WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd.
Product version Confidentiality level

V100R001 For internal use only
Product name: WCDMA
RNP
Total pages: 27

WCDMA Paging Area Planning
Guidance
For internal use only

Prepared by: URNP-SANA Date: 2003-02-28
Reviewed by: Date:
Reviewed by: Date:
Approved by: Date:

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All rights reserved

WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance For internal use only

10-4-30 Confidential Page 2 , Total 25
Revision Record
Date Revision
version
Description Author
2003-02-28 0.90 Initial transmittal Miao Jiashu
2003-03-28 1.00 Revision based on the review comments Miao Jiashu


Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Paging Area ..................................................................................................... 6
2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism ................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Paging Cause ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Paging Type 1 .............................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Paging Type 2 .............................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Structure of Paging Channel .............................................................................................. 8
3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation .................................................................... 11
3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging ......................................................................................................... 11
3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging ........................................................................................................... 12
4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service .............................................................. 12
4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method ....................................................................................... 12
4.2 Key Value Recommendations .......................................................................................... 16
5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment ................................................... 16
6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning .............................................................................. 22
6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction ........................................................................................... 22
6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area .......................................................................... 23
6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs ......................................................................... 24
7 Summary of Pending Problems ............................................................................................. 25


List of Tables
Table 1 SRB parameters of PCCH channel .............................................................................. 8
Table 2 Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH ......................... 9
Table 3 Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning .................. 20
Table 4 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI .................................. 21
Table 5 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI ................................. 21
List of Figures
Figure 1 CS service reference model ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 2 PS service reference model ....................................................................................... 17
Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area ...................... 20
Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI .............. 21
Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI ............. 22
Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division .............................................................. 24
Figure 7 Motorola test result ..................................................................................................... 26


WCDMA Paging Area Planning Guidance
Key words: LA, RA, URA, Paging
Abstract: This article briefs some concepts related to paging area in WCDMA, and then depicts
how to plan the paging area in the WCDMA network with the equipment. It also
provides the analysis methods and calculation formulas, with instances. It finally lists
some pending problems occurred in the analysis.
List of abbreviations:
LA Location Area
RA Routing Area
URA UTRAN registration area


1 Introduction to Paging Area
In the WCDMA system, there are many types of area concepts, such as BSC
area, RNC area, location area (LA), routing area (RA), MSC area, VLR area, SGSN
area, Zones for Regional Subscription (RSA), service area, group call area, UTRAN
registration area (URA), cell area and etc. Among which four area concepts are
mainly related to paging area: Location Area and Routing Area (corresponding to the
CN side), and Registration Area and Cell areas (corresponding to the UTRAN side),.
When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the CS domain service, the CN
identifies and pages the UE with the location area. In the protocol, location area
refers to an area that the mobile terminal can freely move without updating the VLR.
One location area can cover one or more cells. Therefore, when several MSCs
share one VLR, the location area can cross MSC areas. But in practice, one MSC is
bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA can cross RNC areas instead of MSC
areas. That is, one LA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or
3G_MSC/VLR) only. Therefore one MSC area can contain one or more LAs.
When the UE is in the RRC-IDLE state, for the PS domain service, the CN
identifies and pages the UE with the routing area. RA refers to an area that the
mobile terminal can freely move without updating the SGSN under the specific
operation mode. One RA can contain one or more cells. The relation between the
routing area and the location area the same as the GSM, that is, a routine area can
equal to a location area in size, or can be a subset of a location area. Therefore, RA
is always contained in an LA. In addition, RA can cross RNC areas instead of SGSN
areas. That is, one RA can be controlled by one CN serving node (UMSC or
3G_SGSN) only.
When the UE is in the RRC-CONNECTED state, the UE is paged with the
internal area of the UTRAN, which have the UE state be transited to CELL_FACH. In
the RRC-CONNECTED mode, the location of the UE can be learnt at the cell level or
URA level. After the RRC connection mode is set up, the UTRAN will assign the UE
with a temporary ID RNTI used in the UTRAN. The internal area updating process is
a radio network process, whose structure is invisible outside the UTRAN.
URA is a set of a group of cells, and one cell can belong to multiple URAs, so
URAs and cells are in multiple-to-multiple relation. URA and LA do not have fixed
relation, nor do the URA and RA.
2 WCDMA Paging Mechanism


2.1 Paging Cause
The 3GPP protocol specifies two paging types: PAGING TYPE 1 and PAGING
TYPE 2
Viewing from the paging cause, paging is to be initiated in the following cases:
Traffic modeling dependent paging, including the following cases:
1. The UE is called in the idle state (PS/CS) to set up communication
2. The UE is called in the connection state or it needs to receive downlink
data (caused by a PS service)
Traffic modeling independent paging, including the following cases:
1. System information updating when the UE is in the idle or connection
state, or URA and cell updating when the UE is in the connection state
1

