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Class

Reg Number

Candidate Name .......................................................................

Chemistry H2 9746
Tutor Tutee
Revision Exercise 1: Atomic Structure, Stoichiometry
1

The figure below shows the mass spectrum of the element strontium used to calculate the
relative atomic mass of strontium.

(a)

Explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass.

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(b)

Using the information in the figure above, calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample
of strontium.

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(c)

Explain why the relative atomic mass of strontium in (b) is not a whole number.
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The diagram shows the salt mines at Bex in Switzerland.

The salt is dissolved by hot water from underground springs and then pumped up to a
reservoir where it is stored as a solution called brine.
(a)

Brine is an impure solution of sodium chloride. The main impurity in brine is sodium
sulphate.
The solubilities of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate were measured at various
temperatures. The values are shown below.

Temperature / C
0
20
40
60
80
100

(i)

Solubility of sodium
chloride in g / 100g
water
35.7
36.0
36.5
37.2
38.1
39.2

Solubility of sodium
sulphate in g / 100g
water
3.9
20.4
48.2
45.2
43.3
42.3

Using information from the table, describe how the sodium sulphate impurity could be

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separated from the brine.
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Another way to remove sodium sulphate is by reacting the brine with aqueous barium
chloride.
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl (aq)
(ii)

Construct an ionic equation for the above reaction.

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(iii)

Give one advantage of this method compared to your answer in (a)(i).

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(b)

The rock surrounding the layers of salt is anhydrate.

Anhydrite is a mixture of calcium sulphate, CaSO4 and calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
To determine the percentage of calcium sulphate in anhydrite, a student added excess
hydrochloric acid to a fixed mass of anhydrite. He then collected and measured the volume
of carbon dioxide formed.

(i)

Describe how the student could use this measurement to calculate the percentage of
calcium sulphate in anhydrite.
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(ii)

In the same experiment, another student did not measure the volume of carbon dioxide.

Describe how he could still continue the experiment to determine the percentage of calcium
sulphate in anhydrite. State clearly what quantities he would measure and how he would
use his results to calculate the percentage of calcium sulphate.
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3

In coffee machines and metal kettles, scale is formed around the heating elements after
some time. Scale is chemically known as calcium carbonate.

(a)

Weak acids such as sulphamic acid, NH2SO3H, can be used to dissolve the scale.

(i)

What is meant by a weak acid?

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(ii)

Suggest why strong acids such as sulphuric acid are not used to remove the scale.
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(b)

Sulphamic acid reacts with the scale to form a soluble salt, calcium sulphamate of formula
Ca(NH2SO3)2.

(i)

Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sulphamic acid and scale.
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(ii)

If 2.50 g of sulphamic acid is used to remove 1.00 g of scale, what will be the mass of
calcium sulphamate produced?

(iii)

Using your answer to (ii), calculate

(a)

The number of moles of oxygen atoms

(b)

The number of nitrogen atoms present in calcium sulphamate produced

(iv)

Using your answer to (ii), calculate the percentage yield of calcium sulphamate if it was
found that only 1.07 g of the solid product is obtained.

Silver nitrate is sufficiently pure to be used as a primary standard for volumetric analysis
using precipitation reactions. Solution S is made by dissolving 8.32 g of silver nitrate in
water and made up to a volume of 500 cm3 in a volumetric flask. This solution was used to
determine the concentration of chloride ion in a sample of sea water. 5.0 cm3 of the sea
water required 27.5 cm3 of the silver nitrate solution S to reach the end-point.

(a)

Calculate the concentration of silver nitrate in solution S in mol/dm3.

(b)

The equation below shows the reaction that occurs during titration.

Ag+ (aq) + Cl (aq) AgCl (s)

Calculate the concentration of chloride ion in the sea water in mol/dm3.

mass of
silver
chloride (g)

27.4

volume of silver nitrate

solution (cm3)

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(c)

If all the salt in sea water is present as sodium chloride, calculate the concentration of salt
in g/100 cm3.

