Theory

1) One sample test used when one organization or one sector.It is used to test average value. Mu=3 To frame hypo, Descriptive stats table check mean(average) value. Whatever values less than 3 take ; H0 : mu <=3 [to interpret, for this particular parameter the average response of respondents is negative] alpha one sided 0.05 2) Independent sample: The data is of one organization, for single parameter. Data will be same Eg: gender(male/female) (Delhi/Mumbai). Used for comparative study.(variance alpla 2 sided= 0.025) ( t test one sided) H0: mu(male)=mu(female) [there is no difference in perception of respondents] 3) Paired sample t test: Same objective. Respondents are giving response 2 times. Product before use and after use H0= taste in ghatkop outlet = taste in andheri F test are used to check the variance. F test is always 2 sided hypothesis

PERCEPTION

One Sample Test

Analyse> compare means> one sample t test> take all 6 params>>Test value =3

One-Sample Statistics N Mean Std. Deviation What are your views about plastic bags since the ban [Plastic Bag is must when buying groceries/vegetables ] [Plastic Bag is harmful for environment] [I do not wish to quit using Plastic Bags] [I try to avoid Plastic Bags as much as I can] [Plastic Bag Ban is not enforced properly] [Paper Bag is not a useful substitute for plastic bag ]

Std. Error Mean

44

2.7955

1.37383

.20711

44 44 44 44 44

1.4091 3.5000 2.7727 1.7955 3.1591

.87120 1.15134 1.13841 .92960 1.32846

.13134 .17357 .17162 .14014 .20027

One-Sample Test T df Test Value = 3 Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper

What are your views about plastic bags since the ban [Plastic Bag is must when buying groceries/vegetables ] [Plastic Bag is harmful for environment] [I do not wish to quit using Plastic Bags] [I try to avoid Plastic Bags as much as I can] [Plastic Bag Ban is not enforced properly] [Paper Bag is not a useful substitute for plastic bag ] Alpha = 0.05 Parameter 1 2 3 4 5 6

-.988

43

.329

-.20455

-.6222

.2131

-12.113 2.881 -1.324 -8.595 .794

43 43 43 43 43

.000 .006 .192 .000 .431

-1.59091 .50000 -.22727 -1.20455 .15909

-1.8558 .1500 -.5734 -1.4872 -.2448

-1.3260 .8500 .1188 -.9219 .5630

Hypothesis H0 mean >= 3 H1 mean < 3 H0 mean >= 3 H1 mean < 3 H0 mean <= 3 H1 mean > 3 H0 mean >= 3 H1 mean < 3 H0 mean >= 3 H1 mean < 3 H0 mean <= 3 H1 mean > 3

Significance (p value) 0.329 0.000 0.006 0.192 0.000 0.431

Comparision P > 0.05 P < 0.05 P < 0.05 P > 0.05 P < 0.05 P > 0.05

Decision AcceptH0 RejectH0 RejectH0 AcceptH0 RejectH0 AcceptH0

We Have taken test value is 3 as we are working on a 5 point scale in case of a 7 point scale we will take a test value of 4 Whatever we want to prove we take that as our Alternate Hypothesis and the opposite will be Null Hypothesis

For 1st question Mean is less than 3 and hence H1 is U(Mean)<3 and hence H0 is U(Mean)>=3 But for 3rd question Mean is greater than 3 and hence H1 is U(Mean)>3 and hence H0 is U(Mean)<=3

Interpretation Interpret only those statements that are on the positive side that is Strongly Agree side Do not interpret statements that are on the negative side. That the consumers are in favourable agreement that plastic bags are harmful for environment, ban is not enforced properly and paper bags are not useful substitute of plastic bags, the results are found to be statistically significant.

Independent Sample Test

Two Independent Sample Test Step 1 F Test Is used when there are two parameters to be compared Test applicable on interval and Ratio Scale For example all parameters with gender Analyze>>> Compare>>>> Independent Sample Test>>>> Select all questions and only gender in Grouping Variable parameter (all except Age) Define Groups Male -1 Female -2

F-Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

F Lower What are your views about plastic bags since the ban [Plastic Equal variances assumed 5.327

Sig. Upper .026

t Lower .800

Df Upper 42

t-test for Equality Mean Sig. (2Differen tailed) e Lower .428 Upper

.364

Bag is must when buying groceries/vegetables ] [Plastic Bag is harmful for environment]

Equal variances not assumed

.922

31.787

.364

.364

Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed [I do not wish to quit Equal using Plastic Bags] variances assumed Equal variances not assumed [I try to avoid Plastic Equal Bags as much as I variances can] assumed Equal variances not assumed [Plastic Bag Ban is Equal not enforced variances properly] assumed Equal variances not assumed [Paper Bag is not a Equal useful substitute for variances plastic bag ] assumed Equal variances not assumed