2. Periodical paging initiated at the network side when the location service
is supported
3. Paging initiated when the CN side starts the security mode (including
encryption at the CN side or completeness protection parameters)
4. ((
As the analysis on the traffic modeling independent paging will be complicated
with many uncertain factors, this article only discusses the influences on the paging
capacity caused by the traffic modeling dependent paging.
To increase the UE paging success rate, the UTRAN sometimes transmits a
paging message for several times. It is realized at the equipment side as follows:
CN Side: Before receiving the paging response of the UE, the CN is allowed to
initiate 5 times of paging to each UE (it is fixed in the program, which cannot be
modified). If the UE is assigned with a TMSI, the paging of the former two times will
be transmitted in the TMSI format, and the latter three paging will be transmitted in
the IMSI format. For the paging interval, it is (t-1) s
2
for the former four times, and t
s for the last time. The upper limit of paging interval is 5s, and it is 3s by default.
UTRAN side The UTRAN supports paging message re-transmission at the air
interface. The re-transmission times is once by default, but can be modified to 0..k (k
is the upper limit 2, that is, the paging can be transmitted for three times at the
maximum) with the MML command. Please note that the re-transmission times is

1
Example: When the UE needs to transit the state of the UE from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH; or
the network side expects to release the RRC connection, it needs to initiate paging to transit the state of the UE
from URA_PCH or CELL_PCH to CELL_FACH, and then release the RRC connection.
2
This parameter should be set with care. It must be greater than the interval required for the paging response of
the UE in the normal case. Especially when NodeB is in the asynchronous work mode, the value of this
parameter should be greater.


dependent of the value of parameter k instead of the response of the UE. It
means the potential paging volume at the air interface is k+1 times more.
Recommendation: As the CN re-transmits paging message, we can set the
paging re-transmission times at the CN side only but not at the UTRAN side for a
higher paging efficiency.
2.1.1 Paging Type 1
For the UEs in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state, the UTRAN transmits
PAGING TYPE 1 message through the PCCH channel to start the paging process.
Then these UEs will monitor the corresponding paging channel according to the
instruction of the PICH and DRX requirement.
As the PAGING TYPE 1 message is sent through the PCCH channel, and it is
specified in the protocol that each SCCPCH can contain only one PCH channel,
which corresponds to one PICH channel (The UE selects the suitable PICH channel
according to the algorithm specified in the protocol 25.304). Therefore, the paging
capability of the network will be restricted by the paging area size. On the other hand,
the paging area planning is mainly for reasonable dimensioning of LA, RA and URA
for PAGING TYPE 1.
2.1.2 Paging Type 2
For the UEs in the CELL_DCH or CELL_FACH state, the UTRAN transmits the
PAGING TYPE 2 message through the DCCH channel to start the paging process.
In the CELL_DCH and CELL_FACH connection modes, as the paging is
transmitted through the DCCH channel, the paging capability of the air interface is
not affected. Therefore, in the paging area planning, it is mainly to analyze the
influence on the paging area planning caused by the paging capacity when the UE is
in the idle, CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state.
2.2 Structure of Paging Channel
The logical channel for paging is PCCH, whose parameters are as follows
(Refer to 34.108 V340):
Table 1 SRB parameters of PCCH channel
Higher layer RAB/signalling RB SRB
User of Radio Bearer RRC
RLC Logical channel type PCCH
RLC mode TM
Payload sizes, bit 240 (alt. 80)
Max data rate, bps 24000 (alt. 8000)
TrD PDU header, bit 0


The above table shows that PCCH has two formats of 240bit/10ms TTI and
80bit/10ms TTI. Obviously, the paging capability of the former one is much greater
than the latter one. At present, Huawei can configure only one PCH paging channel
for each cell, and support the format of 240bit/10ms TTI only
3
.
According to the specification of the 25.331 protocol, the PCH paging channel
transfers three types of information only: paging list, BCCH modified information
4

and Extension mechanism for non-release99 information
5
. Where, only the paging
list is for storing universal paging message. After the above three types of
information are mapped to the 240bit of the PCCH, the sequence and the number of
occupied bits are specified definitely. The actual situation of the RNC is as follows:
Table 2 Corresponding relations between the bits and different IEs in PCCH
Name
Number
of bits
Description
PCCH-MessageType 1 Indicates paging type 1 is selected
OPTIONAL(PagingRecordList) 1 Optional ID
OPTIONAL(BCCH-ModificationInfo) 1 Optional ID
OPTIONAL(Extension mechanism for non-
release99 information)
1 Optional ID
PagingRecordList Index 3
PagingRecordList ::=SEQUENCE(SIZE(1..MaxPage1))OF
PagingRecord, here, MaxPage1= 8
PagingRecord Choice 1
Chooses the bit between CN-Identity and
UTRAN-Identity
6

cn-Identity part
(used when
PagingRecord
Choice is
selected)

PagingCause 3
Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call,Terminating
Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive Call,Terminating
Background Call, Terminating High Priority Signalling,
Terminating Low Priority Signalling, Terminating cause
unknown)
CN-DomainIdentity 1
CN-DomainIdentity::= ENUMERATED {
cs-domain, ps-domain }