(d)

Silver chloride was produced during the titration. On the axes given below, sketch a graph
to show how the mass of silver chloride changes during the titration process. Label on the
graph clearly the end-point of titration.
mass of silver
chloride (g)

volume of silver nitrate

solution (cm3)

(e)

In another experiment, it was found that 10cm3 of 0.05 mol/dm3 solution of the chloride of
metal X, needed 10cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 silver nitrate solution for complete reaction.
What is the formula of the chloride?

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Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4, reacts with water to give silicon dioxide, SiO2, and hydrochloric
acid, HCl. It will react with atmospheric moisture unless kept in a sealed tube. 1.00g of a
poorly-kept sample of SiCl4 was added cautiously to water. When reaction was complete
the solution was made up to 250cm3 with pure water. 25.0cm3 portions of this required on
average 21.6cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution for neutralisation.

(a)

Write down the equation for the reaction between silicon tetrachloride and water.
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(b)

What percentage of the sample analysed was SiCl4?

A solution of a weak acid H2X was made by dissolving 2.25g of solid H2X in water to give
500cm3 of solution. On titration, 25.0cm3 of this solution was completely neutralised by
25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution containing 0.100 mol dm-3.

(a)

Write an equation for the reaction between H2X and sodium hydroxide.
H2X + 2NaOH Na2X + 2H2O
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(b)

Calculate the relative molecular mass of H2X.

(c)

A hydrated form of the acid also exists, H2X.yH2O. A solution containing 6.30 g dm-3 of the
hydrated acid has the same (molar) concentration as the solution of the anhydrous acid,
H2X, originally used. Using this information and your answer from (b), calculate the value
of y.

Phentyfloroform contains 57.54% C, 3.45% H, and 39.01% F.

Deduce the empirical formula of phentyfloroform.

A given sample of sodium amide ( NaNH2 ) was warmed with excess aqueous ammonium
chloride to form ammonia and sodium chloride. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in
50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid. 25.0 cm3 of the resulting solution required
14.00 cm3 of 0.150 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide for neutralisation.
Calculate the mass of sodium amide used.

30.00 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid of unknown concentration is mixed with 70.00 cm3 of
0.500 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate. 25.0 cm3 of the resulting solution required 21.50 cm3 of
0.200 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid for neutralisation.
Determine the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid.

A given sample of sodium oxide (Na2O) was dissolved in 120 cm3 of 0.80 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid solution. The resulting solution was made up to 250 cm3 and 25.0 cm3 of it
required 19.20 cm3 of 0.60 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution in a titration. Calculate
the mass of sodium oxide formed.

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0.500 g of impure ammonium chloride was warmed with an excess of sodium hydroxide
solution. The ammonia liberated was absorbed in 25.0 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid.
The excess sulphuric acid required 25.50 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution
for neutralisation.
Calculate the percentage purity of ammonium chloride in the sample.

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1.600 g of a metallic oxide MO was dissolved in 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.
The resulting solution was made up to 500 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the solution
required 21.05 cm3 of 0.102 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide for neutralisation.
Calculate the molar mass of the oxide and the relative atomic mass of M.

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12

A 250 cm3 of solution contains 0.900 g of HnX ( Mr = 120 ). 25.0 cm3 of this solution exactly
neutralises 22.50 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide that will react with 1 mole of the acid.
Determine the value of n in HnX.

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A 1.367 g sample of an organic compound was combusted in a stream of air to yield

3.002 g of CO2 and 1.640 g of H2O.
If the original compound contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, what is its empirical
formula?

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14

A certain compound was known to have a formula which could be represented as

[PdCxHyNz](ClO4)2. Analysis showed that the compound contained 30.15 % carbon and
5.06 % hydrogen. When converted to the corresponding thiocyanate, [PdCxHyNz](SCN)2,
the analysis was 40.46 % carbon and 5.94 % hydrogen.
Calculate the values of x, y and z.

End of Paper