HESM 375 Mid Term Study Notes Chapter 1 Health Education: Learning experiences, acquiring information & skills

needed to make quality decisions. Any planned combination of learning experiences using evidence-based practices designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behaviour conducive to health in individuals, groups and communities. Health promotion: any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms to support actions & conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups & communities. Promotion supports actions and education gives opportunity for learning. 3 health-damaging behaviours: tobacco use, lack of physical activity & poor eating habits Three levels of prevention 1) Primary Prevention- preventative measures that forestall the onset of illness/injury (eg. helmets) 2) Secondary Prevention- measures that lead to early diagnosis & treatment (breast screening free clinics) 3) Tertiary prevention- measures aimed at rehabilitation Steps of the Generalised Model (to create a health promotion program): Assess needs (eg. survey a population) Setting Goals & Objectives Developing an Intervention Implementing the Intervention Evaluating the results- logistics, are we achieving our aim?

Chapter 2 Explain the purpose of creating a Rationale Gain support from the highest level for the community for which the program is being planned as they are able to provide the necessary resource support for the program. Resource usually means money for staff, facilities, materials. Support means: congruent organizational policies, personal involvement of key managers, place of organizational power etc In order for resources and support to flow into health promotion programming, decision makers need to clearly perceive a set of values or benefits associated with the proposed program. Raltional need to show how the new program will help decision makers to meed the organizations goals and in turn to carry out its

mission. Usually a planning committee with involvement from priority population. 4 steps: identify appropriate background info, title the rationale, write the content of the rationale, list references. Chapter 3 Precede-Procede Model It is the best known and used model, created by Lawrence Green & Marshall Kreuter. PRECEDE Phase 1 o Social Assessment & Situational Analysis: o Seeks to define quality of life o Best accomplished by involving those in priority population in selfassessment of needs Phase 2 o Epidemiological Assessment: o Use research data to identify & rank health goals or problems o Uses vital indicators (morbidity, mortality), genetics, behavioural & environmental factors Phase 3 o Educational & Ecological Assessment: o Looks at & classifies factors that have to potential to unfluence behaviour or change the envioronment. o 1. Predisposing factors (knowledge, attitude, beliefs) o 2. Enabling factors (skills, access, availability) o 3. Reinforcing factors (rewards, recognition, friends) Phase 4: o Intervention Alignment & Admin. Policy: o The goal of intervention alignment is to match approprite strategies & interventions with projected changes & outcomes. o Planners determine if capabilities & resources are available to develop & implement program.

PROCEED Phase 5- Implementation o Resources have been secured & planners select specific intervention methods o Program begins (Phases 6, 7, 8- Evaluation) Phase 6- Process evaluation o Measures logistics to improve quality Phase 7- Impact evaluation o Short term Phase 8- Outcome evaluation

o Long term

The 3 Fs of program planning 1) Fluidity- sequential steps, build on each other 2) Flexibility- planning is adapted to needs to stake-holders 3) Functionality- outcome is improved health conditions *Planners need to understand the relationship between a priority population and their community.

Chapter 4- Needs Assessment Needs Assessment: A Process of identifying, analysing & prioritising needs to a priority population, also called community analysis, community diagnosis, community assessment. Topics of questions are: Knowledge, Attitudes/Beliefs, Behaviour and Demographics. & explain why it may the most critical step in the planning process because it provides objective data to define important health problems, sets priorities for program implementation and establishes a baseline for evaluating program impact.

Explain primary & secondary data and list 2 examples of each PRIMARY Those data you collect yourself that answer unique questions related to your specific needs assessment..expensive and eg.survey, focus group, in-depth interviews face to face: time consuming, trained to be unbias and able to probe, need for info must be explained so can beaccurately record the responses however, high response rate, flesibility, gain in depth data and rapport phone: cheaper and quicker, , permits unlimited callbacks, cover wide geographic area..however can be harder to make contact due to wireless and private numbers, bias interviewer,

SECONDARY Data already collected by somebody else and available for your use. Advaanges are that 1.already exist and so quicker and 2 usually failry inexpensive to access. Drawback however is that the information might not identify the true needs of the priority population due to old, type of people etc..eg. US Bureau of Census which is a demogrphic type of data.

National cancer institute, statistics

List the 6 steps in conducting a needs assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Determining the purpose and scope Gathering data Analyzing data Identifying risk factors linked to health problem Identifying the program focus Validating the need

Chapter 5. - questions 3 Questions a planner should avoid asking and give examples. Closed questions- Do you feel we need a smoking cessation program?

- Leading questions- How have you enjoyed the class? - Two part questions- Do you brush and floss your teeth? Likert Scale QuestionsI feel I can exercise regardless of weather conditions Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree Multi choice: The leading cause of death in the US for adults is: a) Cancer b) heart disease c) injuries d) AIDS Open ended question: I like to exercise because_______________________ The types of foods I generally eat are _____________________