3
It is known that NOKIA uses alt 80bit/10ms TTI in Hutchisons network in Hongkong.
4
BHCA-SIBchange. This is a paging request caused by system information update. For example, system
information block 7 has a parameter requiring fast update, that is, uplink interference. This parameter is used to
calculate the initial transmission power of the random access channel in the case of random access. The
requirement of this aspect depends on the update frequency of the uplink interference value.
The update requirement of other information block is less (including the dynamic parameter configuration at the
background and the dynamic parameter update by the RRM in the communication process).
The paging requirement caused by the system information update is defined to BHCA-SIBchange.
5
At present, this part is not processed in the practice, so the influence of this part is not necessary to be
considered.
6
CN ID is used when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the idle mode; UTRAN ID is used when the UTRAN
actively initiates paging or when the CN initiates paging to the UE in the connection (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH)
state.


cn-pagedUE-Identity Choice 3
IMSI-GSM-MAP,
TMSI-GSM-MAP,
P-TMSI-GSM-MAP,
IMSI-DS-41,
TMSI-DS-41
cn-pagedUE-Identity
460
64
IMSI-GSM-MAP ::= SEQUENCE (SIZE (6..15)) OF Digit.
Where, Digit ::= INTEGER (0..9). That is each Digit
occupies four bits. As the length of the IMSI is
changeable, when this item is selected, four bits (0000
1001) are to be added, indicating the length adopted.
32 TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32))
32 P-TMSI-GSM-MAP ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (32))
57
IMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (5..7)). It is not
used at present.
212
TMSI-DS-41 ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (2..12)). It is not
used at present.
utran-Identity
part( used when
PagingRecord
Choice is
selected)

Optional 1
Indicates whether the information of
cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE (used by the CN
to initiate paging in the connection state)
U-RNTI

SRNC-Identity 12 SRNC-Identity ::= BIT STRING (SIZE (12))
S-RNTI 20 S-RNTI ::=BIT STRING (SIZE (20))

cn-Origina
tedPage-c
onnected
Mode-UE

PagingCause 3
Enumerated(Terminating Conversational Call,
Terminating Streaming Call,Terminating Interactive
Call,Terminating Background Call, Terminating High
Priority Signalling,Terminating Low Priority
Signalling,Terminating cause unknown)
CN-DomainIdentity 1
CN-DomainIdentity ::= ENUMERATED {
cs-domain, ps-domain }
pagingRecordTypeID 2
PagingRecordTypeID ::= ENUMERATED {
imsi-GSM-MAP, tmsi-GSM-MAP-P-TMSI,
imsi-DS-41, tmsi-DS-41 }
BCCH-Modificati
onInfo
MIB-ValueTag 3 MIB-ValueTag ::= INTEGER (1..8)
BCCH-ModificationTime 9 BCCH-ModificationTime ::= INTEGER (0..511)
nonCriticalExtensions

None This item is not processed in practice.
The IEs appear in the sequence specified in the table above. Consulting to the
protocol, we can learn that all the IEs corresponding to the OP item or expansion
item in the protocol will reserve a bit for identification, indicating this item is selected


or not. The details of this OP item or expansion item will be displayed only when this
item is selected.
3 WCDMA Paging Channel Capacity Calculation
Table 2 shows that the paging based on different ID items generate different
paging overheads. For example:
One case for paging based on CN_ID: The CN_ID is selected when the CN
initiates paging, and the paged UE is in the connectionless state.
Two cases for paging based on UTRAN_ID:
The cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE of the UTRAN_ID is not
selected when the UTRAN initiates paging.
The cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is selected when the CN
initiates paging but the paged UE is in the connection state.
Based on the above analysis and Table 2, we can respectively calculate
the paging volume that can be supported by one PCCH channel when
CN_ID and UTRAN_ID are used.
3.1 CN_ID IMSI Paging
As specified in the 3GPP protocol, IMSI is divided into IMSI-GSM-MAP and
IMSI-DS-41. IMSI-DS-41 is an IS-95 concept, which is not described here. The
length of IMSI-GSM-MAP is variable in the decimal mode. At present, China adopts
the IMSI of 15 digits, while some counties adopt the IMSI less than 15 digits.
With the decimal IMSI-GSM-MAP of 15 digits, the calculation is as follows:
Suppose M1=1+3+1+3+(15*4+4)=72. When BCCH modified information
7
is not
considered, with the equation of 1+1+1+1+3+M1*X1=240, the maximum number of
IMSI paging X1 that can be supported will be 3.23. Therefore, in the case of paging
based on the decimal IMSI-GSM-MAP of 15 digits, a maximum of three
IMSI-GSM-MAP paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI.
When the IMSI-GSM-MAP varies, the paging capacity can be calculated in the
same method as above, with the numeral of 15 in the equation changed to the
corresponding length value. This is not detailed here.
3.2 CN_ID TMSI Paging

7
It is shown in table 2 that BCCH modified information has 12 bits only, occupying 5% information bits in the
whole 240-bit 10ms TTI.


