Materials System Specification

32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee Members
Anezi, Mohammed Ali, Chairman Buraiki, Iyad Abdulrazzak, Vice Chairman Abdul Hadi, Abdul Latif Ibrahim Bannai, Nabeel Saad Burgess, Brian Wayne Cruz, Czar Ivan Tecson Dossary, Hadi Mohammed Kermad, Abdelhak Lobley, Graham Russel Mehdi, Mauyed Sahib Mugbel, Wajdi Mohammad Niemeyer, Dennis Charles Omari, Ahmad Saleh Rammah, Ahmad Saleh Rao, Sanyasi Rumaih, Abdullah Mohammad Shammary, Rakan Abdullah Sharif, Talal Mahmoud Tems, Robin Douglas

23 May 2009

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards

Table of Contents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Scope............................................................. 2 Conflicts and Deviations................................. 2 References..................................................... 3 Definitions....................................................... 3 Specifications................................................. 5 Inspection and Testing................................... 7 Test Procedures............................................. 8

Appendix............................................................. 14

Previous Issue: 3 July 2007 Next Planned Update: 23 May 2014 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin Primary contact: Anezi, Mohammed A. on 966-3-8760229
CopyrightSaudi Aramco 2009. All rights reserved.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee Issue Date: 23 May 2009 Next Planned Update: 23 May 2014

32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

Scope 1.1 This specification defines the terminology, requirement, testing, inspection, and approval procedures for all types of granular filtering materials, which are intended for water and wastewater filtration. This specification is applicable to biological filters which are backwashed. Coarse materials for percolating filters are beyond the scope of this specification. This specification covers the minimum mandatory requirements for the purchase and installation of granular filtering materials into the filter vessels. The Appendix (Appendix A1) outlines all the relevant information that should be included in data sheets for granular filtering materials by the Supplier and information that should be submitted by the Purchaser. This information should be attached to the purchase order. Guidelines for granular filtering materials and gravel support layers selection are provided in Appendix A2 and Appendix A3 respectively. Appendix A4 provides Standard Testing Sieves ASTM Specification E11.

1.2

1.3 1.4

Conflicts and Deviations 2.1 Any conflicts between this specification and other applicable Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Engineering Standards (SAESs), Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco Dhahran. Direct all requests to deviate from this specification in writing to the Company or Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302 and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco Dhahran. Conflicting Requirements and Deviations In case of conflict or deviation between this specification and drawings, design, data sheet or order not specifically covered as an exception by the Purchase Order, the Buyer shall be consulted and a ruling in writing obtained by the Vendor before any work is done.

2.2

2.3

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32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

2.4

Vendor Responsibilities Compliance by the Vendor with the provisions of this specification does not relieve him of the responsibilities for furnishing granular filtering materials to meet the specified operating service conditions.

References Materials or equipment supplied to this specification shall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below. 3.1 Saudi Aramco References Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure SAEP-302 Instructions for obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement

3.2

Industry Codes and Standards American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM E11 Test Sieves

American Water Works Association (AWWA) AWWA B100/89 British Standards (BS) BS 812: Part 103.1:1985 Testing of Aggregate, Methods for Particle Size Distribution BS EN 1097-5:1999 Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates Part 5: Determination of the Water Content by Drying in a Ventilated Oven Standard for Filtering Materials

Definitions Angular Material (Angularity): Material with sharp edges produced by crushing massive material such as anthracite, glass, flint, etc. Anthracite: A granular hard coal used as a filtration medium in multi-media filters. Aspect Ratio (Sphericity): The ratio of the largest to the smallest dimension of a given grain.

