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POODLE

VIOLIN

LEVEL 3:MEMORY
Lecture2 DeclarativeMemory Dr.AlexaMorcom Lectures14
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BICYCLE

SNAKE

Somethingstotrytorememberforlater

OVERVIEW

SOME PAST EXAM QUESTIONS

May2009 Whatfactorsoperatingat thetimeofmemory encoding di and dretrieval i l determinewhetherornot werememberspecific events? May2010 Whymightmemoryfor aneventbeinaccurate? Di Discuss with ithexamples. l

Episodicmemory:thenatureofrecollection Whatsupportseffectiveencoding E i di and Episodic dsemantic i memory EncodingandRetrieval Declarativememoryinpractice

Answerthequestion Planastructuredresponse Drawondifferentkindsof evidence

LEARNING FOR EXAMS

Whatkindofmemorydoyouwantto acquire? Howisbesttoacquireit? Startwithmemoryforanevent.... Specificeventhasspatial&temporalcontext

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WHATS IN A RECOLLECTION?
Wewent to the What did Ido cinema terrible formylast filmbutagreat birthday? barafterwards!
Associations betweendetails e.g.didyougo toseethisfilm withhim?Or her?
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FAMILIARITY VERSUS RECOLLECTION

Source/ Contextual information:the cinema,the weather,the timeofyear,who elsewasthere

Familiarityasanexperience inrecognition Thebutcheronthebusphenomenon Fast, ,feelsautomaticandcanbestrong g but containsnodetailandnocontext Notatrueepisodicmemory norecollection,i.e., relivingofthepast(Tulving 1985) (doesnotapplytoRecall tests)

Buildingblocksof recollection binding ofitemstospatial& temporalcontext,and bindingtooneanother

THE EXPERIENCE OF FAMILIARITY

Justknowingyouveencountereditbefore Weakintuitiontocompellinglystrongbelief Whatisit?

Fluentprocessing(~=priming)plususeofaheuristic
(Huppert&Piercy,1978)

Aweakformofrecollection(Squire,1994) Aseparatememoryprocess(Eichenbaum,1994)

Colleague?Fromthecornershop?
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Eichenbaum etal.(2007)

Deephits=shallowhits

Deephits>shallowhits

EVENTRELATED POTENTIAL STUDY

Deephits=shallowhits Deephits>shallowhits

ERPMEMORY RETRIEVAL SUCCESSEFFECTS BRAIN

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ACTIVITY IS DIFFERENT FOR REMEMBERED AND NEW ITEMS

Rugg etal.(2002)

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Scalpdistributionofthe2effectsdiffers thissuggests thattheyarisefromdifferentregionsofthebrain

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EPISODIC MEMORY
MentalTimeTravelTulving (1972;1983) Linkedwithaspecifictimeandplace context
involvedinRememberinganevent

Asenseoffamiliaritymaynotbe accompaniedbyvividepisodicmemorywith contextual ld details il i.e. i Recollection R ll i TheERPfindingsofadoubledissociation suggestthatfamiliarityreflectsaseparate processfromrecollection,althoughthisis debated.
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Theeventcouldbeawordfromalistora
personalevent

DifferentfromSemanticMemory,i.e.,factual
Knowledge thisisacontextual

relivingthepast

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THE REMEMBERING BRAIN

Experiencing Recollecting

THE REMEMBERING BRAIN

Recollectionreinstatesprocessingoriginallycarriedout
atthetimeofencoding(Wheeler&Buckner,2001)

Thisreinstatementoftheretrievedepisodemay
underlie d l the h subjective b experienceof frecollection ll

Thehippocampusisrequiredforencodingepisodes Itisalsoinvolvedinrecollectingthem,atleastfor
Event1
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recentepisodes

Corticalhippocampalinteractions supportingepisodicmemory Hippocampusbindsfeatures&context

(seeLecture2) (Also:roleofcontrol,e.g.byprefrontalcortex)
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WouldyounoticeiftheUniversityLibrarywasknocked
down?

