2011 17th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC) 2nd 5th October 2011 | Sutera Harbour Resort, Kota Kinabalu,

, Sabah, Malaysia

Blind Technique to Lower the PAPR of the MCCDMA System without complexity
Montadar Abas Taher JS Mandeep Mahamod Ismail
Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor D.E., MALAYSIA aya2002@ eng.ukm.my mandeep@eng.ukm.my mahamod@eng.ukm.my Hussain Falih Mahdi Dept. of Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor D.E., MALAYSIA phd_hfm@eng.ukm.my differences in signal strength from mobile transmitters impose stringent requirements on adjacent channel interference (ACI) suppression" [2]. So that, the PAPR problem should be minimised as low as possible. There are several methodologies to reduce the PAPR values [3]. The most popular methods are the Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) [4], Selected Mapping (SLM) [5], and the clipping and filtering [6]. SLM and PTS are needed to transmit some side information; consequently, it will affect on the transmission rate. The complexity will be increased also due to the multiple representation of the signal in both SLM and PTS but the SLM performs better than the PTS with respect the computational complexity at the same amount of the side information. The BER don not effected due to the multiple representations. The BER will be affected if the side information have been lost so that, this is a drawback on these techniques. The clipping and filtering are the simplest method with respect to the complexity, but, it will increase the BER significantly. We proposed a novel technique to reduce the PAPR blindly without any even one bit of side information and no increased system complexity. It is based on using a phase re distributor such as the IFFT to reduce the PAPR. The remaining of this paper are organized as follows; section II depicts a review for the MC CDMA and the Walsh Hadamard (WH) spreading code, in section III, the proposed technique will be explained, the simulation results will be presented in section IV, and finally, section V shows the conclusions. II. REVIEW OF MC CDMA AND WALSH HADAMARD
SEQUENCES

Abstract The main drawback of the Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC CDMA) systems is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). MC CDMA is the best candidate for the fourth generation of mobile communications. Many works present techniques to reduce the PAPR like the Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Selected Mapping (SLM), Clipping and Filtering and so on, but all are either increases the system complexity or reduce the Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. In this paper, we proposed a technique that is easy to implement and enhance the BER performance at the same time. The key idea of this method is based on a phase changing transform. We have used the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) as a phase re distributor which consequently will reduce the PAPR at the same time it will enhance the Walsh Hadamard spreading code when it is not fully loaded. Simulation results show good enhancement with respect of PAPR and the BER approximately doesnt affected without increasing the complexity. Keywords-CDMA; OFDM; MC CDMA; PAPR; IFFT

I.

INTRODUCTION

The future generation of communications need to provide a high amount of users, good quality, and high speed of data. The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system could multiplex the user's signals using one of many available spreading codes. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple (OFDM) system could send the data over subcarriers; hence, high bit rate, besides, it combats the Intersymbol Interference (ISI) through the guard period. When thy combined these two systems together [1], a powerful system called MC CDMA has been obtained which it provides the advantages of both these two systems. Despite all these unquestionable advantages, the system has a major drawback represented by the PAPR. The PAPR comes from the envelope variations of the OFDM symbol. "Because in practice, any transmission system reveals some non linear characteristics and, moreover, is peak power limited. Nonlinearities cause spectral widening of the transmit signal resulting in unwanted out of band (OOB) noise, a major concern especially in radio applications where possibly large

This section explains the basic principle of work for the MC CDMA and the spreading code. A. MC CDMA System. A basic block diagram for the system is shown in fig. 1 (a) for the transmitter and fig. 1 (b) for the receiver. First, the users (u1, u2 uk) will be multiplexed after each one is spread using WH spreading codes, second, they will pass through a

978-1-4577-0390-4/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

688

serial to parallel block, third, to the IFFT processor of length ML, then a parallel to serial and finally, a guard interval insertion (GII). Mathematically, it can be denoted as [7].
c1 u1 I F F T

III.

