A Technical Seminar Report On Cloud Computing

Submitted towards partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted to Mrs. Moumita Ghosh

Submitted by Aarti Khare 090181 CSE 4th yr

Cloud Computing

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my immense gratitude to The Dean Prof J. V. Desai, Prof. Prema K.V (H.O.D CSE) for providing all the required resources for the successful completion of our seminar, Mrs. Moumita Ghosh for her valuable guidance and suggestions in the preparation of the seminar report and all the faculty members of the Department of Computer Science for encouraging me and giving me the moral support, not only regarding this seminar but also throughout my studies at this institute. I also thank to all of my fellow classmates, friends and well wishers for showing their support and cooperation towards me.

Aarti Khare 090181

Cloud Computing

INDEX
1.ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................ 3 2.INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 4 3.HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 6 4.WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING ............................................................................... 8 5.CLOUD ARCHITECTURE ................................................................................................... 9 5.1. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE:. ................................................................................... 11 5.2. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: ................................................................................... 12 5.3. INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE:. ...................................................................... 13 5.4. DATA AS A SERVICE:. .............................................................................................. 13 6.COMPONENTS ................................................................................................................... 14 7.TYPES OF CLOUDS ........................................................................................................... 15 7.1. PUBLIC CLOUD .......................................................................................................... 15 7.2. HYBRID CLOUD ......................................................................................................... 15 7.3. PRIVATE CLOUD ....................................................................................................... 15 8.ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................... 16 9.CLOUD COMPUTING ISSUES.......................................................................................... 17 10.APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................. 21 11.CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES .................................................................................. 23 12.CHARACTERSTICS ......................................................................................................... 25 13..ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING .................................................................. 26 14.DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING ..................................................................... 26 15.CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 27 16.REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 28

Cloud Computing

ABSTRACT
The term cloud computing is a recent buzzword in the IT world. Behind this fancy poetic phrase there lies a true picture of the future of computing for both in technical perspective and social perspective. Though the term Cloud Computing is recent but the idea of centralizing computation and storage in distributed data centres maintained by third party companies is not new but it came in way back in 1990s along with distributed computing approaches like grid computing.

Cloud computing is aimed at providing IT as a service to the cloud users on-demand basis with greater flexibility, availability, reliability and scalability with utility computing model. This new paradigm of computing has an immense potential in itself to be used in the field of e-governance and in rural development perspective in developing countries like India.

Cloud Computing

INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing is Internet ("cloud") based on development and use of computer technology ("computing").It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualised resources are provided as a service over the internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology trends which have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on the servers. A cloud is a pool of virtualized computer resources. Cloud is essentially provided by large distributed data centres. These data centres are often organized as grid and the cloud is built on top of the grid services. Cloud users are provided with virtual images of the physical machines in the data centres. This virtualization is one of the key concept of cloud computing as it essentially builds the abstraction over the physical system. Many cloud applications are gaining popularity day by day for their availability, reliability, scalability and utility model.

A cloud can: 1. Host a variety of different workloads, including batch-style back-end jobs and interactive, user- facing applications. 2. Allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly through the rapid provisioning of virtual machines or physical machines. 3. Support redundant, self-recovering, highly scalable programming models that allow workloads to recover from many unavoidable hardware/software failures. 4. Monitor resource use in real time to enable rebalancing of allocations when needed.

Cloud Computing

Fig 1.1: Overview of cloud computing

Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers ondemand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more reliable, available and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself consists of physical machines in the data centres of cloud providers. Virtualization is provided on top of these physical machines. These virtual machines are provided to the cloud users. Different cloud providers provide cloud services of different abstraction level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level details where Google App-Engine provides a development platform for the developers to develop their applications. So the cloud services are divided into many types like Software as a Service, Platform as a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services are available over the Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the single point of access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture addresses difficulties of large scale data processing.