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Changeblindness
Rosielle&Scaggs(2008)

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ENCODING EPISODIC MEMORIES

Mereexposureisnotenoughtorememberlater Evenrepeatedpresentationandeveryday familiaritydonot guaranteememoryfora particulardetailorfeature Whatdetermineswhatandhowmuchwe rememberfromasingleevent?

Trytorememberthesewords

Keyboard Siphon Lentil Cushion Viper

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Readthislistofwordsandcountthe numberofvowelsineach

Whatdidy youthinkaboutwheny youtriedto

rememberthefirstlistofwords?

Canyouthinkofanothermethodthatmight
makethemstickinyourmemorybetter?

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Chariot Bulldozer Bear Skewer Ant

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Readthislistofwordsanddecide whethereachreferstoalivingora nonlivingthing

Howmanyoftheitemsonthefirstslidecan youremember?

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Pendant Cello Gazelle Bagpipes Larva

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Bagpipes Bicycle Poodle Ant Bear Snake Violin Bulldozer

Pictures more distinctive?

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Bagpipes Bicycle Poodle Ant Bear Snake Violin Bulldozer

4animals 2ofwhichare dangerous (or3ofwhichare scary,etc) ) plus 2instruments & 2vehicles

FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY FOR WORD LISTS:

Virtue History Silence Life Value Mathematics Dissent Lowimageability

Church Beggar Carpet Arm Hat Teapot Dragon Highimageability

Frequency AgeofAcquisition WordLength PhonologicalSimilarity Visual lSimilarity l EaseofPronunciation PartofSpeech etc.

Whichofthese factorsaffect LongTerm Memory? Whichaffect mainlyShort TermMemory?

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Imageablewordsareeasiertoremember(Paivio 1971) DualCodeTheory ImageplusVerbalcodeforimageable Wordsproducesrichermemorytrace.

Atoolforselectingwordlists TheMRCPsycholinguisticDatabase http://www.psy.uwa.edu.au/mrcdatabase/uwa_mrc.htm

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OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING MEMORY FOR WORD LISTS:

Frequency AgeofAcquisition WordLength PhonologicalSimilarity Visual lSimilarity l EaseofPronunciation PartofSpeech etc.

SUMMARY:EPISODIC MEMORY IS GENERALLY BETTER FOR...

Picturesthanwords Moreeasilyimageable words Nairne Lessfrequent q wordsinthelanguage g g Concretethanabstractwords

Whichofthese factorsaffect LongTerm Memory? Whichaffect mainlyShort TermMemory?

check

Atoolforselectingwordlists TheMRCPsycholinguisticDatabase http://www.psy.uwa.edu.au/mrcdatabase/uwa_mrc.htm

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Onehypothesis:someoftheseareeasierto rememberbecausetheyaremoredistinctive (Einstein&Hunt1980;Hunt2012)

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WHICH ARE OLD WORDS AND WHICH ARE NEW WORDS?

Wigwam Larva Bagpipes Shoelace Pendant Snail Gazelle Cello Gorse Stetson

Distinctiveness e.g. From Hunt

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Ant Yarn Zipper Skewer Pheasant Bulldozer Bear Chariot Tabby Airbed

Living/nonliving

Syllablecounting

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Wigwam Larva Bagpipes Shoelace Pendant Snail Gazelle Cello Gorse Stetson

Ant Yarn Zipper Skewer Pheasant Bulldozer Bear Chariot Tabby Airbed

Didyouremembermoreofthewordsfromthe
vowelcountinglist?

orfromtheliving/nonlivingjudgementlist?