.331

.568

.119

42

.906

.034

.139

32.888

.890

.034

.192

.663

-1.302

42

.200

-.491

-1.352

24.628

.189

-.491

3.195

.081

.589

42

.559

.223

.680

31.926

.501

.223

.123

.727

.829

42

.412

.255

.863

24.733

.397

.255

.841

.364

1.012

42

.317

.444

1.033

23.663

.312

.444

Alpha = 0.025 No. 1 2 3 4 Hypo Variance H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f Significance Decision 0.026 P > 0.025 Accept 0.568 P > 0.025 Accept 0.663 P > 0.025 Accept 0.081 P > 0.025 Accept Interpretation It means variances are equal It means variances are equal It means variances are equal It means variances are equal

5 6

H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f H0 SD2m = SD2f H1 SD2m not= SD2f

0.727 0.364

P > 0.025 Accept P > 0.025 Accept

It means variances are equal It means variances are equal

Table for F-Test to check equality of Variances. As this is two tailed the alpha value is 0.025 (equal to & not equal to Hypothesis). Decide whether P> or < than Alpha to choose exactly one value from the Sig 2-tailed Column as we have two values over there. We need to decide which value to use and hence we perform the F Test from the column below Step 2 T Test We decide Hypothesis on the basis of Group Statistics table. Compare Mean values and see whether Mean of male is greater than Mean of Female. If UMale> U Female in the table then take that as Alternate Hypothesis and the opposite as Null Hypothesis The Significance Value will be of the equal Variances from the Independent Samples Test table In this case for Decision Colum we compare P Value and Alpha Value where Alpha Value is 0.05 as this is One tailed Test (Greater than Less than Hypothesis) Group Statistics Std. Error Mean .26783

What are your views about plastic bags since the ban [Plastic Bag is must when buying groceries/vegetables ] [Plastic Bag is harmful for environment] [I do not wish to quit using Plastic Bags] [I try to avoid Plastic Bags as much as I can] [Plastic Bag Ban is not enforced

Gende r Male Female

N 31

Mean 2.9032

Std. Deviation 1.49119

13

2.5385

1.05003

.29123

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

31 13 31 13 31 13 31 13

1.4194 1.3846 3.3548 3.8462 2.8387 2.6154 1.8710 1.6154

.95827 .65044 1.17042 1.06819 1.24088 .86972 .95715 .86972

.17211 .18040 .21021 .29626 .22287 .24122 .17191 .24122

properly] [Paper Bag is not a useful substitute for plastic bag ]

Male Female

31 13

3.2903 2.8462

1.34644 1.28103

.24183 .35529

Alpha = 0.05 No. 1 Hypo Mean H0 Um<= Uf H1 Um> Uf Significance Decision 0.428 P > 0.05 Accept Interpretation The perception of the male consumers for the 1st parameter i.e. plastic bag is a must, is less than perception of female consumers. The perception of the male consumers for the 2nd parameter i.e. plastic bag is harmful, is less than perception of female consumers. The perception of the male consumers for the 3rd parameter i.e. I do wish to quit plastic bag, is more than perception of female consumers. The perception of the male consumers for the 4th parameter i.e. I try to avoid plastic bag, is less than perception of female consumers. The perception of the male consumers for the 5th parameter i.e. plastic bag ban is not enforced properly, is less than perception of female consumers. The perception of the male consumers for the 6th parameter i.e. paper bag is not a substitute of plastic bag, is less than perception of female consumers.

H0 Um<= Uf H1 Um> Uf

0.906

P > 0.05 Accept

H0 Um>= Uf H1 Um< Uf

0.200

P > 0.05 Accept

H0 Um<= Uf H1 Um> Uf

0.589

P > 0.05 Accept

H0 Um<= Uf H1 Um> Uf

0.412

P > 0.05 Accept

H0 Um<= Uf H1 Um> Uf

0.317

P > 0.05 Accept

COMPARATIVE PERCEPTION

Taste: Check mean>> frame hypothesis H1: Average of dhaba is > average of mess in terms of taste H0: opposite of H1 This is one sided, so value of alpha is 0.05. One sided cos >, < signs are used. H0 U (D Taste) <= U (M Taste) H1 U (D Taste) > U (M Taste) Alpha is 0.05 because test is one sided hypothesis since we have >< P < Alpha, which means we reject H0 and Accept H1 So we conclude that average satisfaction rating of dhaba is more than Mess with respect to taste.
Std. Error Mean .166 .133 .174 .140 .154 .144 .122 .114 .143 .118 .143 .125 .140 .143 .145 .122

