ISE 326

Prob & Stats II

P Value
P is the small Critical Value That Would Allow H0 to Be Rejected Based on The Test Statistic. Using the Calculated Test Statistic and the DoF, Interpolate a Test . If it is Smaller Than Given

Proportions
Inferences Concerning a Difference Between Populations Proportions
Many Engineering Problems Are Concerned With a Random Variable That Follows The Binomial Distribution.
i.e.: Manufactured Items are Classified as Either Acceptable or Defective.

It is Usually Reasonable To Model The Occurrence of Defective Parts, Where p Represents The Proportion of Defective Items Produced. Hence The Hypothesis Testing is: H0 : p = p0 H1 : p p0

Proportions
We Can Approximate a Normal Distribution Testing As Along As p is Not Extremely Close To Zero. Let X be The Number of Observations in a Random Sample of Size n That Belong to The Class Associated With p

Proportions
The Test Statistic is:

Reject H0 : p = p0 if

or

Proportions - Example
A Semiconductor Manufacturer Produces Controllers Used In Automobile Engine Application. The Customer Requires That The Defective Rate at a Not Exceed 0.05 and That the Manufacturer Demonstrate Process Capability at This Level of Quality Using = 0.05

Proportions - Example
The Manufacturer Pulls 200 Random Samples and Finds That 4 Are Defective. Can The Manufacturer Demonstrate Process Capability to The Customer?

Proportions - Example
H0 : p = 0.05 H1 : p < 0.05 If The Manufacturer Can Make A Strong Claim About The Process Capability if The Null Hypothesis Can Be Rejected = 0.05

Proportions - Example
The Test Statistic

Where x = 4, n = 200 and p0 = 0.05 Reject H0 : p0 = 0.05 if = -1.645

Proportions - Example
Z0 = -1.95 We Should be Able to Reject H0. Check to See if The P-value for Z0 is Further Out On The Tails For P = 0.0256 (Interpolated) Which is Smaller Than = 0.05 Therefore The Process is Capable of Meeting The Customers Quality Requirement

Proportions
Another Form of The Test Statistic

Let Then This Presents the Test Statistics in Terms of Sample Proportion Rather Than in Terms of X

Two Proportions
The Previous Test Can Be Extended To The Case Where There Are Two Binomial Parameters of Interest H0 : p1 = p2 H1 : p1 p2 We Shall Look at Large Sample Procedure based on a Normal Approximation

Two Proportions
Assume Two Random Sample Sizes 1 and 2 are Taken From two Populations Let 1 and 2 Represent the Number of Observations That Belong to The Class of Interest in Samples 1 and 2, Respectively. Suppose That the Normal Approximation to the Binomial is Applied to Each Population

Two Proportions
The Estimators of The Population Proportions 1 2 1 = and 2 = Have Approximate 1 2 Normal Distributions as Well The Test Statistic Becomes 1 2 0 = 1 1 (1 )( + ) 1 2 Where p = p1 = p2

Two Proportions
So then the Estimator For the Common Parameter, is 1 + 2 = 1 + 2 The Test Statistic Becomes: 1 2 0 = 1 1 (1 )( + ) 1 2

Two Proportions
Example Two Different Types of Polishing Solutions are Being Evaluated as Possible Use in a Tumble Polish Operation for the Manufacture of Interocular Lenses in the Human Eye. 300 Lenses Were Polished Using Fluid A, of These 253 Were Acceptable 300 Lenses Were Polished Using Fluid B, of These 196 Were Acceptable Is There Any Reason To Believe The 2 Polishing Fluids Differ? Use = 0.01

F Distribution
Occasionally One Has to Compare the Variance Between 2 Populations The F Distribution Has 2 Parameters, 1 and 2 Also Know As Degrees of Freedoms (DoF) The Density Function is Complicated and is Not Generally Used Explicitly. There is a Connection Between an F Variable and the Chi-Squared Variables If X1 and X2 are Independent Chi-Squared Random Variables with 1 and 2 DoF, then the Ratio of the Variables Divided by Their DoF Has an F distribution 1 1 = 2 2

F Distribution
An F Distribution Looks Approximately Like :

F Distribution
Let X1, X2, X3,.Xm be a Random Sample from a Normal Distribution with a Variance of 12 Let Y1, Y2, Y3,.Yn be a Random Sample from a Normal Distribution with a Variance of 22 , Independent of X. 2 2 Let 1 and 2 Represent the Sample Variances
2 1 2 2

Then =

12 22

Has an F distribution with 1 = m-1 and 2 = n-1

F Distribution
H0 : 12 = 22 H1 : 12 22 The Test Statistic is Rejection Criteria

F Distribution
Example 9.14 Testing the Ferritin Distribution Between Older Men and Younger Men 28 (m) Older Men Were Sampled and Were Found to Have a Std Deviation of 52.6 mg/L (S1). 26 (n) Younger Men Were Sampled and Were Found to Have a Std Deviation of 84.2 mg/L (S2).

F Distribution
Let 12 and 22 Be the Variance For the 2 Populations H0 : 12 = 22 H1 : 12 < 22 Let = 0.01 Reject H0 if f F 0.99, 27, 25 Only Have F 0.01, 25, 27 in the Table in the Book

F Distribution
F 0.99, 27, 25 = 1/ F 0.01, 25, 27 F 0.01, 25, 27 = 2.54 so F 0.99, 27, 25 = 0.394 =
2 1 2 2

(52.6)2 = 0.390 2 (84.2)

Since 0.390 < 0.394, We Can Reject H0