Cloud Computing

HISTORY
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s.The term cloud had already come into commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service (SaaS). John McCarthy opined in the 1960s that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility." Almost all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing (elastic provision, provided as a utility, online, illusion of infinite supply), the comparison to the electricity industry and the use of public, private, government, and community forms, were thoroughly explored in Park hills 1966 book, The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Other scholars have shown that cloud computing roots go all the way back to the 1950s when scientist Herb Grosch (the author of Grosch's law) postulated that the entire world would operate on dumb terminals powered by about 15 large data centres. Due to the expense of these powerful computers, many corporations and other entities could avail themselves of computing capability through time sharing and several organizations, such as GE's GEISCO, IBM subsidiary The Service Bureau Corporation (SBC, founded in 1957), Tymshare (founded in 1966), National CSS (founded in 1967 and bought by Dun & Bradstreet in 1979), Dial Data (bought by Tymshare in 1968), and Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) marketed time sharing as a commercial venture. The development of the Internet from being document centric via semantic data towards more and more services was described as "Dynamic Web". This contribution focused in particular in the need for better meta-data able to describe not only implementation details but also conceptual details of model-based applications. The ubiquitous availability of high-capacity networks, low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization, service-oriented

Cloud Computing

architecture, autonomic, and utility computing have led to a tremendous growth in cloud computing. In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his fellows. They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business applications. IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifestowhich described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, selfconfiguring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise. Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their data centres after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. 2007 saw increased activity with Google, IBM and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. In early 2008, Eucalyptus became the first open-source, AWS API-compatible platform for deploying private clouds. In early 2008, Open Nebula, enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became the first open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds, and for the federation of clouds. In the same year, efforts were focused on providing quality of service guarantees (as required by real-time interactive applications) to cloud-based infrastructures, in the framework of the IRMOS European Commission-funded project, resulting to a real-time cloud environment. By mid-2008, Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing "to shape the relationship among consumers of IT services, those who use IT services and those who sell them" and observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" so that the "projected shift to computing... will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and significant reductions in other areas."

Cloud Computing

On March 1, 2011, IBM announced the Smarter Computing framework to support Smarter Planet. Among the various components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece.

WORKING OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Fig 1.2: Working of cloud computing

In cloud computing you only need to load one application. This application would allow workers to log into a Web-based service which hosts all the programs the user would need for his or her job. Remote machines owned by another company would run everything from email to word processing to complex data analysis programs. It's called cloud computing, and it could change the entire computer industry.

In a cloud computing system, there's a significant workload shift. Local computers no longer have to do all the heavy lifting when it comes to running applications. The network of computers that make up the cloud handles them instead. Hardware and software demands on the user's side decrease. The only thing the user's computer needs to be able to run is the
8

Cloud Computing

cloud computing systems interface software, which can be as simple as a Web browser, and the cloud's network takes care of the rest. To understand how does cloud computing work, imagine that the cloud consists of layers mostly the back-end layers and the front-end or user-end layers. The front-end layers are the ones you see and interact with. When you access your email on Gmail for example, you are using software running on the front-end of a cloud. The same is true when you access your Facebook account. The back-end consists of the hardware and the software architecture that fuels the interface you see on the front end. Because the computers are set up to work together, the applications can take advantage of all that computing power as if they were running on one particular machine. Cloud computing also allows for a lot of flexibility. Depending on the demand, you can increase how much of the cloud resources you use without the need for assigning specific hardware for the job, or just reduce the amount of resources assigned to you when they are not necessary.

CLOUD ARCHITECTURE
Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of cloud computing, comprises hardware and software designed by a cloud architect who typically works for a cloud integrator. It typically involves multiple cloud components communicating with each other over application programming interfaces, usually web services. Cloud architecture extends to the client, where web browsers and/or software applications access cloud applications. Cloud storage architecture is loosely coupled, where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.

Cloud Computing

Fig 1.3: Cloud architecture The cloud providers actually have the physical data centres to provide virtualized services to their users through Internet. The cloud providers often provide separation between application and data. The underlying physical machines are generally organized in grids and they are usually geographically distributed. Virtualization plays an important role in the cloud scenario. The data centre hosts provide the physical hardware on which virtual machines resides.