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LEVELS OF PROCESSING
DRAGON

ENCODING EPISODIC MEMORY LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Shallowprocessing Appearanceupper/lowercase? LessShallow DoesitrhymewithWagon DeepProcessing Meaning:MythicalFlyingCreature? DeeperProcessingLeadstoBetterRecall. (EK6 onlinedemonstration) Craik &Lockhart(1972) NomemorySystems,just
differentLevelsofProcessing.Deeper=better.
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Anotherinsight:Memorytracesarerecords ofprocessingcarriedoutforpurposesof perception&comprehension Isdeeperprocessingbetterbecauseitdoes moreofsomethingthanshallowprocessing? Orcanweencodeinformationinqualitatively differentways? Usebrainimagingmeasuresofactivityduring encoding

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MORE THAN ONE KIND OF ENCODING? ANEUROIMAGING STUDY

Otten etal.(2001):Functionalmagneticresonance
imaging(fMRI)usedtomeasurebrainactivitywhile encodingwhichpredicts latermemory

SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM
FunctionalMRIstudy MeasurebrainactivityinMRIscannerwhilst
peoplestudynewwordlists

Ifwecanencodeindifferentways,brainactivity
associatedwithdeepandshallowencodingshould bedifferentinkind differentregions Study: S1 S2 S3 S4

Deeptask livingornonlivingjudgement Shallow(er)task odd/evennumberofsyllables

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THIS IS BRAIN ACTIVITY AT THE TIME OF MEMORY ENCODING

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SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM

SUBSEQUENT MEMORYPARADIGM
vs. Subsequently Remembered Subsequently Forgotten BRAIN ACTIVITY

Study: S1 Test:
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Study: S2 S3 S4 Test:
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S1

S2

S3

S4

THAT PREDICTS MEMORY LATER ON

Remembered:S1,S3

Forgotten:S2,S4

Remembered:S1,S3

Forgotten:S2,S4

BACKSORTBY LATER MEMORY FOR ITEMS

MORE THAN ONE KIND OF ENCODING? ANEUROIMAGING STUDY

Deep task

STAGESOF EPISODIC MEMORY

Neuroimaging measures ENCODING

Brainactivityassociatedwith
deepandshallowencodingis differentinkind Leftinferiorfrontalcortex semanticprocessing Leftparietalcortex phonologicalprocessing

STORAGE

RETRIEVAL Behaviouralmeasures

Shallow task
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Otten etal.,2001

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EVALUATION:LEVELS OF PROCESSING

MEANING IN EPISODIC MEMORY LEVELS OF PROCESSING

Yes,meaningfulprocessing(often)helps Suggeststhatmeaningisanimportantfactorin
episodicencoding BUT Howcanonemeasuredepthandsopredict memorability? Limitedutilityasanexplanationofwhy (&when)processingformeaningsupports remembering
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Episodicmemoryencodingislargelyincidentaland canbedifferentfordifferentevents Howwethinkaboutthingsismoreimportantthan whetherwetrytolearnthem Aprocessingviewofmemory whatmattersis notarchitectureorSystemsbutvaryingprocesses (actions) Memoriesarenotabstractionsbutrelatedtothe processesthatgeneratedthem
Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002

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INTERIM SUMMARY:EPISODIC
ENCODING

EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC MEMORY

Episodicmemoryencodingislargelyincidentaland canbedifferentfordifferentevents Howwethinkaboutthingsismoreimportantthan whetherwetrytolearnthem Aprocessingviewofmemory whatmattersis notarchitectureorSystemsbutvaryingprocesses (actions) Memoriesarenotabstractionsbutrelatedtothe processesthatgeneratedthem

BotharetypesofDeclarativememory TheSystemsviewsdiffer(Lecture2): OneDeclarativeMemorySystem(Squire)? SeparateSystems?(Tulving/Schacter) EffectofdeepprocessingsuggestsEpisodic andSemanticmemorycooperatebutthey couldstillbedistinct

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Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002

EPISODIC VS.SEMANTIC MEMORY

STORY MEMORY

Doubleneuropsychologicaldissociations?