As specified in the 3GPP protocol, TMSI is divided into TMSI-GSM-MAP,
P-TMSI-GSM-MAP and TMSI-DS-41. TMSI-DS-41 is an IS-95 concept, which is not
described here.
With the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, the calculation is as follows:
Suppose M2=1+3+1+3+(32)=40. When BCCH modified information is not
considered, with the equation of 1+1+1+1+3+M2*X2=240, the maximum number of
TMSI-GSM-MAP paging X2 that can be supported will be 5.83. Therefore, in the
case of paging based on the 32-bit TMSI-GSM-MAP, a maximum of five
TMSI-GSM-MAP paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI.
The P-TMSI-GSM-MAP is the same as TMSI-GSM-MAP in length, so the
calculation result will be the same.
3.3 UTRAN_ID Paging
When the UE is in the connection state (CELL_PCH or URA_PCH), the
UTRAN_ID will be used for paging. The bit length of UTRAN ID is SRNC-Identity +
S-RNTI, that is 12+20=32.
When cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is not selected: Suppose
M3=1+1+(32)=34. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with the
equation 1+1+1+1+3+ M3*X3=240, the maximum number of UTRAN ID paging X3
that can be supported will be 6.85. Therefore, in the case of paging with the 32-bit
UTRAN ID, a maximum of six UTRAN ID paging can be supported by each 10ms
TTI.
When cn-OriginatedPage-connectedMode-UE is selected: Suppose
M4=1+1+(32)+3+1+2=40. When BCCH modified information is not considered, with
the equation 1+1+1+1+3+ M4*X4=240, the maximum number of UTRAN ID paging
X4 that can be supported will be 5.82. Therefore, in this case, a maximum of five
UTRAN ID paging can be supported by each 10ms TTI.
4 Analysis on Location Area Size for Mixture Service
4.1 Analysis on Calculation Method
In Chapter 3, only the paging of single CN ID or single UTRAN ID is considered.
But in the actual network, the users are in different status. On the other hand, the
paging capacity will be mapped to the number of users supported or the
number of corresponding carriers, which can be the reference for the location
area planning. Therefore, the analysis on the influence of the traffic modeling on the
paging capacity is necessary.


In the analysis, for the service that may occupy paging channel, we suppose as
follows:
1. Suppose the ratio of service callers to callees is A:B (which may vary with
different services).
2. Suppose (1-C) percent of the MSs give response at the first time of paging,
and C percent of the MSs give response at the second time of paging. The
MSs giving response at the third time of paging or later are ignored.
3. Suppose the ratio of the paged UEs in the idle state in the PS to those in
the CELL_PCH &URA_PCH state is D:E. The UEs in the CELL_FACH and
CELL_DCH state of the CS and PS is ignored.
8
.
4. Suppose the ratio of the paging initiated by the UTRAN actively to the
paging initiated by the CN to the UEs in the connection state is F:G.
We can work out the number of busy hour paging requests generated when the
UEs using a certain type of CS service: Equation Section 4
j
Paging CS % _
i i i
BHCA Penetration User Contribution
i
i i
B
_Num_ =(k+1) 1+C%)
A +B
(4.1)
Where, Paging_Num_CS
j
refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs
using a certain type of CS service, Penetration
i
% is the penetration rate of different
levels of UEs using this type of service. User_Contribution
i
refers to the distribution
ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service.
With the same analysis method as the CS service, we can get the number of
busy hour paging requests generated when the UEs using a certain type of CS
service.
j
Paging PS _ % _
i i i
BHPC Num Penetration User Contribution
i
i i
B
_Num_ =(k+1) 1+C%)
A +B
(4.2)
Where, Paging_Num_PS
j
refers to the paging requests generated by the UEs
using a certain type of PS service. BHPC_Num
i
is the Busy Hour Packet Call
Number in the traffic modeling parameter. User_Contribution
i
refers to the
distribution ratio of different levels of UEs using this type of service.
Suppose: _ _
j
a Paging Num CS =
_ _
j
b Paging Num PS =
(4.3)
Suppose the number of carrier waves/sectors supported by the RA is N
RA
, and
that supported by the LA is N
LA
. The equation will be:

8
This is the worst case, with the maximum occupation the paging channel.


_ _
celluser LA celluser RA
PCCH Paging Capacity a N N b N N = + (4.4)
Where, N
celluser
is the number of cell users obtained by means of dimensioning
under a certain condition, and PCCH_Paging_Capacity is the maximum paging load
allowed in a single PCCH channel.
As specified in the protocol, RA is a subset of LA. In a certain typical
environment with even user distribution, the number of carrier waves/sectors
supported by LA is N
LA
=n*N
RA
(n is a positive integer).
In the case of paging based on the CN ID of IMSI:
Under the traffic model condition, M
mix
is the number of users supported by the
paging channel within 10ms:
mix
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M =
1 ( ) ( 3 4 )
a n b D b E F G
M M M
b a n b a n D E b a n D E F G F G
(
(
+ + + +
(
( + + +
+ + + + + + +
(4.5)
The UE selects the proper terminating time (V350) according to the
discontinuous reception (DRX) algorithm specified in the 3GPP 25.304
specifications.
Paging Occasion={(IMSI div K) mod (DRX cycle length div PBP)} * PBP + n *
DRX cycle length + Frame Offset;
Where n = 0,1,2 as long as SFN is below its maximum value.
The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2
k
, PBP) frames.
PBP: Paging Block Periodicity, it is 10ms TTI at present.
The RNC maps the paging message to different CFNs according to the same
algorithm. We can learn from the equation that the location of the paging message is
the corresponding paging block position that the IMSI of the UE modulo the DRX
cycle length. Therefore, a UE can occupy only one paging block within a DRX cycle.
On the other hand, the paging messages of different UEs will be arranged to the
same paging block as long as the IMSI modulo results are identical. In this case, for
a specific paging block, when the number of paging message exceeds M
mix
, the
paging block will suffer from blocking. At present, the RNC discards the excessive
paging messages instead of buffering them, and then transmits the paging message
within the next DRX cycle or waits for the CN re-transmits it according to the
re-transmission parameters of the UTRAN.


For the point of time of a certain CFN, the paging message termination rate is
distributed based on poission distribution. For a specific paging block, when the
number of messages
messageperTTI
N exceeds the value of M
mix
, the excessive ones
will be discarded. The blocking formula is as follows:
( )
outage messageperTTI mix
P P N M = > (4.6)
then
0
( )
1
!
mix
M H k
outage
k
e H
P
k

=

<
(4.7)
With the formula above, we can work out the value of H , which indicates
the traffic supported by a specific paging block within a DRX cycle.
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
2
( ) (2 0.01)
3600
RA
RA
RA
k
PerDRXCycleLengthInN
a n b
Erlang

+
= =
(4.8)
Then, we can work out N
RA
as follows:
%
2
RA
RA
celluser
PerDRXCycleLengthInN k
H L
N
N
Erlang

=
(4.9)
Where, L% is the paging margin reserved for the future development of network.
For the definitions and values of M1, M2, M3 and M4, refer to Chapter 3.
In the case of paging based on the CN ID of TMSI:
With the same analysis method, we can work out M
mix
, the number of users
supported by the paging channel within 10ms:
mix
240 (1 1 1 1 3)
M =
2 ( ) ( 3 4 )
a n b D b E F G
M M M
b a n b a n D E b a n D E F G F G
(
(
+ + + +
(
( + + +
+ + + + + + +
(4.10)
Then
0
( )
1
!
mix
M H k
outage
k
e H
P
k

=

<
(4.11)
Based on the traffic model, the traffic generated by the UE within a DRX cycle is
as follows:
2
( ) (2 0.01)
3600
RA
RA
RA
k
a n b
Erlang

+
= =
(4.12)
Then, we can work out N
RA
as follows:


%
2
RA
RA
celluser
PerDRXCycleLengthInN k
H L
N
N
Erlang

=
(4.13)
4.2 Key Value Recommendations
K parameter: k+1 represents the number of paging re-transmission at the
UTRAN side. The air interface must transmits the paging for k+1 times no matter the
UE gives response to the paging or not. As the CN side re-transmits paging, the
recommended value of k is 1 for a higher paging efficiency.
L parameter: (1-L)% is the paging margin reserved for the future development
of the network. Since the RNC supports modifying the paging area of the existing
cells by means of dynamic data configuration, the value of L mainly depends on the
special network construction requirement of the carrier. Generally speaking, to avoid
the paging area IDs of other existing cells are to be modified caused by the capacity
expansion of partial areas or individual sites, so we recommend the value of L is 80,
corresponding 20% of the paging margin.
Poutage parameter: Poutage is the blocking rate of the paging block. If it is
supposed that 99 percent of UEs can be paged within two continuous DRX cycles,
the value of Portage will be 1%.
DRX parameter: It is the k parameter is The DRX cycle length shall be MAX(2
k
,
PBP) frames. Its value is 8 at present.
n parameter: It is the n in the N
LA
=n*N
RA
(where n is a positive integer). The
bigger the n, the less the paging cells that can be supported by RA, and the more
paging cells supported by LA when the capacity of the paging channel keeps
unchanged. Generally, the paging requests of PS services are more than those of
CS services. To prevent the PS from occupying too much paging channel resources,
n can be set to a value greater than 1, depending on the value of a (for CS services)
or b (for PS services), for example,
mix
M = 0.5
b
n
a
(
= +
(

. To avoid the location
update flow caused by a too-small NRA, it is recommended that when N
RA
is less
than 50, the value of n can be decreased properly to make its value greater than 50.
Other parameters: The values are set according to the actual network
construction objective and traffic model together with the opinions of the carrier.
5 Instance of Paging Area Cell Size in Typical Environment