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Backwash: The procedure used to flush deposited solids out of the granular filtering materials at the end of the filter run. This normally involves feeding clean water in the base of the granular filter bed and washing it in an upward direction. Batch: The quantity of material produced in a single run to comply with the specification. Bulk Density: The weight of a unit volume of the material in a stated condition, e.g. tipped or backwashed. Design Engineer: The Engineering Company responsible for specifying the design requirements for the filtration section on the drawing sheet, in accordance with the requirements of this specification. Dirt: Loose removable material capable of dispersion (e.g., clay) which is of substantially smaller particle size than the grains of the granular filtering material. Effective Size: The 10 percentile size (the sieve size opening that 10% by dry weight of the finest fraction of a representative sample of the granular filtering material would pass through). Effective Specific Gravity: The resultant value of the specific gravity when a porous grain is saturated with water. Filter Bed: One or more layers of filter media plus any supporting gravel layers, if used, that are installed in the filter vessel. Filter Medium: The term filter "media" is in common use to describe granular filtering materials. Grammatically it is plural and should apply to the bulk material to be installed in several filters. (A single filter has a filter medium). To avoid ambiguity the term "filtering material" used in the American Water Works Association (AWWA) specification is preferred. Grain: A single indivisible particle. Gravel: Coarse material above 3 mm mean size, mainly silica, but not exclusively, used in a passive role as a support material. Head Loss: The pressure loss expressed as a height or hydrostatic head (1 m = 104 Pa). Hydraulic Size: The uniform grain size that would produce the same resistance to flow as the granular material under consideration at the same voidage. Packing Layer: A granular material, coarser than the working filtering material, which is neither intended to capture suspended solids, nor to move or be fluidized during filter backwash.
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Particle Size: Various sizes and dimension range descriptions of the grains of a particular filter material determined by standard sieve analysis procedures. Uniformity Coefficient: The 60 percentile to the 10 percentile (effective size) ratio. This is the ratio calculated as the sieve size opening that will allow to pass 60% (by dry weight) of a representative sample of the granular filtering material divided by the size opening that will allow to pass 10% (by dry weight) of the same sample. Sand: Normally it refers to silica based granular material smaller in size than 3 mm and of specific gravity 2.65 + 0.05. Saudi Aramco Inspector: The person or company authorized by the Saudi Aramco Inspection Department to inspect the granular filtering materials to the requirements of this specification. Submerged Specific Gravity: The difference between the specific gravity of the grain and water. Support Material: A granular material, coarser than the working filtering material, which is neither intended to capture suspended solids, nor to move or be fluidized during filter backwash. Specific Gravity: The density of the grain or material divided by the density of water. Working Material: The filtering granular materials that provide the filtering action and from which the accumulated dirt is backwashed. 5 Specifications The granular filtering material shall be considered as meeting the 32-SAMSS-034 specification when it complies with the following clauses: 5.1 Size 5.1.1 Range: Unless otherwise stated, the granular filtering materials shall satisfy the requirement of the description if not more than 5% by weight passes the lower size limit sieve and not more than 5% by weight is retained on the upper size limit sieve. These limits are based upon standard testing sieves per ASTM specification E11. Examples: a) Size range 0.5-1.0 mm not more than 5% by weight of the granular material shall be retained on the 1.0 mm aperture sieve, and not more than 5% by weight of the granular material shall pass the 0.5 mm aperture sieve.
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32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

b)

Size range 1.4 2.0 mm not more than 5% by weight of the granular material shall be retained on the 2.0 mm aperture sieve and not more than 5% by weight of the granular material shall pass the 1.4 mm aperture sieve.

5.1.2 5.1.3

Friable Materials: This term shall include anthracite (coal), granular activated carbon, pumice and other inorganic materials. Hydraulic Size: If the hydraulic size is specified, the samples shall not deviate by more than 5% from the specified size (see hydraulic size calculation in section 7.6).

5.2

Appearance Flat, flaky grains, with an aspect ratio exceeding 5:1 in excess of 5% of the total by number, shall be cause for rejection (see section 7.1).