PROPOSED METHOD

ck uk

S/P

P/S

GII

The key idea of this paper is to implement a phase and magnitude redistribution. This can be achieved by applying an IFFT before the IFFT of the OFDM part. As known, the IFFT transform will convert from frequency domain to time domain, but if we see, it distributes the elements of the vector that comes from the multiplexer of the CDMA part to produce new elements of new magnitudes and phases as we can conclude it from its mathematical equation: dk =

(a)
c1 P GIR S/P F F T / S ck uk u1

n=0

N 1

Dn e

j 2n

k N

(4.a)

And in matrix form it will be, d =W D where 1 1 1 w 2 1 w W = n 1 1 w and w = e j 2 N (5) According to (4.b), the elements in D will be redistributed in amplitude and phase resulting in a new vector which will pass through the OFDM part to undergo to a second IFFT process. This gives lower values of PAPR due to the phase redistributing. WH transform will be used as the spreading code sequences to our simulated system. It performs badly at low number of active users. In our technique, it showed better performance, where the problem of low active users has been overcame as will be seen in the simulation results in section IV. This technique doesnt need to send even one bit of side information because the transform will be known in both the transmitter and the receiver. The computational complexity has been reduced significantly compared to SLM-method, where the SLM needs UN (1 + 0.5 log 2 ( N )) operation of multiplications while our technique requires only two IFFT processes to be 2( N 2 log 2 N ) = N log 2 N operation of multiplications, where U is the total number of phase rotation vectors that required by the SLM method. IV.
SIMULATION RESULTS

(4.b) w w 2( N 1) w N ( N 1) 1
N 1

(4.c)

(b)
Figure 1. Simple block diagram for MC CDMA

S (t ) =

u
m =1 l =1 k =1

(k )cl (k )e

t j 2 {M (l 1)+ (m 1)} Ts

(1)

Where 0 t

Ts . In (1),

High PAPR is the conclusion of the superposition of statistically independent subcarriers which may constructively add. If so, a high PAPR will happened. The PAPR can be defied as,

s (t ) 2 PAPR = max E s (t ) 2 (2) Hence, the maximum value of the numerator represents the peak power, and the denominator is the mean power. As discussed in section I, the PAPR will cause increased BER.

[ ]

B. Walsh Hadamard Spreading Codes (WH) WH codes are an orthogonal matrix, and can be generated as follows [8]: H n = [0] (3.a) Hn H (3.b) H 2n = n H n H n Repeating so forth, we will get a higher orders of the matrix. The row/columns of this matrix are orthogonal to each other. It is a very good spreading code and simple in implementation but it performs badly when it is low loaded. At high loading or fully loading, it performs good regarding to the PAPR values [8].

We will consider some simulation scenarios to show the usefulness of the proposed method in terms of the PAPR reduced values. The most important factor to be set for all the simulation scenarios is the over sampling factor, it will be the same for all the cases and equals 4 [9]. The PAPR to be captured carefully, the cumulative complementary distributive function (CCDF) of the PAPR will be used rather than the absolute PAPR [10 & 11]. The three scenarios are displayed in table I.

689

TABLE I. Scenario 1 2 3
N (IFFT)

THE THREE SIMULATION SCENARIOS

WH (length)

No. active users

1024 2048 4096

64 128 64

16, 32, 48, 64 32, 64, 96, 128 16, 32, 48, 64

As recorded in table I, the first case is for N = 1024 subcarriers, 64 spreading codes, and for different active users starting at 16 user to 64 user which is the case of fully loaded system. The simulation results for this scenario are shown in fig. 2. We see that for the first load (16 users), the PAPR has been reduced from about 13 dB to around 11 dB. For the second load (32 users), the PAPR has been reduced from 12.6 dB to 11.4 dB. For 75 % loading (48 active user), it has been reduced from 12 dB to 11.7 dB. The fully loaded case has a reduction from 12 dB to 11.5 dB. Fig. 2 shows that the plotted lines (without IFFT), the PAPR maybe higher than the plotted values because it is not reached the PAPRoaxis. The second simulated scenario is for N = 2048, WH = 128 users, and the active users are 32, 64, 96, and 128 respectively as depicted in fig. 3. A significant reduction in the PAPR values has been captured. For the first case where the number of active users was 32, the reduction in the PAPR was from 13 dB to 11.5 dB. When the active users were 64, it has a reduction of around 1.3 dB, for 96 active users, the PAPR reduced around 0.6 dB. For 100 % active users, it reduced from 12 dB to about 11.8 dB. The last scenario to be simulated is that when N = 4096 of subcarriers, WH length is 64, and the active users were 16, 32, 48, and 64 user respectively. The simulation results have been explained in fig. 4. From fig. 4, we see that for 25 % loading, the PAPR reduced about 2 dB. For 50 % and 75 % load, it has been enhanced about 2 dB, and 0.5 dB respectively. Finally, for the fully loading (64 user), we captured 0.3 dB enhancement in the PAPR values. The BER performance of the proposed system compared to the conventional system for all the three simulated scenarios are shown in fig. 5 7. For the first and second case as depicted in fig. 5 and 6 respectively, the performance of the BER of our proposed technique is approximately same as the conventional system and sometimes better (little bit) but for low loading, the BER performance is lower for the second scenario (see fig. 6). For the last case, the number of subcarriers has been increased up to 4096. The BER also approximately the same performance as depicted in fig. 7. It is clear, there is no need to increase the transmit power to get the same BER otherwise very little (0.5 dB or less). An important point to be emphasised here is that the WH spreading code had performed better at low system loading (low number of active users) as explained in fig. 2, 3, and 4 respectively. V.
CONCLUSIONS