Here we take a typical traffic modeling of the dense urban area in the radio
network calculation tool as the example to dimension the paging area based on the
result in Chapter 4.
CS traffic modeling
Service type Penetrance BHCA AHT (s)
Active
factor
Average
bitrate
kbit/s
Busy
hour
traffic /
user
(Erl)
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Busy
hour
thruput
rate /
user
(kbit)
AMR Voice 100 % 1 90 0.5 8 0.025 360 100
VideoPhone 100 % 0.1 54 1 64 0.0015 345.6 96
Figure 1 CS service reference model

PS traffic modeling
Service
type
Economical users Normal users VIP users
Penetrance
B
H
S
A

Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Penetrance
B
H
S
A

Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Penetrance
B
H
S
A

Busy
hour
packet
call
Num
Busy
hour
thruput
/ user
(kbit)
Email 10 % 0.10 0.20 24.576 20 % 0.20 0.40 49.152 30 % 0.30 0.60 73.728
WWW 30 % 0.18 0.90 86.4 30 % 0.24 1.20 115.2 20 % 0.30 1.50 144
Game,
ICQ
25 % 0.10 0.20 2.304 15 % 0.20 0.40 4.608 5 % 0.30 0.60 6.912
Content
DL, FTP
25 % 0.10 0.20 47.616 15 % 0.20 0.40 95.232 10 % 0.30 0.60 142.848
Video
Stream
0 % 0.00 0.00 0 10 % 0.10 0.10 320.4 20 % 0.20 0.20 640.8
SMS 50 % 0.50 0.50 0.64 100 % 0.80 0.80 1.024 100 % 0.60 0.60 0.768
EMS /
MMS
50 % 0.50 1.00 122.88 100 % 0.80 1.60 196.608 100 % 0.60 1.20 147.456

User contribution
Mophology Economical Normal VIP Total
Dense
Urban
60 % 25 % 15 % 100 %

Figure 2 PS service reference model
In the above data service reference model, only the three services of Email
9
,
SMS and MMS will occupy the paging channel, other data services do not involve
paging process, as the user initiates and terminates service actively.

9
At present, the realization mode is to notify the users with SM every time the network receives an email.


Based on this traffic modeling, we suppose other conditions for the
dimensioning:
Tx power config
Max power of Tx 20 W
Tx power usage
threshold
80 %
Common channel
power allocation
26.78 %

Noise parameter
UE noise figure 7.0 dB
Margin for background
noise
4.0 dB

Coverage Info.
Mophology 1
Channel type 2
Site type 2
Antenna height of UE 1.5 m
Antenna height of BS 30 m
Uplink Frequency 1950 MHz
Downlink Frequency 2140 MHz
Max path loss of Uplink 137.00 dB
Dense Urban
TU3(3km/h)
3 Sectors


UL service info.
Service type Bear type
Bear
proportion
%
BH thruput /
user (kbit)
E
b
/N
0
(dB) BLER
Length of
session
(byte)
Reading
time in
session (s)
Voice 1 100.0 % 360.00 5.4 0.01 - -
VideoPhone 3 100.0 % 345.60 2.7 0.10 - -
Email 3 50.0 % 7.25 2.7 0.10 30,720 320
Email 7 50.0 % 7.25 2.4 0.10 30,720 320
WWW 7 70.0 % 28.51 2.4 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 8 28.0 % 28.51 1.9 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 9 2.0 % 28.51 1.6 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream 3 75.0 % 8.71 2.7 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream 4 25.0 % 8.71 2.3 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP 7 75.0 % 12.86 2.4 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP 8 25.0 % 12.86 1.9 0.10 59,520 5
Location 3 100.0 % 0.57 2.7 0.10 2,880 8
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
2.3 0.10
AMR12.2
LCD64
LCD64
UDD64
UDD64
UDD144
UDD384
LCD64
LCD144
UDD64
UDD144
LCD64


DL service info.
Service type Bear type
Bear
proportion
%
BH thruput /
user (kbit)
E
b
/N
0
(dB) BLER
Length of
session
(byte)
Reading
time in
session (s)
Voice 1 100.0 % 360.00 7.79 0.01 - -
VideoPhone 3 100.0 % 345.60 5.90 0.10 - -
Email 3 50.0 % 7.25 5.90 0.10 30,720 320
Email 7 50.0 % 7.25 4.60 0.10 30,720 320
WWW 7 70.0 % 28.51 4.60 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 8 28.0 % 28.51 3.80 0.10 60,000 1648
WWW 9 2.0 % 28.51 4.40 0.10 60,000 1648
Video Stream 3 75.0 % 8.71 5.90 0.10 128,160 0
Video Stream 4 25.0 % 8.71 5.00 0.10 128,160 0
Content DL, FTP 7 75.0 % 12.86 4.60 0.10 59,520 5
Content DL, FTP 8 25.0 % 12.86 3.80 0.10 59,520 5
Location 3 100.0 % 0.57 5.90 0.10 2,880 8
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
5.00 0.10
AMR12.2
LCD64
LCD64
UDD64
UDD64
UDD144
UDD384
LCD64
LCD144
UDD64
UDD144
LCD64
Channel Duty cycle
SCH 0.10
Primary CCPCH 0.90
SCCPCH (PCH) 0.25
SCCPCH (FACH) 0.25
CPICH 1.00
AICH 1.00
PICH 1.00
Common channel power allocation ( with one SCCPCH )
Common channel power allocation ( with two SCCPCH )
24.80 %
26.78 %
1.99 %
10.00 %
3.16 %
5.01 %
Power allocation
1.00 %
2.85 %
0.79 %
Common channel power allocation
-13
Power relative to MAX BS Tx
power [dB]
-10
-15
-15
-11
-10
-15

