COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING Subject Title Subject Code Periods/Week Periods/Semester : : : : Communication Engineering EC-304 06 90 TIME SCHEDULE No.

of periods 20 25 25 Weight age of marks 26 29 29 Short Answer Questions 2 3 3 Essay Questions 2 2 2

Sno

Major topics Introduction to Communicatio n System Modulation Techniques Transmitters & Receivers Transmission Lines & Radio Wave propagation Total

1 2 3

20 90

26 110

2 10

2 8

OBJECTIVES On completion of the study of the subject a student should be able to comprehend the following: 1.0 Understand communication systems. 1.1 Know basic elements of a communication system with the help of block diagram. 1.2 Identify the frequency spectrum used for Radio communication. 1.3 Applications of different frequencies in the spectrum. 1.4 Define bandwidth and know its significance in a communication system 1.5 Need for modulation in communication systems. 1.6 Distinguish between baseband, carrier, and modulated signals with waveforms. 1.7 Classify the various types of continuous-wave modulation and sketch their waveforms. 1.8 Explain the relationship between channel bandwidth, base band bandwidth and transmission time. 1.9 Explain the term distortion and types of distortion. 1.10 Explain the measures for distortion less transmission. 1.11 Explain the term Time domain with waveforms.

1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 2.0

Explain the term Frequency domain. Explain the term noise and its effects in communication systems. Explain various types of noise. Define the terms signal to noise ratio, noise figure and noise temperature.

Understand the techniques of Modulation. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 Know Amplitude Modulation. Know the time-domain equation for an AM signal. Define the modulation index of AM signal Calculation of modulation index. Describe the effects of over modulation and measures to avoid it. Calculate the bandwidth of an AM signal. Know the expressions for power and voltage of an AM signal and its sideband components. Problems on power and voltage equations of an AM signal. Explain suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC)and single-sideband(SSB-SC) techniques in an AM signal. Mention the advantages of DSB-SC & SSB-SC. List applications of AM in communication systems. Introduction to Angle modulation and know its types. Explain the differences between Amplitude and Angle modulation techniques. Derive the time-domain equation for an FM signal. Calculate bandwidth, sideband frequencies of FM signal. Define modulation index for FM signal. Explain the noise triangle used in FM. Know how bandwidth varies with frequency deviation for FM system. Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used in FM signal. Advantages of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM signal. Explain the merits and demerits of FM over AM. Describe time-division multiplexing. Describe frequency division multiplexing.

3.0

Understand transmitters and receivers. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Introduction to transmitters and receivers. List specifications of transmitters. Distinguish between high level and low level modulation. Draw the block diagram of a Low level AM transmitter. Draw the block diagram of a High level AM transmitter. Draw the block diagram of a heterodyne AM transmitter and briefly explain its operation. Draw the block diagram of FM transmitter using reactance method and explain its working.

4.0

Draw the block diagram of Armstrong FM transmitter and explain its working. 3.9 List various frequency bands used in radio receivers. 3.10 Basic functions of a Radio receiver. 3.11 Define sensitivity, selectivity, fidelity of a receiver. 3.12 Explain the process of heterodyning and super heterodyning in radio receiver. 3.13 Draw the block diagram of super heterodyne receiver and explain its operation. 3.14 Explain the factors to be considered for choice of IF. 3.15 Explain the terms Image frequency and IMRR (Image Frequency Rejection Ratio) in a radio receiver. 3.16 Explain the need for AVC (AGC). 3.17 Explain the process of demodulation in AM receivers. 3.18 Explain the process of demodulation in FM receivers (Foster-seely discriminator). 3.19 Explain the operation of a FM noise limiter circuit. 3.20 Compare AM and FM receivers. Understand principles of Transmission Lines and Radio Wave propagation. 4.1 Introduction to transmission lines and different types. 4.2 Know the electrical equivalent of transmission line. 4.3 Explain the parameters of transmission lines. 4.4 Define characteristic impedance of a transmission line and know its significance. 4.5 Define reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio. 4.6 Know the losses in transmission lines. 4.7 Explain the importance of impedance matching with respect to transmission lines. 4.8 Describe methods of matching lines. 4.9 Know electromagnetic spectrum. 4.10 Describe the nature and behaviour of radio waves. 4.11 Explain the term wave polarization and know its significance. 4.12 Explain different types of polarization (vertical, horizontal, circular and elliptical polarization). 4.13 Know about the impedance of free space. 4.14 Describe reflection, refraction and diffraction of EM waves. 4.15 Describe the ground wave propagation of EM waves. 4.16 Describe the space wave propagation of EM waves. 4.17 Describe the sky wave propagation of EM waves. 4.18 Explain the different layers of ionosphere. 4.19 Define the terms skip distance, MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency), virtual height, Critical frequency. 4.20 Explain the principle of tropospheric scatter of radio waves.

3.8

COURSE CONTENTS 1. Introduction to communication systems. Elements of communication system, Frequency spectrum, Need for modulation, types of modulation, Noise, Signal to noise ratio noise figure, and noise temperature. Modulation techniques. Time domain equation of AM wave, Modulation index, effects of over modulation, bandwidth, power and voltage calculations of AM signal, Suppressed carrier and single sideband techniques, angle modulation- its types, Time domain equation of FM wave, Modulation index, bandwidth, side bands, power of side bands, frequency deviation, pre-emphasis, de-emphasis, merits and demerits of FM over AM, TDM, FDM. Transmitters and Receivers. Specifications of transmitters, low level modulation, high level modulation, heterodyne type transmitters, FM transmitter, Armstrong method of FM generation, sensitivity, selectivity, fidelity of receiver, super heterodyne AM receiver, selection of IF, AVC, IMRR, FM receiver, FM detector (Foster Seeley), Noise limiter circuit, comparison of AM & FM receivers. Transmission Lines and Wave Propagation. Electrical equivalent of transmission lines, characteristic impedance, reflection coefficient, SWR, transmission line losses, impedance matching, Electromagnetic waves, wave polarization and its types, reflection, refraction, diffraction, ground wave propagation, space wave propagation (LOS), sky wave propagation, ionosphere layers, critical frequency, MUF, virtual height, troposcatter propagation.

2.

3.

4.

REFERENCE BOOKS 1 Electronic communications systems by Roy Blake, Thomson Delmar 2 Electronic Communication System by George Kennedy. 3. Communication Electronics Frenzel TMH 4. Electronic Communication Modulation and Transmission 2nd Edition-Schoenbeck Publisher PHI 5. Electronic Communication Systems A Complete Course 4th Edi by Schweber PHI 7. Transmission and Propagation by Glazier. 8. Electronic and Radio Engineering byTerman. 9. Communication System by Umesh Sinha. 10. Analog Communication Systems Principles and Practices by KC RaveendraNathan University Press (India) Pvt Ltd. Hyderabad 11. Analog Communication by Manoj Duhan, I.K. International publishing house