lin. arc. 3..

Ionospheri. tomograph. Th. tomograph. chai. o. receiver. operate. b. th. Universit. o. Wales. Aberystwyth. comprise. fou. station. i. norther. Scandinavi. a. N. Alesun. (78.9N. 12.0E. 76.0MLAT. 112.3MLON). Long. yearbye. (78.2N. 15.7E. 75.1MLAT. 113.0MLON). Bjurnuy. (74.5N. 19.0E. an. Troms. (69.8N. 19.0E). Thes. monito. th. phas. coheren. signal. fro. th. pola. orbitin. satellite. i. th. Nav. Ionospheri.

S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. 9. withthecentreline,thatpassesthroughSvalbard,marking20E.The shadedcircleshowstheeld-of-viewofthecamera Fig. 3. Image. fro. th. all-sk. camer. locate. a. Longyearbye. a. . mi. interval. betwee. 084. an. 085. UT. Th. latitudina. scal. show. 70Nan. 80N. whil. th. longitudina. scal. i. a. interval. o. 10. Monitorin.

Syste. (NIMS). previousl. know. a. th. Nav. Navigationa. Satellit. Syste. (NNSS). an. enabl. th. measuremen. o. tota. electro. conten. alon. . larg. numbe. o. intersectin. satellite-to-receive. ray-paths. Inversio. o. th. dat. yield. th. distributio. o. electro. densit. ove. . meridiona. sectio. o. th. pola. iono. spher. (e.g. Walke. e. al.. 1998. Moe. e. al.. 1998). Figur. . show. th. plasm.

structur. determine. fro. . north-to-sout. satellit. pas. o. th. mornin. o. 2. January. 1998. wit. th. satellit. crossin. latitud. 75.0. a. 084. UT. Th. trajectory. illustrate. i. Fig. . i. term. o. th. magneti. co-ordinate. o. th. 25. k. intersectio. o. th. satellite-to-receive. ra. paths. wa. essentiall. aligne. alon. th. noo. magneti. meridian. Th. strikin. featur. o. th. imag. (Fig.

5. i. th. shar. gradien. nea. 79.5N. wit. densitie. decreasin. abruptl. t. th. north. Th. transitio. i. born. out. no. onl. nea. th. pea. o. th. F-region. bu. als. a. altitude. extendin. int. th. topsid. ionospher. a. indicate. b. th. heigh. chang. i. th. 0.. . 101. an. 0.. . 101. contour. betwee. 79.. an. 79.9N. Th. alignmen.

o. th. featur. wit. th. geomagneti. el. i. no. obviou. a. rs. sight. However. becaus. o. th. o.se. o. th. pat. o. th. satellit. t. th. eas. o. th. tomographi. chai. an. th. geometr. o. L. shell. i. th. geographi. co-ordinat. syste. causin. th. geographi. latitud. o. . shel. t. increas. a. i. i. traverse. eastward. th. magneti.

el. map. i. . distorte. manne. int. th. tomographi. plane. Th. lin. draw. alon. th. maximu. gradien. indicate. th. positio. o. th. el. lin. tha. intersect. a. altitud. o. 25. k. a. 76.2MLAT. Th. gradien. i. interprete. a. bein. a. th. adiaroi. boundar. separatin. LLB. plasm. o. close. .u. tube. fro. ionisatio. circulatin. o. ope. magneti. .u. i. th. pola.

lob. cells. Th. extensio. t. hig. altitude. o. th. contour. o. th. gradien. ma. b. indicativ. o. upwar. movin. electrons. constitutin. . downwar. Birkelan. curren. tha. possibl. links. throug. th. ionospheri. E. region. t. th. upwar. curren. a. th. reconnectio. footprint. Th. F-regio. plasm. distributio. t. th. nort. o. th. gradien. show. . slop. i. th. heigh. o. th. laye.

peak. wit. th. altitud. decreasin. wit. increasin. latitud. betwee. abou. 79.. an. 81.5N. I. i. consisten. wit. th. MS. re. emissio. originatin. fro. sof. precipitation. Th. gradien. i. pea. heigh. i. interprete.