Mean Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4 Rating of mess on taste Rating of dhaba on taste Rating of mess on menu Rating of dhaba on menu Rating of mess on cost Rating of dhaba on cost Rating of mess on quality of ingredients Rating of dhaba on quality of ingredients Pair 5 Rating of mess on hygiene Rating of dhaba on hygiene Pair 6 Rating of mess on service quality Rating of dhaba on service quality Pair 7 Rating of mess on ambience Rating of dhaba on ambience Pair 8 Rating of mess on nutrition Rating of dhaba on nutrition 2.27 3.93 2.31 3.73 3.20 3.13 2.69 2.69 2.89 2.09 3.11 2.98 3.18 2.62 2.96 2.49

N 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45

Std. Deviation 1.116 .889 1.164 .939 1.036 .968 .821 .763 .959 .793 .959 .839 .936 .960 .976 .815

Pair 9

Rating of mess on timings Rating of dhaba on timings

3.38 3.73 3.80 3.11

45 45 45 45

1.193 1.116 .842 .982

.178 .166 .126 .146

Pair 10

Rating of mess on total time taken Rating of dhaba on total time taken

Paired Samples Test Sig. (2tailed) Std. Std. Error Deviation Mean df Lower 44 Upper .000

Mean Lower Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 4 Rating of mess on taste - Rating of dhaba on taste Rating of mess on menu - Rating of dhaba on menu Rating of mess on cost - Rating of dhaba on cost Rating of mess on quality of ingredients - Rating of dhaba on quality of ingredients Rating of mess on hygiene - Rating of dhaba on hygiene Rating of mess on service quality Rating of dhaba on service quality Rating of mess on ambience - Rating of dhaba on ambience Rating of mess on nutrition - Rating of dhaba on nutrition Rating of mess on timings - Rating of dhaba on timings Rating of mess on total time taken Rating of dhaba on total time taken 1.667 1.422 .067

Paired Differences Std. 95% Confidence Std. Error Interval of the Deviation Mean Difference Upper 1.552 Lower .231 Upper -2.133 Lower -1.200

Mean Upper 7.203 5.572 .274

1.712

.255

-1.937

-.908

44

.000

1.629

.243

-.423

.556

44

.785

.000

1.066

.159

-.320

.320

.000

44

1.000

Pair 5 Pair 6

.800

1.100

.164

.470

1.130

4.881

44

.000

.133

1.307

.195

-.259

.526

.684

44

.497

Pair 7 Pair 8 Pair 9 Pair 10

.556

1.099

.164

.225

.886

3.392

44

.001

.467

1.307

.195

.074

.859

2.395

44

.021

-.356

1.824

.272

-.903

.192

1.308

44

.198

.689

1.411

.210

.265

1.113

3.274

44

.002

Other Parameters:

Alpha is 0.05 No. 2 Parameter Menu HYPOTHESIS P Decision Value 0.000 Reject H0 0.785 Accept H0 1 Accept H0 Interpretation Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is greater than mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is greater than equal to mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is equal to mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than equal to mess Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba is less than mess

H0 U (d) <= U (m) H1 U (d) > U (m) 3 Cost H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) 4 Quality H0 U (d) = U (m) H1 U (d) not= U (m) 5 Hygiene H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) 6 Service H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) 7 Ambience H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) 8 Nutrition H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) 9 Timings H0 U (d) <= U (m) H1 U (d) > U (m) 10 Total Time H0 U (d) >= U (m) H1 U (d) < U (m) Mean are equal so for quality alpha = .025

0.000 Reject H0 0.497 Accept H0 0.001 Reject H0 0.021 Reject H0 0.198 Accept H0 0.002 Reject H0

ANOVA

Example 1
H0 there is no significant difference in the content of all diet foods. Ua = Ub = Uc = Ud H1 there is no significant difference in the content of all diet foods. Ua =/ Ub =/ Uc =/ Ud

ANOVA cc Sum of Squares .540 .640 1.180 df 3 8 11 Mean Square .180 .080 F 2.250 Sig. .160

Between Groups Within Groups Total

P = 0.160 > alpha (0.025) So we accept H0, hence the average contents of all the diet foods are equal.

Example 2
H0 = There is no significant difference in the type writers with respect their speed. U1 = U2 = U3 H1 = There is significant difference in the type writers with respect their speed. U1 =/ U2 =/ U3
ANOVA NO. OF WORDS PER MINUTE Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 83.250 249.250 332.500 df 2 21 23 Mean Square 41.625 11.869 F 3.507 Sig. .049

P (0.049) > alpha (0.025)

So H0 is accepted, hence the speed of all 3 typewriters is same.