Figure 3 Assumption conditions for the dimensioning of the dense urban area
In the conditions mentioned above, the configurations of sector 3 can be
obtained with the dimensioning tool
10
. The number of all kinds of users supported by
each carrier/sector is 1030.
Here are the values of the four assumption conditions required for paging area
dimensioning:
Table 3 Values of the four assumption conditions for paging area dimensioning
A B C D E F G

M1(bit)
72
AMR Voice 60% 40% 25 M2(bit)
40

10
The version of the dimensioning tool is V1.2.


VideoPhone 50% 50% 25 M3(bit)
34
Email 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% M4(bit)
40
SMS 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% Ncelluser 1030
EMS/MMS 50% 50% 25 50% 50% 50% 50% k 0
L 80
Poutage 0.1
DRX parameter 8

Based on the assumption condition above and the formula deducted in Chapter
4, the calculation result is as follows:
Table 4 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of IMSI
n
Mmix

RA LA
1 3 1.738624042 0.002592996 133 133
2 3 1.741614489 0.003616996 95 190
3 3 1.74665366 0.004640996 74 222
4 3 1.744911078 0.005664996 61 244
5 3 1.745096566 0.006688996 51 255
6 3 1.745372494 0.007712996 44 264
7 3 1.745680526 0.008736996 39 273
8 3 1.745680526 0.009760996 35 280
9 3 1.746014764 0.010784996 32 288
10 3 1.746024614 0.011808996 29 290

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RA
LA

Figure 4 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of IMSI
Table 5 Location area dimemsion for paging based on CN ID of TMSI
H
RA
Erlang


n
Mmix

RA LA
1 5 3.156601287 0.002592996 242 242
2 5 3.156601287 0.003616996 173 346
3 5 3.156601287 0.004640996 135 405
4 5 3.156601287 0.005664996 110 440
5 5 3.156601287 0.006688996 93 465
6 5 3.156601287 0.007712996 81 486
7 5 3.156601287 0.008736996 71 497
8 5 3.156601287 0.009760996 64 512
9 5 3.156601287 0.010784996 58 522
10 5 3.156601287 0.011808996 53 530

0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RA
LA

Figure 5 Diagram of paging area dimensioning for paging based on CN ID of TMSI
According to the value formula for the n value in Chapter 4, we can work out
that n=1, that is, N
RA
N
LA
.
Note: For the tools used, refer to WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Tool.
6 Precautions in the Paging Area Planning
6.1 Paging Area Size Restriction
As a paging message of the network paging mobile station will be sent in many
cells, the coverage of the paging area will be too large, which will lead to overload of
the paging channel, and increase the signaling flow at the Iub interface. In addition,
the excessive paging messages will be discarded in the case of re-transmission
failure within the specified re-transmission times. This will result in paging failure to
the active UEs within the service area (that is the UE is out of service). The upper
limit of the paging area (the number of cells that can be supported by the area) is
H
RA
Erlang


limited by the bandwidth of the paging channel. The analysis in the above chapters
is mainly to determine the upper limit of the paging area.
On the contrary, if the paging area is too small, the UE will encounter frequent
location update in the traveling process, which increases the signaling flow of the
system. In the initial stage of network construction, the number of paging requests
are small, it is not necessary to plan the RA in a small size, but with the n being 1
instead. With the ever evolution of the network, the demands for PS serviced
increases. In this case, the size of the RA can be cut down. Of course, if the RA is
too small, the paging area update in the traveling process will be frequent, which will
enlarge the signaling overhead of the network side, and will shorten the standby time
of the mobile phone.
The lower limit of the RA cannot be determined by means of quantitative
analysis, which is a pending problem.
In addition, the equipment of higher version may support one cell being
configured with multiple PCCH paging channels. To ensure the balance of paging
load, the cells with the same paging channel numbers should be divided into the
same paging area (with the precondition that the cells with the same paging channel
numbers are in the same geographical area).
6.2 Geographic Distribution of Paging Area
The geographic distribution for the paging area is very important. Making the
best of the geographic distribution and behaviors of the mobile subscribers can lower
the location update frequency at the border of the paging area.
When the suburb is not covered within a continuous area with the urban area,
the location of the mobile phone cannot be updated when the periodical location
update time comes. After the protection time is time-out (set in the MSC), the system
will take that the IMSI is separated from the mobile phone. Suppose the mobile
phone travels the urban area, whose LAC is consistent with that of the suburb area,
some mobile phones will not perform normal location update immediately. In this
case, the mobile phone can receive signal but out of service. Therefore, for the
division of location area, the suburb area (county area) will be put into a location
area separate from the urban area. The location area distribution is similar to
concentric circles (the inner urban area may be set with several location areas due
to the capacity factors. The inner circle can adopt the fragmentation mode, or
inner-outer ring mode, or mixed mode), which can avoid the above problem
effectively. It is proved by practice that such a division can not only reduce the


out-of-service problem, but also greatly improve the connection completion rate and
the call completion rate.