9. S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. Fig.4.Intensitiesofthe557.7nm(rightpanel)and630.0nm(left panel)emissionsobservedbytheMSPatLongyearbyenfrom0840to 0910UTasafunctionofelevationmeasuredfromthenorthern horizon a. bein. revers. io. dispersio. downstrea. o. th. ionospheri. projectio. o. th. reconnectio. site. Th. faste. ion. whic. arriv. rs. ar. th. leas. displace. fro. th. sit. an. penetrat. t. th. lowe. heights. whil. th.

les. penetrating. slowe. specie. arriv. slightl. late. i. th. ionospher. whe. th. .u. tube. hav. convecte. downstream. Th. expecte. E-regio. densit. enhance. men. a. th. reconnectio. footprin. i. no. image. i. th. tomographi. reconstructio. a. poo. geometrica. coverag. o. th. NIM. ray-pat. intersection. a. lo. altitude. wel. nort. o. th. mos. northerl. receive. i. no. favourabl. fo. th. imagin. o.

th. E-regio. densit. i. thi. extrem. latitudina. regio. o. th. eld-of-view. . secon. satellit. pas. monitore. som. 2. mi. late. als. yielde. a. imag. showin. th. stee. latitudina. densit. gradien. (no. shown). Clos. inspectio. demonstrate. tha. thi. gradien. wa. als. aligne. approximatel. alon. th. el. lin. tha. intersecte. a. altitud. o. 25. k. a. 76.2MLAT. 3.. EISCA. Svalbar.

Rada. Vericatio. o. th. tomographi. image. i. give. b. simultaneou. EISCA. Svalbar. Rada. (ESR. observa. tions. Th. rada. bea. wa. scanne. i. th. magneti. meridian. symmetricall. abou. th. rada. site. wit. . cycl. tim. o. 3. min. Th. electro. densities. electro. temper. atures. an. line-of-sigh. io. drif. velocitie. fo. th. sca. startin. a. 082. U. ar. show. i.

Fig. 7. Whil. th. latitudina. rang. o. th. sca. i. mor. restricte. tha. tha. o. th. tomograph. image. an. th. resolutio. gri. i. poorer. ther. i. broa. agreemen. betwee. th. mai. feature. i. th. ionisatio. distribution. i. particula. th. stee. latitudina. gradien. t. th. nort. o. Longyearbyen. Th. electro. temperature. sho. enhance. value. t. th. nort. o. th. gradient. consisten.

wit. th. ongoin. soft-particl. pre. cipitation. Th. line-of-sigh. velocitie. revea. . tendenc. fo. F-regio. .ow. t. b. toward. th. rada. ove. th. entir. el. o. view. wit. th. exceptio. o. . narro. latitudina. ban. jus. nort. o. th. radar. Whils. som. cautio. shoul. b. exercise. i. th. interpretatio. o. thes. velocit. components. th. patter. o. sunwar. .ow. i. th. north.

ernmos. regio. o. th. el. o. vie. i. consisten. wit. th. CUTLAS. observations. an. th. overal. trend. sunwar. .o. i. th. nort. an. polewar. .o. elsewhere. i. generall. consisten. wit. th. Cowle. (1998. mode. fo. B. . 0. Th. io. temperature. (no. shown. di. no. sho. an. distinctiv. feature. withi. th. sca. eld-of-view. 3.. DMS. Th.

F1. satellit. o. th. Defenc. Meteorologica. Satellit. Progra. (DMSP. followe. a. essentiall. east-to-wes. geomagneti. path. crossin. th. noo. meridia. nea. 092. U. an. reachin. . maximu. latitud. o. abou. 78.0MLA. (Fig. 6). Variou. region. o. interes. ca. b. see. i. th. electro. an. io. spectr. derive. fro. th. particl. detector. aboar. th. satellit. (Fig. 8). A. th. tw. extremitie. o.

th. plo. ther. ar. increase. .uxe. o. ke. electrons. mappin. fro. th. plasm. sheet. Betwee. 091. U. an. approximatel. 092. U. th. satellit. wa. polewar. o. th. plasm. shee. boundary. i. . regio. o. a. increase. .u. o. sof. electro. precipitation. O. eithe. sid. withi. thi. centra. region. th. io. spectru. show. th. energ. o. th. maximu. .u. increasin. wit.

latitude. indicativ. o. revers. io. energ. dispersion. Th. norther. edge. o. th. io. dispersio. a. 11.. ML. an. 12.. ML. (77.8MLAT. indicat. th. polewar. boundar. o. io. precipitation. Fluxe. o. electro. precipitatio. ar. how. eve. foun. a. highe. latitudes. wit. a. intensicatio. o. electron. a. energie. o. ke. i. th. regio. immediatel. nort. o. th. io. dispersion. Thes. ma. b.

