TITLE: JAR TEST

1.0 OBJECTIVE:

1. To conduct jar test. 2. To show the effectiveness of chemical treatment in a water treatment facility. 3. To evaluate coagulation efficiency. 4. To determine the most effective dosage of the recommended coagulants and flocculants. 5. To selects the best chemical or best dosage to feed on the basis of clarifies of effluent and minimum cost of chemicals. 6. To gain a hands on understanding of the treatment process for removing suspended solids from water.

2.0 THEORY:

Raw water or wastewater must be treated to remove turbidity, color and bacteria. Colloidal particles are in the size range between dissolved substance and s u s p e n d e d particles. The particles are too small to be removed by sedimentation or by normalf iltration processes. Colloidal particles exhibit the Tyndall effect; that is, when light passes through liquid containing colloidal particles, the light is reflected by the particles. The degree to which colloidal suspension reflects light at 90 angle to the entrance beam is measured by turbidity. The unit of measure is a Turbidity Unit (TU) or Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). It is determined by reference to a chemical mixture that produces are producible refraction of light. Turbidities in excess of 5 TU are easily detectable in a glass of water and are usually objectionable for aesthetic reasons. For a given particle size, the higher the turbidity, the higher the concentration of colloidal particles.

Color is a useful term that is used to describe a solution state. But it is difficult todistinguish dissolved color and colloidal color. Some color is caused by colloidal ironor manganese complexes. Although, the most common cause of color is from complex

organic compounds that originate from the decomposition of organic matter. Most color seems to be between 3.5 and 10m, which is colloidal. Color is measured by the ability of the solution to absorb light. Color particles can be removed by the methods discussed for dissolved or colloidal, depending upon the state of the color.

Finely dispersed solid (colloids) suspended in wastewater are stabilized by negative electric charges on their surfaces, causing them to repel each other. Since this prevents these charged particles from colliding to form larger masses, called flocs, they do not settle. To assists in the removal of colloidal particles form suspension, chemical coagulations and flocculation are required. These processes, usually done in sequence, are a combination of physical and chemical procedures. Chemicals are mixed with wastewater to promote the aggregation of the suspended solids into particles large enough to settle or be removed. Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep them apart. Cationic coagulants provide positive electric charges to reduce the negative charge of the colloids. As a result, the particles collide to form larger particles (floc). Rapid mixing is required to disperse the coagulant throughout the liquid. The coagulants overdose can cause a complete charge reversal and destabilize the colloid complex.

A coagulant is the substance (chemical) that is added to the water to accomplish coagulation. There are three key properties of a coagulant;

1. Trivalent cation: As indicated in the last section, the colloids most commonly found in natural waters are negatively charged; hence a cation is required to neutralize the charge. A trivalent cation is the most efficient cation. 2. Nontoxic: This requirement is obvious for the production of safe water. 3. Insoluble in the neutral pH range. The coagulant that is added must precipitateout of solution so that high concentrations of the ion are not left in the water. Such precipitation greatly assists the colloid removal process.

The two most commonly used coagulants are aluminum (Al3+) and ferric iron (Fe3+). Both meet above three requirements. Aluminum can be purchased as either dry or liquid alum

[Al2(SO4)314H2O]. Commercial alum has an average molecular weight of 594. When alum added to a water containing alkalinity, the following reaction occurs;

The above reaction shifts the carbonate equilibrium and decreases the pH. Whensufficient alkalinity is not present to neutralize the sulfuric acid production, the pH may be greatly reduced;

If the second reaction occurs, lime or sodium carbonate may be added to neutralize theacid. The optimal pH range for alum is approximately 5.5 to 6.5 with coagulation possible between pH 5to pH 8 under some conditions.

In flocculation process, the flocculating agent is added by slow and gentle mixingto allow for contact between the small flocs and to agglomerate them into larger particles.The newly formed agglomerated particles are quite fragile and can be broken apart byshear forces during mixing. Increasing the dosage will increase the tendency of the floc tofloat and not settle. Once suspended particles are flocculated into larger particles, theycan usually be removed from the liquid by sedimentation, provided that a sufficientdensity difference exists between the suspended matter and liquid. When a filtering process is used, the addition of a flocculants may not be required since the particlesformed by the coagulation reaction may be of sufficient size to allow removal. Theflocculation reaction not only increases the size of the floc particles to settle them faster, but also affects the physicals nature of the floc, making these particles less gelatinous andthereby easier to dewater.

3.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL 1. Jar test apparatus with six rotating paddles 2. Six (6) beaker 3. Thermometer 4. Time / Stopwatch 5. pH meter 6. Turbidity meter 7. Pipette

4.0 REAGENT 1. Coagulant e.g. aluminum sulfates (alum), polyaluminum chloride (PAC), ferroussulfate, ferric chloride, etc. 2. Coagulant aid e.g. pH adjusters (lime or sulfuric acid), activated silica, polyelectrlye(e.g. synthetic polymer such as acrylamide), clays (e.g. bentonite, montmorillonite,etc.) 3. Liquid sample

5.0 PROCEDURE 1. The waste water from the treatment plant was prepared. The sodium was use to stability the PH of the waste water to the neutral. 2. The temperature, pH, color, alkalinity and turbidity of the synthetic water sample were measured. 3. 600ml was filled each of the prepared synthetic water suspension into six different beakers (Plexiglas beakers) 4. The prescribed dose of coagulant was added to each jar by using a pipette. One jar has no coagulant since a control sample was required. 5. If a coagulant aid is required, it is added to each jar (except for control sample) during the last 15 seconds of the rapid mix stage. 6. Start stirring rapidly (60 to 80 rpm) for 3 minute (Rapid mix stage). 7. After the rapid mix stage, reduce the speed to 30 rpm for 20 minutes. 8. Floc formation was recorded by referring to the chart of particle sizes in final 10minutes. 9. After the stirring period was over, stop the stirrer and the flocs was allowed to settle for about 5 minutes as in scheme (iv) 10. 500mL of settle water was separate out into another beaker. 11. The temperature, pH, color, alkalinity and turbidity of the clarified water were determined. 12. A graph of turbidity versus coagulant dose (mg/L) was plotted. The most effective dose of coagulant (or with the present of coagulant aid) that gives the least turbid results also determined. 13. The qualitative characteristics of floc as bad, moderate, good and very good were recorded. Cloudy samples indicate bad coagulation while good coagulation refers to rapid floc formation resulting in clear water formation on the upper portion of the beaker. 14. The following graph: color versus coagulant dose, pH versus coagulant dose, temperature versus coagulant dose, etc. were plotted. These graphs will assist students in the interpretation of the coagulation-flocculation process

7.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS