Forensic Structural Engineering Handbook

Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E. Editor-in-Chief

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Copyright 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 ISBN 0-07-052667-2 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in the HB1A design in Times Roman by Joanne Morbit of McGraw-Hills Professional Book Group composition unit, Hightstown, New Jersey. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. Cover photos: Left photo by Robert T. Ratay; right photo by LZA technology, a division of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group. DOC/DOC 9 0 4 3 2 1 0 9

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Food for Thought Structural failures are not just accidents, nor acts of God. They are the results of human error originating from oversight, carelessness, ignorance or greed. With the advance of design sophistication and construction methodology came the proliferation of structural failures. Early savings in design and construction costs often boomerang as later and larger costs of repair and litigation. The vulnerable structures of the late 20th century will provide bread and butter to the forensic engineers of the 21st century. RTR 1/1/2000

ABOUT THE EDITOR

Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E., is a highly regarded structural engineer and former university professor with an extensive background in both design and failure analysis. His nearly four decades of professional experience is divided almost equally between structural engineering practice, and combined teaching and consulting. Dr. Ratay worked with such prominent firms as Le Messurier Associates, Severud Associates, and HNTB. He was professor and Chairman of the Civil Engineering Department, then Dean of the School of Engineering at Pratt Institute, and a professor at Polytechnic University (formerly Brooklyn Polytech). His current practice in forensic structural engineering is directed toward the investigation of structural and construction failures, providing expert consultant services to architects, engineers, contractors, owners, attorneys, insurance companies, and government agencies. Dr. Ratay is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers, has chaired several of its technical committees, and currently serves on the Executive Committee of its Structural Engineering Institute. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the authoritative Handbook of Temporary Structures in Construction published by McGraw-Hill.

CONTRIBUTORS

Howard W. Ashcraft, Esq., Chair, Construction Group, Hanson, Bridgett, Marcus, Vlahos & Rudy, L.L.P., San Francisco, California (CHAP. 9) Mohammad Ayub, P.E., S.E., Director, Office of Engineering Services, Directorate of Construction, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C. (CHAP. 3) Kimball J. Beasley, P.E., Principal and New York Branch Manager, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., New York, New York (CHAP. 14) Glenn R. Bell, P.E., Principal, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Massachussetts, San Francisco, California (CHAP. 6) W. Gene Corley, S.E., P.E., Ph.D., Skokie, Illinois (CHAP. 12) Vice President, Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.,

Daniel A. Cuoco, P.E., President, LZA Technology, a Division of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group, Inc., New York, New York (CHAP. 4) Robert W. Day, P.E., G.E., 16) Chief Engineer, American Geotechnical, San Diego, California (CHAP.

John F. Duntemann, P.E., S.E., Senior Consultant, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois (CHAP. 2) Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E., Principal, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Massachussetts (CHAP. 9) John W. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., Joseph T. Stuart Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University, and Director, Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS), Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 11) Clayford T. Grimm, P.E., President, Clayford T. Grimm PE Inc., Austin, Texas (CHAP. 13) Joshua B. Kardon, S.E., Principal, Joshua B. Kardon Company Structural Engineers, Berkeley, California (CHAP. 7) Michael C. Loulakis, Esq., Senior Shareholder, Wickwire Gavin, P.C., Vienna, Virginia (CHAP. 5) Donald W. Neal, P.E., S.E., President, Neal Engineering Associates, Beaverton, Oregon (CHAP. 15) Antraning M. Ouzoonian, P.E., Principal, Weidlinger Associates, Inc., Consulting Engineers, New York, New York, Cambridge, Massachussetts, Los Altos, California, Arlington, Virginia (CHAP. 1) David S. Patterson, AIA, Senior Consultant, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., Princeton Junction, New Jersey (CHAP. 14) Alan W. Pense, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Material Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 11) David B. Peraza, P.E., Senior Associate, LZA Technology, a Division of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group, Inc., New York, New York (CHAP. 4)

CONTRIBUTORS

Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E., Consulting Engineer, R. T. Ratay Engineering, P.C., Manhasset, New York (CHAP. 17) Robert A. Rubin, Esq., P.E., Partner, Postner & Rubin, New York, New York (CHAP. 8) David E. Thompson, P.E., Chairman/CEO, Haley & Aldrich, Inc., Boston, Massachussetts (CHAP. 9) Dana Wordes, Esq., P.E., Associate, Postner & Rubin, New York, New York (CHAP. 8) Joseph Zelazny, C.E., President, Kreisler Borg Florman General Construction Company, Inc., Scarsdale, New York (CHAP. 1)