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Chemical reactions and equations

Example: Conservation of mass


Consider the following reaction for the electrolysis of water:

2 H2O

electricity

2 H2

O2

If 22.4 g of hydrogen and 177.6 g of oxygen are formed, how many grams of water reacted? Conservation of mass mass of reactants = mass of products mass of H2O = mass of H2 + mass of O2 mass of H2O = 22.4 g + 177.6 g mass of H2O = 200.0 g

Review: Balanced chemical equations


In a balanced chemical equation, the total number of atoms of each element must be the same on both sides of the equation -- you can think of this as applying accounting principles to chemistry Equation:

Calculations from chemical equations


What information about a chemical reaction can you get from a balanced chemical equation?

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)
propane oxygen

3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
carbon dioxide water

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)

3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

If you are given the amount of any reactant or product involved in the reaction:

you can calculate the amounts of all the other reactants and
3 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms, 10 oxygen atoms 3 carbon atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms, 10 oxygen atoms

products that are consumed or produced in the reaction

A balanced chemical equation is an expression of the Law of Conservation of Mass Matter can not be created nor destroyed -- it can only shift from one form to another

In a chemical reaction, no atoms are created or destroyed -- they are just recombined to form new substances

Baking recipe analogy

Baking recipe analogy

1 bag flour

1 carton milk

+ 6 eggs

24 pancakes

1 bag flour

1 carton milk

+ 6 eggs

24 pancakes

If you use 2 bags of flour, how many pancakes will you get? (2 bags flour) 24 pancakes 1 bag flour = X pancakes 2 bags flour (2 bags flour)

If you want to make 36 pancakes, how many eggs will you need to use? (36 pancakes) 6 eggs 24 pancakes = X eggs 36 pancakes (36 pancakes)

48 pancakes = X

9 eggs = X

Back to chemical reactions


Example: Copper and oxygen, when heated, combine to form copper (II) oxide

Remember: In a balanced chemical equation, coefcients indicate the relative numbers of formula units and relative numbers of moles of each reactant / product
Cu Cu O

Cu

Cu

+
Cu

O Cu O

+
Cu

O Cu O

2 Cu

+ (1) O2
2 molecules CuO 2 atoms Cu

2 CuO 2 Cu
2 Cu atoms

If you react 6 atoms of Cu, how many molecules of CuO will you get? (6 atoms Cu) = X molecules CuO 6 atoms Cu (6 atoms Cu)

+ (1) O2
1 O2 molecule

2 CuO
2 CuO molecules

6 molecules CuO = X

Remember: In a balanced chemical equation, coefcients indicate the relative numbers of formula units and relative numbers of moles of each reactant / product
Cu Cu O

Calculations from chemical equations


If you know the amount of any reactant or product involved in the reaction:

you can calculate the amounts of all the other reactants and products
that are consumed or produced in the reaction

+
Cu

O Cu O

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g)
BUT REMEMBER!

3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

2 Cu
2 moles Cu

+ (1) O2
1 mole O2

2 CuO
2 moles CuO

The coefcients in a chemical equation provide information ONLY about the proportions of MOLES of reactants and products

given the number of moles of a reactant/product involved in a


reaction, you CAN directly calculate the number of moles of other reactants and products consumed or produced in the reaction

2*(6.022 x 1023 atoms/mol) 1*(6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) 2*(6.022 x 1023 molecules/mol) = 1.204 x 1024 atoms Cu = 6.022 x 1023 molecules O2 = 1.204 x 1024 molecules CuO

given the mass of a reactant/product involved in a reaction, you can


NOT directly calculate the mass of other reactants and products consumed or produced in the reaction

Mole - mole calculations


Given: A balanced chemical equation A known quantity of one of the reactants/product (in moles) Calculate: The quantity of one of the other reactants/products (in moles)
Example:

Mole - mole calculations


How many moles of ammonia are produced from 8.00 mol of hydrogen reacting with nitrogen? Equation: 3 H2 + N2 2 NH3 2 moles NH3 3 moles H2 2 moles NH3 3 moles H2

Use ratio between coefficients of substances A and B from balanced equation

Mole ratio between unknown substance (ammonia) and known substance (hydrogen): Moles of substance B n 8.00 moles H2

Moles of substance A

( 8.00 moles H2 )

( 8.00 moles H2 )

n = 5.33 moles NH3

Mole - mole calculations


Given the balanced equation: K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7 H2SO4 Calculate: a) The number of moles of potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) required to react with 2.0 mol of potassium iodide (KI) Mole ratio between the unknown substance (potassium dichromate) and the known substance (potassium iodide): ( 2.0 mol KI ) n 2.0 mol Kl = 1 mol K2Cr2O7 6 mol Kl ( 2.0 mol KI ) Cr2(SO4)3 + 4 K2SO4 + 3 I2 + 7 H2O