User potentially can use any OS supported by the virtual machines used. Operating systems are designed for specic hardware and software. It results in the lack of portability of operating system and software from one machine to another machine which uses dierent instruction set architecture. The concept of virtual machine solves this problem by acting as an interface between the hardware and the operating system called as system VMs. Another category of virtual machine is called process virtual machine which acts as an abstract layer between the operating system and applications.

Virtualization can be very roughly said to be as software translating the hardware instructions generated by conventional software to the understandable format for the physical hardware. Virtualization also includes the mapping of virtual resources like registers and memory to real hardware resources. The underlying platform in virtualization is generally referred to as host and the software that runs in the VM environment is called as the guest. The Figure 3 shows very basics of virtualization. Here the virtualization layer covers the physical hardware. Operating System accesses physical hardware through virtualization layer.
10

Cloud Computing

Applications can issue instruction by using OS interface as well as directly using virtualizing layer interface. This design enables the users to use applications not compatible with the operating system.

Virtualization enables the migration of the virtual image from one physical machine to another and this feature is useful for cloud as by data locality lots of optimization is possible and also this feature is helpful for taking back up in dierent locations. This feature also enables the provider to shut down some of the data center physical machines to reduce power consumption.

CLOUD COMPUTING LAYERS

Fig 1.4: Cloud Computing Layers

1. SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE: In the SaaS model, cloud providers install and operate

application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients. The cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on which the application is running. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's own computers simplifying maintenance and support.
11

Cloud Computing

What makes a cloud application different from other applications is its scalability. This can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user who sees only a single access point. To accommodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, that is, any machine serves more than one cloud user organization. It is common to refer to special types of cloud based application software with a similar naming convention: desktop as a service, business process as a service, test environment as a service, communication as a service. The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user, so price is scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point. Examples of SaaS include: Google Apps, Microsoft Office 365, Onlive, GT Nexus, Marketo, and TradeCard.

2. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: PaaS is a category of cloud computing services that provide a computing platform and a solution stack as a service. Along with software as a service (SaaS) and infrastructure as a service (IaaS), it is a service model of cloud computing. In this model, the consumer creates the software using tools and/or libraries from the provider. The consumer also controls software deployment and configuration settings. The provider provides the networks, servers, storage and other services.[1] PaaS offerings facilitate the deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software and provisioning hosting capabilities. There are various types of PaaS vendor; however, all offer application hosting and a deployment environment, along with various integrated services. Services offer varying levels of scalability and maintenance. PaaS offerings may also include facilities for application design, application development, testing and deployment as well as services such as team collaboration, web service integration and marshalling, database integration, security, scalability, storage, persistence, state management, application versioning, application instrumentation and developer community facilitation.

12

Cloud Computing

3. INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE: In the most basic cloud-service model, providers of IaaS offer computers - physical or (more often) virtual machines - and other resources. (A hypervisor, such as Xen or KVM, runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational support-system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements.) IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as images in a virtualmachine image-library, raw (block) and file-based storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles. IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools installed in data centers. For widearea connectivity, customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds (dedicated virtual private networks). To deploy their applications, cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure. In this model, the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis; cost reflects the amount of resources allocated and consumed. Examples of IaaS providers include Amazon Cloud Formation, Amazon EC2, Windows Azure Virtual Machines, DynDNS, Google Compute Engine, HP cloud, iland and Joyent.

