University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

Topic 1: Properties of common material for Pressure Vessel and Piping

A material property may be a constant or may be a function of one or more independent variables, such as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in the material in which they are measured; a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials properties that relate two different physical phenomena often behave linearly or approximately so in a given operating range and may then be modeled as a constant for that range. This linearization can significantly simplify the differential constitutive equations that the property describes. E.g. if a material of a known specific heat gains or loses a known amount of heat, the temperature change of that material can be determined. Materials properties may be determined by standardized test methods. Many such test methods have been documented by their respective user communities and published through ASTM International. Construction materials The choice of a material is the result of several compromises. For example, the technical appraisal of an alloy will generally be a compromise between corrosion resist and some other properties such as strength and weldability. And the final selection will be a compromise between technical competence and economic factors. In specifying a material, the task usually requires three stages: 1. Listing the requirements
2. 3.

Selecting and evaluating the candidate material Choosing the most economical material The materials selection process is also influenced by the fact that the materials are either:

1.

Considered for the construction of a new system. For the construction of new equipment, the selection procedure should begin as soon as possible and before the design is finalized., or 2. For the modification or repairs in an existing facility. In a repair application, there is usually less opportunity for redesign, and the principal decision factors will be centered on delivery time and ease of fabrication in the field. It is also advisable to estimate the remaining life of the equipment so that the repair is not over-designed in terms of the corrosion allowance. The optimum design for corrosion resistance will often vary with the material used.

Generally, almost any material with good tensile properties that is chemically stable in the chosen application can be employed. A wide variety of iron and nickel-based materials are used for pressure vessels, piping, fittings, valves and other equipment in process industries. The most common of these is plain carbon steel. Although it is often used in applications up to 482-516oC, most of its use is limited to 316-343oC due to loss of strength and susceptibility to oxidation and other forms of corrosion at higher temperature. Ferritic alloys, with additions consisting primarily of chromium (0.5-9%) and molybdenum (0.51%), are most commonly used at temperatures up to 650oC. Their comparative cost, higher strength, oxidation and sulfidation resistance and their particular action resist to hydrogen, e.g. result in their being the material of choice. However, these low alloy steels have inadequate corrosion resistance to many other elevated temperature environments for which more highly alloyed Ni-Cr-Fe alloys are required. For applications for which carbon or low alloy steels are not suitable, the most common choice of material is from within the 18 Cr-8Ni austenitic groups of stainless steels. These alloys and the 18Cr-12Ni steels are favored for their corrosion resistance in many environments and their oxidation resistance at temperatures up to 816oC. Above 650oC their falling strength becomes a consideration and more heat resistant alloys must often be used. Ferritic alloys, with additions consisting primarily of chromium (0.5-9%) and molybdenum (0.51%), are most commonly used at temperatures up to 650oC. Their comparative cost, higher strength, oxidation and sulfidation resistance and their particular resistance to hydrogen, for example, result in their
Page | 1

University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

being the material of choice. However, these low alloy steels have inadequate corrosion resistance to many other elevated temperature environments for which more highly alloyed Ni-Cr-Fe alloys are required. Weldability The weldability and joinability of materials is an important aspect for design real systems, often very complex if not large.
Material Cast iron Carbon Steel, low-alloy steel Stainless steel Aluminum Magnesium Copper, Copper alloys Nickel, Nickel alloys Titanium Lead Zinc Thermoplastics Thermosets Elastomers Ceramics Dissimilar metals Notes: 10 = Excellent 5 = Fair 1 = Seldom/never used * : Heated tool ** : Hot gas *** : Induction AW: Arc welding OAW: Oxyacetylene welding EBW: Electron beam welding RW: resistance welding B: Brazing S: Soldering AB: Adhesive bonding AW 7 10 10 7 7 7 10 7 7 7 10* 1 1 1 3 OAW 10 10 7 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 10** 1 1 1 3 EBW 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 RW 1 10 10 7 7 7 10 7 3 3 7*** 1 1 1 3 B 3 10 10 7 7 10 10 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3-7 S 1 3 5 1 1 10 5 1 10 7 1 1 1 1 N/A AB 7 7 7 10 10 7 7 7 10 10 7 7 10 10 10

Alloys: A metal alloy is a mixture of two or more metals. Alloys are usually less malleable and ductile than pure metals and tend to have lower melting points. They do, however, have other properties which make them more useful than pure metals. An alloy is made by melting the different metals in the alloy together. The amounts of each metal are usually quite important. E.g. Aluminum alloys, Brass, Bronze, Lead alloys, Magnesium alloys, Nickel alloys, Stainless steel, Steel and Weathering steel.