5.3

Dirt Content Fine particulate (dusty) material shall not constitute more than 1% of the material by weight when tested according to section 7.2

5.4

Grain Specific Gravity 5.4.1 The granular material shall, comprise a single substance of given specific gravity within a band of less than 5% when tested according to the procedure in section 7.7 In any specification or other document describing anthracite or coal or other non-porous material other than silica (specific gravity, s.g. = 2.65) a statement of the nominal grain specific gravity (e.g., anthracite, s.g.= 1.4), must be given. The particle specific gravity of porous materials shall be quoted on an effective specific gravity basis (see 4. 10). The specific gravity of the granular material supplied shall be within 5% of the Supplier's nominal figure for the submerged specific gravity (see 4.22).

5.4.2

5.4.3 5.4.4

5.5

Voidage (External Porosity) For approval of non-porous material the voidage shall be measured for the poured and packed conditions as per procedure in section 7.8. Production samples shall not differ from the approved sample by more than 0.5% on absolute voidage (e.g., 39.5 to 40.5%).
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5.6

Acid Solubility The loss in weight following contact with hydrochloric acid when tested according to section 7.9 shall not exceed 5% for working granular materials and 15% for support materials. There shall be no evidence of splitting of grains or pebbles following the treatment.

5.7

Impact Resistance Support materials equal to or larger than 6.7 mm minimum size must withstand being dropped from a height of 2 m onto a concrete slab with less than 5% of the pebbles being shattered (see section 7.10).

5.8

Moisture Where the material is sold by weight the moisture content should not exceed 1% by weight at the point of sale or not more than 1% more than any stated moisture content given in the quotation (see section 7.11).

5.9

Bulk Density Saudi Aramco may request bulk density data from the supplier. Any figure quoted by the Supplier for the weight of a given volume of material, with a view of determining the weight required to fill the filtration chamber, shall be accurate within 1% unless such data is designated as for "guidance only". The bulk density for the working material shall be that of the backwashed condition and shall be based on the volume as defined in section 5.10. For support materials the bulk density will be that of the "as pour material".

5.10

Volume Where the granular material is sold by volume this shall be assessed as the volume placed in the filter chamber after a single backwash under conditions not causing loss of material. Should there be any excess or shortfall in excess of 1% shall be rectified by the Supplier, should the granular material does not occupy the volume specified.

Inspection and Testing 6.1 Saudi Aramco representative(s) shall inspect the processing facilities of the granular material supplier to check the operation of the plant in relation to the washing, screening and drying facilities as well as to the QA/QC controls applied to the granular material.

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6.2

A sample of granular material shall be submitted by the granular material supplier to Saudi Aramco for specification testing prior to the bulk material delivery. Upon delivery of the bulk granular material, Saudi Aramco shall take a sample and perform specification tests to ensure that the quality of the material delivered matches the quality specification and the quality of the sample submitted by the granular media supplier prior to delivery. Acceptance/rejection of the granular filtering material shall be based on its condition at the point of sale. Point of sale shall be regarded on site, where it is delivered by or on behalf of the supplier. The material shall be sampled (see 7.3) and tested prior to placement. If the granular filtering material fails the required test the class 32 RSA should be informed in order that he may make the final decision for acceptance or rejection. Size range of the granular filtering material shall be the most critical parameter for acceptance or rejection. Sampling shall be done as per the test procedures in section 7.3.

6.3

6.4

6.5

Test Procedures 7.1 Appearance Material smaller than 3 mm in hydraulic size shall be examined with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope with X25-X80 magnification range. Some 50 grains should be measured to compare the largest dimension with the smallest. 7.2 Dirt Content: (Grains <6.7 mm) Shake 100 g sample of material with 100 ml of water for 1 minute in a stoppered measuring cylinder and decant off the water. Repeat this procedure twice and combine the washings. Filter off the solids and dry to constant weight. For filtration use a bucker funnel with vacuum and Whatman No 2 filter paper. Dry at 110 5C to constant weight (usually overnight). Turbidity measurements may be used, with calibration, to access the dirt content at low levels. This test procedure is not applicable to granular materials such as activated carbon, which are soft and are subject to abrasion during the test. 7.3 Sampling a) If the granular material is supplied in bags, samples shall normally be collected on filling. If this is not feasible individual bags should be selected, quartered and sub-quartered to collect a representative sample.