Example 3 Paid Kids Care Unit

H0 = The interest in kids care facility is independent of their desire to pay the amount of charges on hourly basis. H1 = The interest in kids care facility is dependent of their desire to pay the amount of charges on hourly basis.
ANOVA Interest in facility Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 5.503 31.197 36.700 df 2 27 29 Mean Square 2.752 1.155 F 2.381 Sig. .112

P (0.112) > Alpha (0.025) So we accept H0, which means that the interest in kids care facility is independent of the desire to pay the amount of charges on hourly basis.

H0 = Education is independent of the desire to avail the kids care facility. H1 = Education is dependent of the desire to avail the kids care facility.
ANOVA Interest in facility Sum of Squares 8.097 28.603 36.700 df 2 27 29 Mean Square 4.049 1.059 F 3.822 Sig. .035

Between Groups Within Groups Total

P (0.35) > Alpha (0.025) So we accept H0, hence education is independent.

Note: If education was depended and H1 was accepted and H0 rejected further to check which education branch is depended on kids care facility we will apply T Test for 2 independent samples.

X3 ( 1 and 2)
H0 = U (undergraduate) = U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having education less than graduate and graduate. H1 = U (undergraduate) =/ U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having education less than graduate and graduate.
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

F Lower Interest in facility Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed .638

Sig. Upper .437

t Lower .231

df Upper 15

t-test for Equality of Means Mean Std. Error Sig. (2Differenc Differenc tailed) e e Lower .821 Upper .167 Lower .723

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Upper -1.374 Lower 1.708

.298

1.565

.801

.167

.560

-3.012

3.346

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.437) > Alpha (0.025) Hence H0 accepted, variances are assumed to be equal, for T sig. value for equal variances. T (0.821) > Alpha (0.025) Interest in the facility is the same for graduate and less than graduate.

X3 ( 2 and 3)

H0 = U (postgraduate) = U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having education more than graduate and graduate. H1 = U (postgraduate) =/ U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having education more than graduate and graduate.
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) Lower Mean Difference Upper Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower

F Lower

Sig. Upper

t Lower

df Upper

Lower

Upper

Interest in facility

Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed

.569

.457

2.603

26

.015

1.026

.394

.216

1.835

2.579

24.173

.016

1.026

.398

.205

1.846

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.457) > Alpha (0.025) H0 is accepted, hence variances are equal. T (0.015) < Alpha (0.025) Hence, Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having education more than graduate and graduate.

X3 ( 1 and 3)
H0 = U (postgraduate) = U (undergraduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having education less than graduate and post graduate. H1 = U (postgraduate) =/ U (undergraduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having education less than graduate and post graduate.
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) Lower .171 Mean Difference Upper Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower -.586 2.971

F Lower Interest in facility Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 1.443

Sig. Upper .251

t Lower 1.448

df Upper 13

Lower 1.192

Upper .823

2.031

1.878

.188

1.192

.587

-1.497

3.882

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.251) > Alpha (0.025) H0 is accepted, hence variances are equal. T (0.171) < Alpha (0.025)

Hence, H0 is accepted, so interest in the facility is same for respondents having education less than graduate and post graduate.

X2
H0 = interest in availing the facility is independent of gender. H1 = interest in availing the facility is dependent of gender.
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) Lower .874 Mean Difference Upper Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower -.923 .789

F Lower Interest in facility Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed .076

Sig. Upper .785

t Lower -.160

df Upper 28

Lower -.067

Upper .418

-.160

27.970

.874

-.067

.418

-.923

.789

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.785) > Alpha (0.025) Ho is accepted. T (0.874) > Alpha (0.025) H0 is accepted, which means, interest in availing the facility is independent of gender.

X5
H0 = interest in availing the facility is independent of working. H1 = interest in availing the facility is dependent of working.

Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) Lower Mean Difference Upper Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower

F Lower

Sig. Upper

t Lower

df Upper

Lower

Upper

Interest in facility

Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed

2.183

.151

-.261

28

.796

-.111

.426

-.984

.762

-.270

26.217

.790

-.111

.412

-.958

.736

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.151) > Alpha (0.025) H0 is accepted. T (0.796) > Alpha (0.025) We accept H0, which means, interest in availing the facility is independent of working.

X6
H0 = interest in availing the facility is independent of family they belong to. H1 = interest in availing the facility is dependent of family they belong to.
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means Sig. (2tailed) Lower .611 Mean Difference Upper Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower -1.069 .640

F Lower Interest in facility Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed 4.041

Sig. Upper .054

t Lower -.514

df Upper 28

Lower -.214

Upper .417

-.527

26.470

.602

-.214

.406

-1.049

.621

H0 = variances are equal. H1 = Variances are not equal. P (0.054) > Alpha (0.025) H0 is accepted. T (0.611) > Alpha (0.025) We accept H0, interest in availing the facility is independent of family they belong to.