4. DATA AS A SERVICE: Data as a service, or DaaS, is a cousin of software as a service. Like all members of the "as a Service" (aaS) family, DaaS is based on the concept that the product, data in this case, can be provided on demand to the user regardless of geographic or organizational separation of provider and consumer. Additionally, the emergence of serviceoriented architecture (SOA) has rendered the actual platform on which the data resides also irrelevant. This development has enabled the recent emergence of the relatively new concept of DaaS. Data provided as a service was at first primarily used in web mashups, but now is being increasingly employed both commercially and, less commonly, within organisations such as the UN. Traditionally, most enterprises have used data stored in a self-contained repository, for which software was specifically developed to access and present the data in a human-readable form. One result of this paradigm is the bundling of both the data and the software needed to
13

Cloud Computing

interpret it into a single package, sold as a consumer product. As the number of bundled software/data packages proliferated and required interaction among one another, another layer of interface was required. These interfaces, collectively known as enterprise application integration (EAI), often tended to encourage vendor lock-in, as it is generally easy to integrate applications that are built upon the same foundation technology. The result of the combined software/data consumer package and required EAI middleware has been an increased amount of software for organizations to manage and maintain, simply for the use of particular data. In addition to routine maintenance costs, a cascading amount of software updates are required as the format of the data changes. The existence of this situation contributes to the attractiveness of DaaS to data consumers because it allows for the separation of data cost and usage from that of a specific software or platform.

COMPONENTS
1. APPLICATION A cloud application leverages the Cloud in software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus alleviating the burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. 2. CLOUD CLIENTS A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on the cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example: Mobile, Thin client, Thick client / Web browser. 3. CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURE Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example: grid computing, Management, Compute, Platform. 4. CLOUD PLATFORMS

14

Cloud Computing

A cloud platform, such as Paas, the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution saas, facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. 5. CLOUD SERVICES A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed in real-time over the Internet". For example Web Services ("software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus services, or end users directly.

6. CLOUD STORAGE Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For example Database, Network attached storage, Web service.

TYPES OF CLOUDS
1. PUBLIC CLOUD Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis. 2. HYBRID CLOUD A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers "will be typical for most enterprises". 3. PRIVATE CLOUD Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typically virtualisation automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing
15

Cloud Computing

without the pitfalls", capitalising on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticised on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less hands-on management ,essentially "[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept". While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of corporate IT, there is some contention as to whether they are a reality even within the same firm.

Fig 1.5: Types of Clouds

ROLES PLAYED IN CLOUD COMPUTING

1. CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDERS A cloud computing provider or cloud computing service provider owns and operates live cloud computing systems to deliver service to third parties. Usually this requires significant resources and expertise in building and managing next-generation data centres. Some organisations realise a subset of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, although they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead. Nonetheless, significant operational efficiency and agility advantages can be
16

Cloud Computing

realised, even by small organisations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already well underway.Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centres which, like most computer networks, were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. This allowed small, fast-moving groups to add new features faster and easier, and they went on to open it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis. Players in the cloud computing service provision game include the likes of Amazon, Google, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Salesforce, SAP and Yahoo! 2. USER A user is a consumer of cloud computing. The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern. The rights of users are also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights. 3. VENDOR A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of cloud computing. For example: Computer hardware, Storage, infrastructure, Computer software, Operating systems, Platform virtualization.

CLOUD COMPUTING ISSUES

1. PRIVACY The cloud model has been criticized by privacy advocates for the greater ease in which the companies hosting the cloud services control, and thus, can monitor at will (whether permitted or not by their customers), the communication between the host company and the end user, as well as the user's stored data. Instances such as the secret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million telephone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity. Using a cloud service provider (CSP) can complicate privacy of data because of the extent to which virtualization for cloud processing (virtual machines) and cloud storage are used to implement cloud service. CSP operations, customer or tenant data may not remain on the same system, or in the same data
17

Cloud Computing

center or even within the same provider's cloud; this can lead to legal concerns over jurisdiction.