Hippocampaldamageimpairsepisodicmemory,
with(largely)intactsemanticmemory

But debateaboutlearningofnewfacts facts,whichis

possible,butmaybeimpaired

Semanticdementia(anteriortemporalcortical
damage):selectiveimpairmentofknowledge,& (relatively)preservedepisodicmemory,atleastif emphasiseperceptualinformation But episodicmemoryisnotatnormallevels
Spiers etal.(2001);Grahametal.(2001);EK6chapter7

FromPsychology1:Aconceptual frameworkiscriticalforunderstanding, andformemory Episodic&Semanticmemoryare closelyrelated 48

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Bransford &Johnson1972

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SCHEMAS AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS

SCHEMAS AND THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Suggeststhatknowledgecanhelpassimilationof
EpisodesdirectlyintoKnowledgestructure

PreliminarystudiesusingfMRI inhumanssupportthis Furtherevidenceofinteractiverelationshipbetween

EpisodicandSemanticmemory

Tse etal(2007)taughtratsaSchema ameaningfulcontext forlearningplaceodourassociations LearningthenhelpedbytheSchema anditrapidly(4hours insteadof>1month)becamehippocampusindependent

Couldexplainmixedevidencere.newfactlearning(?) DotheyfitdefinitionsforseparateSystems?Notfully. Whatdoesthismeanfortheacquisitionofknowledge?

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Tse etal.(2007);VanKesteren,Hensonetal.(2012)

EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC MEMORY

Conwayetal.(1997)

ANOTE ON AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL
MEMORY

Testedpsychologystudentsimmediatelyafteralecture
courseandinadelayedtest(exam)

Episodicmemorymayunderlie
Autobiographicalmemory allacquired viap personally yexperienced p events

Immediatelyafterlectures lectures,betterperformingstudents
Rememberedfactsinaparticularlecture

Atdelayedtest,theyKnewtheFactsratherthan
Rememberedthelecture

Butalso therearepersonalfactsand
knowledgestructures

SuggestsashiftfromEpisodictoSemanticMemoryand
generalisation beyondinitialcontext.

TheoriesofAutobiographicalmemoryas
differentandrelatedtoselfschema (e.g. Gilboa etal.,2004)
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Or,possibly,schemadependentfastacquisition.
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DISCUSSION:MEMORY &STUDYING

MNEMONICS AND MEMORY STRATEGY

JoshuaFoer taught himselftomemorisea packofcardsinorder in1minute40seconds http://www.guardian.co. uk/books/2011/apr/10/ moonwalkingeinstein joshuafoerreview

Whichapproacheswillhelp?E.g.

Readingthroughatextbookchapterorlecture Summarisingalectureorchapter Rote R rehearsal h lof fthe h material i l Testingyourselfonthematerial Gettinginterestedinthematerial Drawingadiagram
(NB:Individualdifferences)

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ThinkaboutWHY theywill/willnothelp

Canyouthinkofhowhedidthis? What isthemethodofloci?Whydoesthiswork?

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MNEMONICS AND MEMORY STRATEGY

DISCUSSION:MEMORY &STUDYING

JoshuaFoer

"At the front door, I saw my friend Liz vivisecting a pig (two of hearts, two of diamonds diamonds, three of hearts) "

Whichapproacheswillhelp?E.g.

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Multiplestrategies Loci+plentyofelaboration,visualisation WhatIhadreallytrainedmybraintodo,asmuchasto memorise,wastobemoremindful,andtopayattentiontothe worldaroundme.Rememberingcanonlyhappenifyoudecideto takenotice."