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee Issue Date: 23 May 2009 Next Planned Update: 23 May 2014

32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

b) c)

If the point of sale is at the discharge from the supplier's bulk silo into a tanker, samples should be taken from this point. If the supplier is responsible for placing the granular filtering materials, samples should be collected at the beginning, mid-stream and end of delivery and combined. Samples collected shall be split by a splitting device such as riffle, or apply cone and quartering, or grab sampling techniques, to reduce the sample to appropriate weight for sieving.

d)

7.4

Sieving a) b) Sieves shall conform to ASTM specification E11 (see Appendix E.4). Sieves shall be selected in the nest of sieves to cover the whole size range of the granular material to be sieved. The selection of sieves shall ensure that no material is retained on the upper sieve which has the largest screen openings. Sieving shall continue on the mechanical sieve shaker until it is complete. Sieving is defined as complete when less than 1% of material change in any fraction is taking place per additional minute of shaking. The sieving results shall be plotted on a log-normal paper. On the graph the sieve size shall be the x-axis which is logarithmic. The cumulative percent passing shall be the y-axis which is plotted against sieve size on xaxis to enable the uniformity coefficient and effective size to be calculated. To find the percent of granular material passing through each sieve, first find the percent retained in each sieve. To do so, use the following equation: % Retained = (W sieve W total) x 100 Where: W sieve = weight of granular material in the sieve W total = total weight of granular material f) To find the cumulative percent of granular material retained in each sieve add up the total amount of granular material that is retained in each sieve and the amount in the previous sieves. The cumulative percent of the granular material is found by subtracting the percent retained from 100%.

c)

d)

e)

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g)

% Cumulative Passing = 100% - % Cumulative Retained. Plot the values on a graph with cumulative percent passing on the y axis and logarithmic sieve size on the x axis.

7.5

Calculation of Effective Size and Uniformity Coefficient The cumulative percent passing each sieve shall be calculated [see 7.4 (f)] and plotted on a log-normal paper, with the sieve opening on the log scale (x-axis) and the cumulative percent passing on the linear scale (y-axis). A smooth curve shall be drawn through the plotted points. a) b) Effective Size: Read from the curve the particle size in mm corresponding to the 10% size. Uniformity Coefficient: Read from the curve the particle size corresponding to 60% and divide this by the 10% size. This ratio is the uniformity coefficient.

7.6

Calculation of Hydraulic Size 1. 2. 3. 4. Divide the % retained on each successive sieve by the size of the sieve aperture Add up the figures obtained and divide by 100 Obtain the reciprocal of the above sum Add 10% to the reciprocal to correct the retained size to the centre size between adjacent sieves (sieves are spaced at 20% increments) Example:
Sieve size (mm) 2.8 2.36 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.18 1.0 0.85 (0.71) % Retained 0.1 0.5 10.2 22.10 42.3 22.5 1.4 0.3 0.5 100.0
Divide by 100 Reciprocal = =

Calculation 0.04 0.21 5.1 13.0 30.25 19.1 1.4 0.35 0.7 70.1
0.701 1/0.701 = 1.43

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Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee Issue Date: 23 May 2009 Next Planned Update: 23 May 2014
Add 10% Hydraulic Size = = 0.14 1.57

32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

7.7

Grain Specific Gravity The conventional specific gravity bottle technique, using a water bath at constant temperature of 25C shall be used. Measure the Relative Density (RD) and hence the density of the granular material by weighing the density bottle. a) b) c) d) W1 = Weight of bottle empty W2 = Weight of bottle when filled with about one third with granular material W3 = Weight of bottle when filled with granular material as in (b) plus water W4 = Weight of bottle filled with water only

Mass of any of gran m vo at RD of granular m aterial Mass of equal volu of wa

(W -W ) 2 1 (W -W ) (W -W ) 4 1 3 2

Therefore, Grain Specific Gravity = Density of grain /density of water at 25C

Note: Take care to avoid air bubbles being attached to the granular material.