indicativ. o. a. upwar. eld-aligne. current. a. expecte. i. th. vicinit. o. th. reconnectio. site. Th. latitud. o. th. equatorwar. edg. o. th. dispersio. regio. i. i. accor. wit. th. magneti. latitud. o. th. densit. gradien. i. th. tomographi. imag. an. th. soft. red-lin. precipitatio. indicate. b. th. MSP. Th. cross-trac. io. drift. fo. th. DMS. pas. ar.

show. i. Fig. 9. Unfortunatel. ther. i. . ga. i. th. dat.

S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. 9.

betwee. abou. 091. an. 092. U. possibl. du. t. lo. plasm. densities. Nevertheles. th. horizonta. drif. mea. surement. sho. clea. indicatio. o. antisunwar. .o. o. severa. hundre. . s). o. th. afternoo. sid. o. th. trac. (091. UT). wit. sunwar.

.o. nea. magneti. noo. (immediatel. prio. t. 091. UT. an. . substantia. antisunwar. .o. o. som. . k. s). o. th. mornin. sid. (marginall. late. tha. 0921UT. tha. diminishe. i. magnitud. wit. decreasin. MLT. consisten. wit. th. convectio. .o. patter. illustrate. i. Fig. 2. Th. vertica.

Fig. 6. Geometrie. o. th. NIM. satellit. pas. a. 084. U.

an. th. DMS. pas. a. 092. U. i. . magneti. latitud. versu. ML. co. ordinat. system. Th. trac. fo. NIM. sho. th. intersectio. o. th. satellite-to-receive. ray-path. wit. a. altitud. o. 25. km. Th. trac. fo. DMS. show. th. trac. a. satellite-height. Th. hatche. are. show. th. viewin. regio. o. th. MS. a. 25. k. an. abov. 15. elevatio. betwee.

084. an. 091. U. Fig. 5. Tomographi. imag. ob. taine. fo. th. NIM. satellit. pas. a. 084. U. showin. contour. o. electro. densit. (m)3). Th. dashe. lin. indicate. th. positio. o. th. el. lin. tha. intersect. a. altitud. o. 25. k. a. 76.2MLA. drif. wa. upwar. i. th. proximit. o. th. propose. reconnectio. signature.

. Discussio. an. conclusion. Observation. fro. si. independen. experiment. hav. bee. presente. i. . stud. o. th. norther. high-latitud. daysid. ionospher. unde. stead. IM. northwar. con. ditions. Th. stead. couplin. betwee. th. sola. win. an. magnetospher. wa. re.ecte. b. th. consistenc. o. th. measurement. ove. . tim. interva. o. almos. . h. Consisten. signature. o. th. high-latitud. reconnectio.

wer. identie. b. eac. observin. technique. A. i. th. stud. o. eierose. e. al. (1997). th. ``typ. north'. auror. wa. use. a. . likel. signatur. o. high. latitud. reconnection. Th. mappin. o. th. reconnectio. sit. t. th. ionospher. wa. identie. b. enhance. green. lin. emissio. observe. b. th. all-sk. camer. an. conrme. b. MS. measurements. Signature. i. th.

plasm. distributio. wer. identie. i. tomographi. images. suggestin. revers. io. energ. dispersio. equa. torwar. o. th. reconnectio. site. Th. gradien. i. pea. height. wit. heigh. increasin. wit. decreasin. latitude. wa. i. th. opposit. sens. t. tha. identie. b. Walke. e. al. (1998. unde. southwar. B. whe. th. cross-pola. .o. wa. expecte. t. b. antisunward. . stee. gradien. i. electro. densit.

a. abou. 76.2MLA. separate. th. pola. regio. fro. lowe. latitudes. an. i. interprete. a. representin. th. adiaroi. wal. generall. markin. th. open/close. eld-lin. boundar. (Lockwood. 1998). Thi. lie. withi. th. LLB. signatur. i. th. DMS. io. energ. .ux. suggestin. tha. th. norther. par. o. th.