Readingthroughatextbookchapterorlecture Summarisingalectureorchapter Rote R rehearsal h lof fthe h material i l Testingyourselfonthematerial Gettinginterestedinthematerial Drawingadiagram
(NB:Individualdifferences)

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ThinkaboutWHY theywill/willnothelp

STAGESOF EPISODIC MEMORY

Ifweencode(andconsolidate)information effectively,thatsenough,right?
ENCODING

STORAGE

RETRIEVAL

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STAGES OF MEMORY

LAB TASKS TAPPING EPISODIC MEMORY

Whathappensatencoding isimportant

Recognition

Between encodingandtheeventualmemorytest Repetitionoftheinformationhelps(reencoding) Retrievalpractice testingyourself isbetter. Helpsinrevision.(Testingeffect;Baddeley p.370)

Haveyouseenthispersonbefore? Cueistheitem,yourecallthecontext

C drecall Cued ll

Whatisthispersonsname? Cueisassociatedwiththeitemorcontext

Freerecall

Whatmattersatthetimeofeventualretrieval?
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Nameallthepeopleyouhaveevermet Cuemustbeinternallygenerated Contextcanalsoprovidecues

SeeKarpicke &Roediger,Science,2008

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ENVIRONMENTAL STATE AND CONTEXT

Statedependentmemory
retrievalbetterifpersonisina similarstate(internalcontext) whennewinformationislearned andwhenitsretrieved Mood (Ucros 1989) theeffects arestrongerforpositivemoodand personalevents Externalaswellasinternalcontext e.g.beingunderwateroronland (diversstudiedbyGodden& Baddeley 1975)

CUES AND CONTEXT IN EPISODIC MEMORY

Askpeopletolearnalistofpairsofwords
Traffic Jam Piano Heavy

Latercuedforrecall
WordrelatedtoStrawberryintheoriginallist? Musicalinstrumentintheoriginallist?

Difficult becausetheinformationwasencodedina
differentcontext.
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Tulving &Thomson(1973)

CUES AND CONTEXT IN EPISODIC MEMORY

Tulving (1974,1976,1983)CuedependentForgetting
and EncodingSpecificityPrinciple

STUDYING ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL

Retrievalcondition A Encoding condition A B A A B A B A B B B

Morrisetal.(1977)TransferAppropriateProcessing Anitemisencodedwithrespecttocontext Amemorytraceincorporatesboth targetandcontext Cuesatretrievalaremoreeffectivethebetterthey

matchtheoriginalcontextatthetimeofencodingand thesoughtforinformation
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Morrisetal.(1977);Tulving (1983)

TRANSFERAPPROPRIATE PROCESSING
0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0 50 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20

TRANSFERAPPROPRIATE PROCESSING AND DEPTH OF PROCESSING

Standard test

Whenaskedifitemsare oldornew,people remembered semantically encodedonesbest (generatedtofitsentences) Whencuedwithrhyming items,peopleremembered therhymeencodedonesbest (generatedtomakerhymes)

Processingwhichappearstohelpmemorymaynothelp whenmemoryistestedinadifferentway(theprocessing doesnottransfer) Transferappropriateprocessingcanoverridedepthof processing impliesthatprocessing withinasystem,not (just)architecture,iscriticalinmemory Measurematchofencodingandretrievalcueprocessing withbrainimaging encodingactivitymoreprominentin picturesensitiveregionswhenmemorytestuseda pictureasacue fMRIbyPark&Rugg(2007)
Roediger,Gallo,Geraci 2002

Rhyming test Rhyme Semantic Studyphaseorientingtask

Studytestmatchimprovedperformance

Morrisetal.,1977

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INTERIM SUMMARY
WhathappensatencodingmattersforEpisodicmemory Butreminders retrievalcues arealsocritical Soisthematch betweenencodingandretrieval Therightcueandcontextincreasesthismatch forgettinginlongtermmemoryisNOTjustpassive
decayovertime Howdoesthistranslateoutsidethelab?
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SIMPLE LABORATORY APPROACH TO LTM

EBBINGHAUS,1885/1913 Forgettingcurve derivedfrom repeatedrelearning ofnonwordlists Amountof informationlost betweentestswas roughlylogarithmic overtime Simpletask but manykindsofLTM maycontribute