Table 1 of this document is normally satisfactory materials for pressure-vessel fabrication. The strength values: between -30C and 95C. At working temperatures below ambient, there is a possibility of brittle behavior; at temperatures over 95C, reduction in strength usually becomes significant.
Table 1. Specifications of materials and alloys for use in pressure vessel. Grade or Type Hardness (Rockwell) Minimum ultimate tensile strength ksi (MPa) Low-Carbon Steels Minimum yield strength ksi (MPa) Remarks

Page | 2

University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

ASTM SA-30 ASTM SA-129 ASTM SA-201 ASTM SA-299 ASTM SA-414

------

55 40 55 75 45

(380) (275) (380) (500) (310)

30 22 30 40 24

(210) (150) (210) (275) (165)

Low-Alloy Low-Carbon Steels

ASTM SA-202 ASTM SA-203 ASTM SA-225 ASTM SA-353 ASTM SA-357 ASTM SA-387 HY 100 HY 180 --------75 65 70 90 60 60 125 200 (500) (450) (485) (620) (415) (415) (~860) (~1380) 45 37 40 60 30 35 110 180 (310) (255) (275) (415) (210) (240) (760) (1240)

Alloy Steels (all tempered at 700 (370C) or higher)

4130 32 8630 25-30 RC 32-36 RC 25-30 RC 32-36 RC 4340 25-30 RC 32-36 RC 39-43 RC 43-46 RC 125-145 150-170 125-145 150-170 125-145 150-170 180-200 200-220 (860-1000) (1035-1170) (860-1000) (1035-1170) (860-1000) (1035-1170) (1240-1380) (1380-1515) 103 132 103 132 103 132 163 175 (710) (910) (710) (910) (710) (910) (1125) (1210) 0.3 in (7.5 mm) thick max. 0.3 in (7.5 mm) thick max. Beware of low fracture toughness

Titanium Alloys (beware of brittle welds)

TI-5 A1-2.5 Sn TI-6 A1-4 V --115 130 (800) (900) 90 120 (620) (830) RS-110C, A-110 AT RS-128, C-120 AV

Austenitic Stainless Steels (resistant to hydrogen embrittlement)

annealed 21-6-9 VIM/ESR (ASTM A-276) 304 96 RB 34 RC 70-90 RC 10-35 RC 316 70-85 RC 10-30 RC 321, 347 70-90 RC 10-35 RC 95-100 112 145 70-90 100-150 75-90 100-150 75-90 100-150 (655-690) (770) (1000) (485-620) (700-1240) (500-620) (700-1035) (500-655) (700-1035) 45 68 130 25-50 50-150 30-60 50-125 30-55 50-125 (310) (470) (900) (170-345) (345-1035) (210-415) (345-860) (210-380) (345-860)

Enhanced properties result from warn highenergy rate forging

Pipe Properties for Pressure Vessels; Materials

A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder used to convey materials or as a structural component. The terms pipe and tube are almost interchangeable. A pipe is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID) whereas a tube is usually defined by the outside diameter (OD) but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall
Page | 3

University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

thickness). A tube is often made to custom sizes and may often have more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe. Also, the term tubing can be applied to non-cylindrical shapes (i.e. square tubing). The term tube is more widely used in the United States, whereas pipe is more common elsewhere in the world. Both pipe and tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually portable and flexible. Pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, such as nominal pipe size (in the United States), or by nominal, outside, or inside diameter and wall thickness. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The manufacturing of pipe uses many materials including ceramic, fiberglass, metal, concrete, and plastic. Pipe may be made from a variety of materials. In the past, materials have included wood and lead Metallic pipes are commonly made from steel or iron; the metal chemistry and its finish are peculiar to the use fit and form. Typically metallic piping may be made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel, carbon steel, stainless steel or galvanized steel, brass, and ductile iron. Aluminum pipe or tubing may be utilized where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems. Copper tubing is popular for domestic water (potable) plumbing systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or heat exchangers). Inconel, chrome moly, and titanium steel alloys are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. Extreme care must be taken when specifying alloys for new processes due to the know occurance of creep and sensitization effect. There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North American method is called NPS ("Nominal Pipe Size") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating the outside diameter allows pipes of the same size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness.

For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350), both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS 2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inch, or 60.325 mm. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference table.

For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater the NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 rounded to a convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches, or 355.6 mm, and is equivalent to DN 350. Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2" Schedule 80 pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2" Schedule 40 pipe. Some widely used pipe standards are; The American Petroleum Institute (API) range. E.g.: API 5L Grade B, ASME SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service), ASTM A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe), ASTM C76 (Concrete Pipe), ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe), ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)
No. 1 B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping Category Commonly used for Minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants. The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F a good reference for the design of gas piping systems

B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping

Page | 4

University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping

Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. It contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals. This code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including: (1) raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals; (2) petroleum products; (3) gas, steam, air and water; (4) fluidized solids; (5) refrigerants; and (6) cryogenic fluids. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points. Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations

B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids

Requirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX. Also included within the scope of this Code are:

(A) Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipeline terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and prover loop; (B) Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and piping interconnecting these facilities; (C) Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and bulk plants;

(D) Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the piping systems. This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs. Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions. B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components This Code shall not apply to:

(a) any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters
Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing laboratory:

(b) water piping; (c) piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa)
regardless of size; or

(d) pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all connecting refrigerant
and secondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus. 6 B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems B31.8S-2001 - 2002 Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of those facilities. This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and implement an effective

Page | 5

University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia France Institute

FFB32203 Design and Fabrication (Vessel) Prepared by: Mohd. Kamil bin Hj. Md. Said

8 9

B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems B31G - 1991 - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines

integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes. The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system. This Code Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1. Design, construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping systems. Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant. A supplement To B31 Code-Pressure Piping

10

Page | 6