Mole - mole calculations


Given the balanced equation: K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7 H2SO4 Calculate: b) The number of moles of sulfuric acid (H2SO4 ) required to produce 2.0 moles of iodine (I2 ) Mole ratio between the unknown substance (sulfuric acid) and the known substance (iodine): ( 2.0 mol l2 ) n 2.0 mol l2 = 7 mol H2SO4 3 mol l2 7 mol H2SO4 3 mol l2 ( 2.0 mol l2 ) Cr2(SO4)3 + 4 K2SO4 + 3 I2 + 7 H2O

1 mol K2Cr2O7 6 mol Kl

n = 0.33 mol K2Cr2O7

n = 4.7 mol H2SO4

Mass - mass calculations


Given: A balanced chemical equation A known mass of one of the reactants/product (in grams) Calculate: The mass of one of the other reactants/products (in grams)

Mass - mass calculations


How many grams of nitric acid are required to produce 8.75 g of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O)? The balanced equation is: 4 Zn (s) + 10 HNO3 (aq) 4 Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + N2O (g) + 5 H2O (l)

Grams of substance A
Use molar mass of substance A Use ratio between coefficients of substances A and B from balanced equation

Grams of substance B

Step 1: Convert the amount of known substance (N2O) from grams to moles Molar mass N2O: ( 2 x 14.01 g/mol ) + 16.00 g/mol = 44.02 g/mol 8.75 g N2O ( 1 mol N2O / 44.02 g N2O ) = 0.199 mol N2O

Use molar mass of substance B

Moles of substance A

Moles of substance B

Mass - mass calculations


How many grams of nitric acid are required to produce 8.75 g of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O)? The balanced equation is: 4 Zn (s) + 10 HNO3 (aq) 4 Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + N2O (g) + 5 H2O (l)

Mass - mass calculations


How many grams of nitric acid are required to produce 8.75 g of dinitrogen monoxide (N2O)? The balanced equation is: 4 Zn (s) + 10 HNO3 (aq) 4 Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + N2O (g) + 5 H2O (l)

Step 2: Determine the number of moles of the unknown substance (HNO3) required to produce the number of moles of the known substance (0.199 mol N2O)

Mole ratio between the unknown substance (nitric acid) and the known substance (dinitrogen monoxide): ( 0.199 mol N2O ) n 0.199 mol N2O =

10 mol HNO3 1 mol N2O 10 mol HNO3 1 mol N2O ( 0.199 mol N2O )

Step 3: Convert the amount of unknown substance (1.99 moles HNO3) from moles to grams Molar mass HNO3: 1.008 g/mol + 14.01 g/mol + ( 3 x 16.00 g/mol ) = 63.02 g/mol 1.99 mol HNO3 ( 63.02 g HNO3 / 1 mol HNO3 ) = 125 g HNO3

n = 1.99 mol HNO3

Mass - mass calculation: Another example


How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete combustion of 100. g of pentane (C5H12)? The balanced equation is: C5H12 (g) + 8 O2(g) 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g)

Mass - mass calculation: Another example


How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete combustion of 100. g of pentane (C5H12)? The balanced equation is: C5H12 (g) + 8 O2(g) 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g)

Step 1: Convert the amount of known substance (C5H12) from grams to moles Molar mass C5H12: ( 5 x 12.01 g/mol ) + ( 12 x 1.008 g/mol ) = 72.15 g/mol

Step 2: Determine the number of moles of the unknown substance (CO2) required to produce the number of moles of the known substance (1.39 mol C5H12)

Mole ratio between the unknown substance (carbon dioxide) and the known substance (pentane): ( 1.39 mol C5H12 ) n 1.39 mol C5H12

5 mol CO2 1 mol C5H12 5 mol CO2 1 mol C5H12 ( 1.39 mol C5H12 )

100. g C5H12 ( 1 mol C5H12 / 72.15 g C5H12 ) = 1.39 mol C5H12

n = 6.95 mol CO2

Mass - mass calculation: Another example


How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced by the complete combustion of 100. g of pentane (C5H12)? The balanced equation is: C5H12 (g) + 8 O2(g) 5 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O(g)

Homework assignment
Chapter 6 Problems: 6.63, 6.64, 6.66, 6.67, 6.68 6.69

Step 3: Convert the amount of unknown substance ( 6.95 moles CO2 ) from moles to grams Molar mass CO2: 12.01 g/mol + ( 2 x 16.00 g/mol ) = 44.01 g/mol

n = 6.95 mol CO2 ( 44.01 g CO2 / 1 mol CO2 )

= 306 g CO2

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