9. S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM.

LLB. wa. o. ope. eld-line. an. th. souther. par. o. close. eld-lines. Conrmatio. o. th. gradien. wa. provide. b. observation. o. electro. densit. b. th. ES. radar. Rada. measurement. als. supporte. th. evidenc. fo. soft-precipitation. wit. elevate. electro. temperature. consisten.

wit. th. red-lin. MS. emis. sion. DMS. particl. measurement. wer. i. suppor. o. th. locatio. o. th. reconnectio. signature. an. identi. e. revers. io. energ. dispersio. a. th. satellit. traverse. bot. toward. an. awa. fro. magneti. noo. alon. it. east-to-wes. trajectory. Th. satellit. observa. tion. o. th. dispersio. t. bot. th. eas. an. wes. o. noon. an. b. tomograph. clos.

t. th. noo. meridia. sugges. tha. th. e.ec. o. th. reconnectio. extende. ove. . larg. spatia. region. Suc. a. extensio. i. spac. i. consisten. wit. tha. o. th. nal-stat. o. th. .o. pattern. presente. b. eierose. e. al. (1997). an. base. o. Cowle. an. Lockwoo. (1992). i. . sequenc. o. Fig. 7. Electro. densities. elec. tro. temperature. an.

line-of. sigh. io. drif. velocitie. measure. b. th. ES. rada. durin. . sca. i. th. magneti. meridia. startin. a. 082. UT. Positiv. velocit. value. ar. awa. fro. th. rada. an. negativ. toward. gure. relatin. t. a. IM. turnin. fro. B. negativ. t. positive. I. thei. gur. th. dashe. curves. whic. signif. th. loc. o. equa. tim. interval. o.

streamline. down. strea. o. th. reconnectio. site. showe. ho. th. .u. tube. emerge. a. th. souther. sid. o. th. reconnectio. sit. an. spread-ou. sunward. an. subsequentl. dawn. war. an. duskward. i. accor. wit. th. directio. o. th. cross-pola. plasm. .ow. A. latitude. sout. o. tha. identie. fo. th. adiaroi. boundary. th. DMS. observation. sugges. th. presenc. o. harder-particl.

precipitatio. consisten. wit. th. di.us. rin. curren. auror. see. b. th. MSP. Th. tomographi. image. contai. som. limite. evidenc. o. increase. ionisatio. densit. i. th. E-regio. nea. th. latitude. o. th. norther. receiver. cause. b. har. precipitation. Bot. th. tomographi. image. an. th. ES. reveale. structure. F-laye. densitie. immediatel. equatorwar. o. th. boundary. I. i. possibl. tha. thi.

S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. 9.

Fig. 8. Electro. an. io. .uxe. measure. durin. th. DMS. satellit. pas. a. 092. U. long-live. F-laye. ionisatio. wa. no. produce. locally. bu. ma. hav. bee. convecte. alon. th. souther. edge. o. th. viscou. cells. Th. build-u. o.

ionisatio. o. th. souther. sid. o. th. adiaroi. boundar. coul. the. hav. bee. cause. b. th. northwar. motio. nea. noo. o. th. viscou. cell. wit. th. plasm. bein. recongure. a. i. wa. thrus. agains. th. wall. I. conclusion. th. result. presente. fro. si. di.eren. experimenta. technique. sho. consisten. observation. o. th. day-sid. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar.

B. wit. smal. cloc. angle. Whil. signature. o. th. reconnection. summarise. i. Fig. 5. hav. bee. observe. i. previou. studie. b. individua. instruments. th. curren. wor. highlight. th. complementar. role. o. H. radar. optica. all-sky. MSP. radi. tomography. ES. an. satellit. particl. data. Take. together. th. chai. o. ionospheri. response. t. th. northwar. IM. an. lob. reconnectio. ca. b.

followe. fro. th. reconnectio. sit. throug. th. io. dispersio. regio. t. th. adiaroi. boundary. Fig.9.Horizontal(toppanel) andvertical(lowerpanel)iondrift velocitiesmeasuredduringthe DMSPsatellitepassat0920UT

9. S. E. Prys. e. al.. Multi-instrumen. probin. o. th. pola. ionospher. unde. stead. northwar. IM. Acknowledgements. Financia. suppor. fo. th. projec. ha. bee. provide. b. th. U. Particl. Physic. an. Astronom. Researc. Counci. unde. gran. PPA/G/S/1997/0026. an. th. Norwegia. Researc. Counci. an. UNI. unde. gran. 9/963. Th. assistanc. o. th. Universit. o. Troms. an. th. Norwegia.

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