7.8

Voidage (External Porosity): (Non Porous Grains) Pour a sample of the granular material into a dry volumetric cylinder of diameter at least 50 times greater than the maximum sieve size of the granular material sample. Record the volume V1. Tap the cylinder onto the bench until the material ceases to settle further. Record the compacted volume V2. The % poured voidage is The % packed voidage is Where: W = Weight of the sample in volumetric cylinder 1-(W/V1) 1-(W/V2)

V1 = The pour volume of the granular material in the volumetric cylinder

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V2 = The compacted volume of the granular material in the volumetric cylinder 7.9 = The specific gravity of the granular material

Acid Solubility 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Wash the sample (weight is indicated in table 1) with distilled water and dry at 110C 5C to constant weight. Allow the sample to cool in a desiccator. Weigh the dried sample to the nearest 0.1% of the weight of the sample. Prepare 1:1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) (made by combining equal volumes of HCl of specific gravity 1.18 and H2O). Place the sample in a beaker and add enough 1:1 HCl to immerse the sample completely but not less of the quantity indicated in table 1. Allow to stand at room temperature for 30 min while applying occasional stirring. Wash the sample several times with distilled water and dry at 110C 5C to constant weight. Allow the sample to cool in a desiccator. Weigh the dried sample to the nearest 0.1% of the weight of the sample. Report the loss in weight as acidsoluble material.

Calculation: Acid solubility % = 100 x [(original weightfinal weight)/original weight] Table 1 Minimum Sample and Acid Quantities for Acid-Solubility Tests
Maximum Size of Particle

in Sample (mm)
63.0 37.5 25.4 19.0 12.5 9.5 and smaller

Minimum Sample Weight (g)

4,000 250 250 250 250 100

Minimum Quantity 1:1 HCl (ml)

7,000 800 800 800 800 320

7.10

Impact Resistance: (For gravel equal or larger than 6.7 mm size)

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Take at least 100 pebbles of the approved sample of support material and drop them from a height of 2.0 m 0.05 m onto a concrete slab. The material shall be assessed by sieve analysis, and should meet the specification after the test as well as before. The specification is met when less than 5% of the pebbles are shattered. 7.11 Moisture Dry to constant weight at 105C 5C as per BS EN 1097-5:1999.

23 May 2009

Revision Summary Provided explanation on sieving , how to work out the cumulative % percent retained, cumulative % passing and plot the results on a lognormal graph paper. Provided explanation how to split collected samples to obtain representative sample for sieving. Provided explanation on the matching of anthracite with sand depending on whether the anthracite is European (Welsh) or Pennsylvania. Revised the Next Planned Update.

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32-SAMSS-034 Granular Filtering Materials

Appendix A.1 Information required from Supplier and Purchaser A.1.1 The Supplier shall provide Product Data Sheets, which shall contain the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. A.1.2 Type of material, e.g., sand, anthracite, garnet. Information relating to the size grading available, e.g., standard available grades. General description, e.g., appearance and shape of material. Source and production procedure. Geological characterization, if relevant. Dirt (dust) content limits. Grain effective specific gravity. Bulk density (in backwashed condition). Poured and packed voidage. Acid solubility. Moisture content (if granular material is sold by weight). Impact resistance (support material only)

The Purchaser should specify the following information: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quantity and units of measurement, e.g., weight or volume. Material definition, e.g., sand of s.g. 2.65. Size range (e.g., 0.425mm to 0.85mm). Intended use of the granular material, e.g., for potable water, or other, washing process, working medium, support material, etc. Packaging and delivery details. Quality control requirements, i.e., sieve analysis, effective size, uniformity coefficient, test samples, etc.
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A.2