2. SECURITY As cloud computing is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being voiced about the security issues introduced through adoption of this new model. The effectiveness and efficiency of traditional protection mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics of this innovative deployment model can differ widely from those of traditional architectures. An alternative perspective on the topic of cloud security is that this is but another, although quite broad, case of "applied security" and that similar security principles that apply in shared multi-user mainframe security models apply with cloud security. The relative security of cloud computing services is a contentious issue that may be delaying its adoption. Physical control of the Private Cloud equipment is more secure than having the equipment off site and under someone elses control. Physical control and the ability to visually inspect the data links and access ports is required in order to ensure data links are not compromised. Issues barring the adoption of cloud computing are due in large part to the private and public sectors' unease surrounding the external management of security-based services. 3. SUSTAINABILITY Although cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is no published study to substantiate this assumption. Citing the servers' affects on the environmental effects of cloud computing, in areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the environmental effects will be more moderate. (The same holds true for "traditional" data centers.) Thus countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden and Switzerland, are trying to attract cloud computing data centers. Energy efficiency in cloud computing can result from energy-aware scheduling and server consolidation. However, in the case of distributed clouds over data centers with different source of energies including renewable source of energies, a small compromise on energy consumption reduction could result in high carbon footprint reduction. 4. IT GOVERNANCE

18

Cloud Computing

The introduction of cloud computing requires an appropriate IT governance model to ensure a secured computing environment and to comply with all relevant organizational information technology policies. As such, organizations need a set of capabilities that are essential when effectively implementing and managing cloud services, including demand management, relationship management, data security management, application lifecycle management, risk and compliance management. A danger lies with the explosion of companies joining the growth in cloud computing by becoming providers. However, many of the infrastructural and logistical concerns regarding the operation of cloud computing businesses are still unknown. This over-saturation may have ramifications for the industry as whole.

5. CONSUMER AND STORAGE The increased use of cloud computing could lead to a reduction in demand for high storage capacity consumer end devices, due to cheaper low storage devices that stream all content via the cloud becoming more popular. In a Wired article, Jake Gardner explains that while unregulated usage is beneficial for IT and tech moguls like Amazon, the anonymous nature of the cost of consumption of cloud usage makes it difficult for business to evaluate and incorporate it into their business plans. 6. AMBIGUITY OF TERMINOLOGY Outside of the information technology and software industry, the term "cloud" can be found to reference a wide range of services, some of which fall under the category of cloud computing, while others do not. The cloud is often used to refer to a product or service that is discovered, accessed and paid for over the Internet, but is not necessarily a computing resource. Examples of service that are sometimes referred to as "the cloud" include, but are not limited to, crowd sourcing, cloud printing, crowd funding, cloud manufacturing. 7. OPEN STANDARDS Most cloud providers expose APIs that are typically well-documented (often under a Creative Commons license) but also unique to their implementation and thus not interoperable. Some vendors have adopted others' APIs and there are a number of open standards under development, with a view to delivering interoperability and portability. As of November

19

Cloud Computing

2012, the Open Standard with broadest industry support is probably OpenStack, founded in 2010 by NASA and Rackspace.

20

Cloud Computing

APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. EASY ACCESS TO DATA Clients would be able to access their applications and data from anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing system using any computer linked to the internet. 2. REDUCTION OF COSTS It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side. You wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory, because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you. Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal, enough processing power to run the middleware necessary to connect to the cloud system. 3. CONVENIENCE Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems give these organizations company-wide access to computer applications. Instead, the company could pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company. 4. EASY STORAGE Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some companies rent physical space to store servers and databases because they don't have it available on site. Cloud computing gives these companies the option of storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the need for physical space on the front end.

21

Cloud Computing

5. NO TECHNICAL SUPPORT REQUIRED Corporations might save money on IT support. Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer problems than a network of heterogeneous machines and operating systems. 6. SOLUTION TO COMPLEX PROBLEMS If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid computing system, then the client could take advantage of the entire network's processing power.

Fig 1.6: Cloud Computing Providers

22

Cloud Computing

CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES

1. AMAZON WEB SERVICES

The Amazon development model involves building Zen virtual machine images that are run in the cloud by EC2. That means you build your own Linux/Unix or Windows operating system image and upload it to be run in EC2. AWS has many pre-configured images that you can start with and customize to your needs. There are web service APIs (via WSDL) for the additional support services like S3, SimpleDB, and SQS. Because you are building selfcontained OS images, you are responsible for your own development and deployment tools. AWS is the most mature of the CC options. Applications that require the processing of huge amounts of data can make effective you of the AWS on-demand EC2 instances which are managed by Hadoop.