DIARY STUDIES:LINTON (1978)

N=1 Marigold Linton

VERIFICATION LINTON (1978)

Infirstyearmosteventsremembered SteadyforgettingnotdecayovertimeunlikeEbbinghaus 32%ofeventsforgottenat6years Repeatedeventsloseepisodicquality butweremorelikelytoberemembered e.g.>60%of oldermemoriesforgottenifnottested,nearly60% rememberedifwere.Substantialeffect. Sowereeventsinacategory e.g.regularmeetings Slowerforgettingofpleasantevents

Delay (Years)
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23eventsrecordedeachdayover6years 2semirandomlypickedlater,monthly,forrecallof details,dates.Deleteeventfileifforgotten.

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Rehearsals

PRACTICE &SPACED REPETITION

N=1 William Wagenaar

Revision:Revisitinginformationafterabreak helpsmemory=spacedlearning(vs.massed) Expandingspacingisprobablybestbutdepends onretentioninterval(toexam)

Revise Revise Revise Revise Revise
(Shortlag) (Expandingspacing, i.e.Increasinglag)

Lecture Wagenaar (1986) Improvedevent selection.Consistentwith arelativelypassivemodel reinforcedbyrehearsal? Lecture Lecture

Wagenaar,1986
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Exam Exam Exam

Revise

(Longlag,1+ months,if>6 months)

MetaanalysisbyCepeda,Pashler etal.,2006

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TESTING THEORIES OF SPACED REPETITION

Analysethe
similarityof patternsofbrain activity correlations acrossmultiple pointlocations (voxels) Similarityof activityassumed toreflect similarityof processing Doesprocessing similarlypredict latermemory?

TESTING THEORIES OF SPACED REPETITION

Encodingvariability
hypothesis slightly differentprocessingon eachrepetitionhelps Retrievalpractice/ reactivationhypothesis repetitionofsame processingviaretrieval helps ThesefMRIdatasupport reactivationhypothesis Morethan1factormay beimportant,however (e.g.consolidation)
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Similarityforsubsequently Rememberedvs.Forgotten

Inregionsofinterestalreadyknowntobe importantforprocessingfaces,processing acrossrepetitionswasmoresimilarforthe faceswhichwerelaterremembered

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fMRIstudy facesrepeated4x somelater remembered andsomeforgotten(cf.Otten)

Xue etal.,2010; Cepeda etal.,2006

SUMMARY OF LECTURE 2

TEST YOURSELF
3.

EpisodicMemoryinvolvesencodingand recollectionofacontextuallyspecificepisode Encoding gdepends p onp processing gatthetime Episodicforgettingiscuedependent Retentionreflectsuse(retrieval)ofthe memoryaswellaselapsedtime Manyofthesefactorsdifferfromthose importantfortemporarymemory

Episodicmemory

DependsonadifferentSystemfrom
Autobiographicalmemory

Includesyourskillssuchasplayingthepiano Isbetterforinformationthathasbeenretrieved
frequently

Isbetterforunhappyevents

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FROM LAST WEEK

15.

Semanticmemory

WatchclipsfromMemento(2000)onLearn Whatisthemistakeinthefilm? WhichimportantdissociationsdoesLeonard (themaincharacter)illustrate? DoyouthinkSammysinsuranceclaimis honest?

HelpsEpisodicrememberingviadepthof
processingeffects

SupportsEpisodicrememberingviaSchema
effects IsaterminventedbyEbbinghaus DependscriticallyontheMedialTemporalLobes

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HOMEWORK:ASIMPSONSCELL?

http://scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2008/ 09/05/memorylessonsfromhomersimpson/ WhatsrightaboutHomerstheoryofmemory? WhatswrongwithHomerstheoryofmemory? DowehaveSimpsonscellsinourMTL?Dowe haveComedycellsinourMTL?

(google thelinkifclickingitfails)

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