Figure 6 Schematic diagram of location area division
On the other hand, if more than two location areas exist in a city with
high-volume traffic, they can be divided by the geographic factors such as mountain
and river, for minimizing the overlap between different cells in the two location area.
If such a geographic factor is not available, the border between two areas should be
oblique crossing with a street instead of parallel or vertical with the street. Moreover,
the border should not be a street or the place with high-volume traffic (like
department store). In the intersection of the urban area and suburb, the border
between urban area and suburb area should be put at the base station of the
periphery instead of the intersection with high-volume traffic, so as to avoid frequent
location update in the intersection.
6.3 Paging Area Crossing MSCs and RNCs
It is described in the first chapter that when several MSC shares one VLR, and
the location area/routing area can cross MSC/SGSN areas. But in practice, one
MSC is bound with one VLR in most cases, so the LA/RA can cross RNC areas
instead of MSC/SGSN areas.
However, in the actual network application, if the location area/routing area
cross multiple RNCs, the paging will be delivered to multiple RNCs, and this
increases the signaling flow and the processing difficulty. The same as the lower
limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for the impact on the


system. The primary conclusion is: the location area/routing area should be set
within the RNC without crossing RNCs.
The multi-module RNC has the same problem. If an LA/RA corresponds to
multiple RNC modules, the paging signaling initiated by the CN will be forwarded
from module to module, till to the module corresponding to this TRX. The more
modules the LA/RA corresponds to, the much signaling flow the forwarding brings.
The same as the lower limit of paging area, quantitative analysis cannot be made for
the impact on the system. The primary conclusion is: The impact on the SPU is not
serious, and can be ignored.
7 Summary of Pending Problems
The pending problems are as follows:
For the traffic modeling independent paging, the load analysis is quite
complicated with many uncertain factors, requiring further analysis on the
influence on the paging. The primary analysis result is:
1. For location service: As the usage frequency of location service is not
high, the impact on the paging capacity will be small. At present, the
scheme is one RNC supports a maximum of 400 users at the same time
(queuing supported, with the maximum queuing time of 5s).
2. For the paging caused by the security mode command, as the CN will
not frequently update the encryption or the completeness protection
parameters, the impact on the paging capacity is small.
3. The system message update occupies a small signaling load, so the
impact can be ignored.
4. Cell update will be caused by downlink data transmission or release of
RRC connection by the CN side. The former cause is considered in the
traffic modeling, and the latter one seldom occurs, so the impact can be
ignored.
5. ((
The lower limit of the paging area cannot be defined by means of
quantitative analysis. It is affected by two factors:
1. Frequent location update increases the system signaling load.
2. Fast mobile phone power consumption
For the first factor, the upper limit of the SPU processing capability of the
RNC is restricted by the occupation rate of the CPU, while the CPU
occupation is not only related to the signaling flow for location update. So
quantitative analysis must be performed by means of test in the lab


environment based on some assumption conditions. Figure 7 shows the
test result of Huaweis RNC performed by Motorola with the typical
parameter setting. We can learn that the contribution of the location update
signaling load is big. As to the second factor, research can not be
performed yet.
There is no reasonable specification for the average value of cell paging
load L% yet. It is 30% in Ericsons documentation and 90% in the relevant
documents of CDMA2000 (CDMA System Design Optimization).
The re-transmission interval of CN is also restricted by the paging area size
and minimum time of response to paging. Especially every NodeB works
asynchronously without GPS, the paging efficiency and paging success
rate will be affected in a large degree.
The PCCH has two formats: 240bit/10ms TTI and 80bit/10ms. Obviously,
the paging capability of the former one is greater than the latter one. But, it
is necessary to analyze the advantage of the latter one (for example,
whether the demodulation success rate is higher than the former one). This
is responsible by the link emulation working team.

Figure 7 Motorola test result


List of reference:
[1] Location Area Capacity Planning Guideline, GSM Network Planning Department 2002/04,
internal document
[2] CDMA1X Location Area Planning Guideline Shenzhen Subdivision of Radio Network
System Department, 2003/01, Internal document
[3] Concepts about Area in the PLMN Architecture Tai Xiaomei 2001/12 Internal document
[4] 23.121,23.002,23.003,25.331,25.413 3GPP 2002/06 Internet
[5] WCDMA Paging Area Analysis Report Zhang Jingrong 2001/05 Internal document
[6] LOCATION AREA DIMENSIONING GUIDELINE CME 20 R6 Ericsson 1996/12
Unknown
[7] WCDMA-Dimensioning-tool Gu Jufeng 2003/01 Internal document

WCDMA RNP Paging Area Planning Guidance

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