23

Cloud Computing

2. GOOGLE AppEngine

GAE allows you to run Python/Django web applications in the cloud. Google provides a set of development tools for this purpose. i.e. You can develop your application within the GAE run-time environment on our local system and deploy it after its been debugged and working the way you want it. Google provides entity-based SQL-like (GQL) back-end data storage on their scalable infrastructure (BigTable) that will support very large data sets. Integration with Google Accounts allows for simplified user authentication. 3. MICROSOFT WINDOWS AZURE

Azure is essentially a Windows OS running in the cloud. You are effectively uploading and running your ASP.NET (IIS7) or .NET (3.5) application. Microsoft provides tight integration of Azure development directly into Visual Studio 2008. For enterprise Microsoft developers the .NET Services and SQL Data Services (SDS) will make Azure a very
24

Cloud Computing

attractive option. The Live Framework provides a resource model that includes access to the Microsoft Live Mesh services.

CHARACTERSTICS
1. COST Pricing is based on usage-based options and minimal or no IT skills are required for implementation. 2. DEVICE AND LOCATION INDEPENDENCE It enables users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they are using, e.g. PC, mobile 3. MULTI-TENANCY This enables sharing of resources and costs among a large pool of users. 4. RELIABILITY This is suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery. 5. SCALABILITY Dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources without users having to engineer for peak loads 6. SECURITY It improves due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources. 7. SUSTANIBILITY This comes through improved resource utilisation, more efficient systems.

25

Cloud Computing

ADVANTAGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Ability to scale to meet changing user demands quickly 2. Pay by use. 3. Task oriented 4. Virtually no maintenance due to dynamic infrastructure software. 5. Application and operating system independent. 6. Easy to develop your own web-based applications that runs in the cloud. 7. Location of infrastructure in areas with lower costs of real estate and electricity. 8. Sharing of peak-load capacity among a large pool of users, improving overall utilization. 9. Separation of application code from physical resources. 10. Not having to purchase assets for one time or infrequent computing tasks. 11. Ability to use external assets to handle peak loads.

DRAWBACKS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

1. Often limited or no technical support available. 2. Canned solutions such may not be full-featured or too task oriented. 3. When there are technical issues, you may lose access to your data or application. 4. No control. 5. You must have an internet connection. 6. If the company hosting the application goes out of business, you may lose access to your data or application permanently.
26

Cloud Computing

CONCLUSION
Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed computing. Virtualization in combination with utility computing model can make a difference in the IT industry and as well as in social perspective. Though cloud computing is still in its infancy but its clearly gaining momentum.

Organizations like Google, Yahoo, Amazon are already providing cloud services. The products like Google App-Engine, Amazon EC2, and Windows Azure are capturing the market with their ease of use, availability aspects and utility computing model. Users dont have to be worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care of by the cloud providers. They can devote more on their own domain work rather than these administrative works. Business organizations are also showing increasing interest to indulge them into using cloud services.

There are many open research issues in this domain like security aspect in the cloud, virtual machine migration, dealing with large data for analysis purposes etc. In developing counties like India cloud computing can be applied in the e-governance and rural development with great success. Although we have seen there are some crucial issues to be solved to successfully deploy cloud computing for these social purposes. But they can be addressed by detailed study in the subject.

27

Cloud Computing

REFERENCES

1. Handbook of Cloud Computing by Borko Furht, Armando Escalante 2. Cloud computing Technology by Peter Haming 3. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing2.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing_user 5. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm 6. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing.htm/printable 7. http://cloudcadet.com/what-is-cloud-computing/ 8. http://askville.amazon.com/advantages-disadvantages-Web-based-Cloud-ComputingWave/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=16202235
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

10. http://communication.howstuffworks.com/cloud-computing1.htm

28