Selection of Working Granular Materials The following guidelines shall be used to select the working granular filtering materials to be installed in deep bed filters. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The uniformity coefficient of Anthracite shall be less than 1.5 The uniformity coefficient of Sand shall be less than 1.3 The uniformity coefficient for Garnet shall be less than 1.3 The uniformity coefficient of Manganese Greensand shall be less than 1.3 The specific gravity for sand shall be greater than 2.5 (usually 2.65) The specific gravity for anthracite shall be greater than 1.4. (Welsh anthracite has specific gravity of 1.4-1.45; Pennsylvania anthracite has specific gravity of 1.6-1.65). The vendor should be asked to state whether he is providing European (Welsh) or Pennsylvania anthracite so that the size range of the anthracite matching the sand in a dual media configuration may be decided accordingly. For example the Welsh anthracite of size range 0.85 mm to 1.7 mm has as equivalent the Pennsylvania anthracite of size range 0.71 mm to 1.4 mm. This is because of their specific gravity difference [see A.2 (6)]. The maximum particle size grain of the upper anthracite layer should not be more than 5 times the minimum particle grain size of the lower sand layer.

7.

8.

A.3

Selection of Gravel Support Layers If the openings of the nozzles in the underdrain system are larger than the granular filter media, a system of supporting layers shall be required to perform the following functions: a) b) To prevent percolation of the granular filtering materials into the underdrain system. To help distribute the backwash water evenly into the granular filtering materials.

The size and depth of the gravel layers shall be selected to achieve both the above objectives and also ensure that the gravel layers will not be displayed by the rising wash during backwash.
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The following guidelines shall be used to select the sizes and the depths of gravel layers for a conventional gravel support system in deep bed filter. 1) 2) 3) The ratio of the maximum particle size to the minimum particle size for each granular filter medium layer shall not be greater than 2. The minimum particle size of the top layer of fine gravel (coarse sand) shall be 4 to 4.5 times the effective size of the finest filter medium to be retained. From layer to layer, the ratio of the maximum particle size of the coarser layer should not be greater than 4 times the minimum particle size of the finer layer. The gravel at the bottom layer should be coarse enough to prevent its displacement by the water emerging from the underdrain nozzles. The thickness of each layer of gravel should be at least three times the maximum particle size of the gravel in the layer but not less than 3 inches. When placing gravel on irregular underdrain bottoms such as pipe laterals the lowest gravel layer shall completely cover the underdrain lateral to provide a uniform upper gravel surface for the placement of the next gravel layer. A.4
Sieve Designation 5 4.24 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.06 1.00 0.875 0.75 0.625 0.530 0.5 0.438

4) 5) 6)

Standard Testing Sieves ASTM Specification E11

Sieve Opening 125 mm 106 mm 100 mm 90 mm 75 mm 63 mm 50 mm 45 mm 37.5 mm 31.5 mm 26.5 mm 25.0 mm 22.4 mm 19.0 mm 16.0 mm 13.2 mm 12.5 mm 11.2 mm Sieve Designation 0.375 0.3125 0.265 0.25 # 3.5 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 # 10 # 12 # 14 # 16 # 18 # 20 # 25 # 30 Sieve Opening 9.5 mm 8.0 mm 6.7 mm 6.3 mm 5.6 mm 4.75 mm 4.0 mm 3.35 mm 2.8 mm 2.36 mm 2.0 mm 1.7 mm 1.4 mm 1.18 mm 1.0 mm 0.85 mm 0.710 mm 0.600 mm Sieve Designation # 35 # 40 # 45 # 50 # 60 # 70 # 80 # 100 # 120 # 140 # 170 # 200 # 230 # 270 # 325 # 400 # 450 # 500 Sieve Opening 0.500 mm 0.425 mm 0.355 mm 0.300 mm 0.250 mm 0.212 mm 0.180 mm 0.150 mm 0.125 mm 0.106 mm 0.090 mm 0.075 mm 0.063 mm 0.053 mm 0.054 mm 0.038 mm 0.032 mm 0.025 mm

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