PAPR has been improved compared to other reduction techniques such as PTS and the SLM methods. For the computation complexity point of view, it has been reduced significantly with respect to the PTS and the SLM. Regarding the BER, if we compare our technique with the clipping and filtering technique, the performance is accepted and better than that for the clipping technique. The other notation that we should emphasis it here is the WH performance. It performs better with our technique with respect to the system loading. As known, the WH spreading codes performs badly when the loading is low. In our method, this problem has been overcome without need to other manipulation processes, so that, the system complexity still not increased for all the simulated scenarios.

Figure 2.

First scenario simulation results of the PAPR

A novel technique to reduce the PAPR in MC CDMA system based on inserting the IFFT transform has been presented. To show the effectiveness of our technique, we have simulated three scenario cases as explained in table I. the

Figure 3.

Second scenario simulation results of the PAPR

690

Figure 7. Figure 4. Third scenario simulation results of the PAPR

Third scenario simulation results of the BER.

REFERENCES
[1] N. Yee, J.P.M.G. Linnartz and G. Fettweis, " Multi-Carrier CDMA in indoor wireless Radio Networks," IEEE Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) Int. Conference, Sept. 1993, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 109-113. [2] Ye (Geoffrey) LI, Gordon Stuber, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Communications, 2006 Springer. [3] Seung Hee Han; Jae Hong Lee, " An overview of peak-to-average power ratio reduction techniques for multicarrier transmission," IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 12, pp. 5665, April 2005. [4] Muller, S.H.; Huber, J.B., "OFDM with reduced peak-to-average power ratio by optimum combination of partial transmit sequences," IEEE Electronic Lett., vol. 33, pp. 368369, February 1997. [5] R.W. Bguml, R.F.H. Fischer and J.B. Huber, "Reducing the peak-toaverage power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping," IEEE Electronic Lett., vol. 32, pp. 20562057, October 1996. [6] O'Neill, R.; Lopes, L.B., "Envelope variations and spectral splatter in clipped multicarrier signals," Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 1995. PIMRC'95, vol. 1, pp. 7175, September 1995. [7] Shinsuke Hara, Ramjee Prasad, Multicarrier Techniques for 4G Mobile Communications, Shinsuke Hara and Ramjee Prasad 2003. [8] Mosa Ali Abu-Rgheff, Introduction to CDMA Wireless Communications, Elsevier Ltd. 2007. [9] C. Tellambura, Computation of the continuous-time PAR of an OFDM signal with BPSK subcarriers, IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 5, pp. 185187, May 2001. [10] Ibrahim Ismail Al-kebsi, "The Impact of Modulation Adaptation and Power Control on Peak to Average Power Ratio Clipping Technique in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing of Fourth Generation Systems," Journal of Applied Sciences, VOL.8, pp. 27762780, 2008. [11] Ibrahim Ismail Al-kebsi, Mahamod Ismail, Kasmiran Jumari1 and T. A. Rahman, "Throughput Enhancement and Performance Improvement of the OFDM Based WLAN System, " IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9 No.4 , pp. 138148, April 2009.

Figure 5.

First scenario simulation results of the BER.

Figure 6.

Second scenario simulation results of the BER.

691