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1. Editor, manuscripts, specialists, linguistics 2. Chairman, book, designer 3. English teacher, Poetry 4. Students, laboratory subjects, specimen 5.

School, receipts, students, reservations 6. Victim, hospital 7. Lectures, women, society 8. Products, custom inspectors 9. Judge, defendant 10. Hotels, tourist 1. Abstract 2. Abstract 3. Collective 4. Abstract 5. Concrete 6. concrete 7. concrete 8. collective 9. concrete 10. abstract 11. abstract 12. collective 13. Abstract 14. Collective 15. Collective 1. Calves, hooves 2. Geese, children 3. Mice, houses 4. Consultants, analyses 5. Alumni, alumnae 6. Sheep, menservant 7. Deer, Chinese 8. Children, parties 9. Gladioli, sisters-in-law 10. Dances, pairs 1. Armchair 2. Cupcake 3. Basketball 4. Dishwasher 5. Saucepan 6. Bedbug 7. Bathtub

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Housewife Newspaper Pantyhose Necklace Roadblock Flowerpot Drugstore Toothpaste Nightlife paperweight Keychain Playground Saleslady 1. Principal 2. Martial 3. Border 4. Angle 5. Calvary 6. Breathe 7. Desert 8. Horde 9. Prophecy 10. Tails 11. Allies 12. Capitol 13. Corps 14. Compliment 15. Ascent 1. Bridesmaid 2. Host 3. Patroness 4. Maam 5. Bull 6. Father 7. Cock 8. Goddess 9. Fianc 10. Aviatrix 11. Boar 12. Priestess 13. Prince 14. Alumnus

15. Groom 1. Feminine/ aviator 2. Neutral 3. , 4. Nutral 5. , 6. Masculine/ goddess 7. Common 8. Common 9. Fem/ mistress 10. Feminine/ king 11. Common 12. Neuter 13. Neuter 14. Common 15. Neuter 16. 17. Masculine/landlady 18. , 19. Masculine/ mare 20. Masculine/ nun 21. Masculine/ widow 22. Common 23. Common 24. Masculine/ administratrix 25. Common

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

teachers peoples edgar allan poes womens sisters, Saturdays mens josephs, seasons cousins boys childrens verbs

1. b 2. a

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

d c b d a b b c a b b a c b b a a d adjectives 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. she is the fourth I saw it in third column We are the seventh number He is eleventh number among twenty contestants You are the fifteenth in the list of student achievers I sat in the fifteenth row We will stay in eighteenth booth She is the last of twentieth girls to register for the contest Fifth problem is the easiest Tenth sentence is wrong 1. B. this town is more progressive than next town c. this town is the most progressive 2. b. the deans car is newer than presidents car c. the deans car is the newest 3. Joshua is more talkative than Cheen- cheen c. Joshua is the most talkative 4. our lesson today is easier than yesterday a. our lesson today is the easiest 5. b. Our Mayor is better than your mayor c. Our Mayor is the best mayor

6. b. the weather today is worse than the other day c. the weather today is worst than the other day 7. b. the climate in Baguio is more colder than tagaytay. c. the climate in Baguio is the coldest 8. b. The students in the College of Education is more active than students in the College of Nursing 9. b. St. Paul School is bigger than St. Marys Academy c. St. Paul School is the biggest 10. b. Sherwin is more humble than Rodel c. Sherwin is the most humble

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Sadder saddest More unusual most unusual More dashing most dashing More fascinating most fascinating More clever most clever Hotter hottest Immaculate immaculate More wonderful most wonderful Less, lesser least Square square Unique unique More most More admirable most admirable Absolute Absolute More precarious most precarious Wittier wittiest Peculiar peculiar More careful most careful More bitter most bitter Richer richest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Tallest Sweetest Worse Diligent Biggest Larger More challenging Patient Good

10. Much

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Honorable, honorary Trustworthy, trustful Villainous Renewable Childish Breakable, breakful Childlike Heroic, herolike Hairless Homeless Hopeful, hopeless Foursome Mountainous Clockwise Truthful Rocked , , financial classified

adverb 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. in the church once quite eloquently annually thrice faster never outside very completely behind confidently indeed see knocks far spoke goes suffered drives seen waiting fast taken aback shining walked real

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

never let not willing to response three times brush more intelligent most people in the bushes found everyday fetches 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. yesterday outside angrily enough never B. 6. last week 7. rarely 8. quickly 9. often 10. down C. 11. nearly 12. just 13. unusually 14. always 15. online

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

delicious good differently interestingly quickly ably easily quickly quick really uneventfully good nearly anxious

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

certain firmly high badly really latter

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

hard lately straightly nearly faster directly faster fast faster immediately near shortly immediate immediately direct straightly straight late lately lately conjunctions 1. and 2. but 3. and 4. and 5. but 6. or 7. but 8. or 9. but 10. and

1. coordinating

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

coordinating coordinating coordinating correlative correlative coordinating correlative correlative coordinating

1. so 2. but 3. and 4. and 5. but 6. but 7. so 8. and 9. and 10. so 11. but 12. and 13. but 14. and 15. and 16. but 17. and 18. so 19. but 20. so 21. and 22. and 23. and 24. so 25. but 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. d 7. b

8. c 9. c 10.b

Pronouns 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. whom whom whom you and I whom us who our your you and me 1. whom 2. my 3. whomever 4. him 5. who 6. whom 7. our 8. whom 9. me 10. her 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Jo herself Troops Their. Steak that All senior Pollution its school their Amy Lowell everyone none one poems her Amy Lowell Me none who people Themselves students it listening Her Marcia what none I none Both actors their they 1. Personal 2. Indefinite 3. demonstrative

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

demonstrative personal Indefinite reflexive Demonstrative Relative personal Demonstrative relative Personal Interrogative Reflexive Indefinite relative personal intensive relative 1. 3 2. 2 3. 5 4. 3 5. 1 6. 6 7. 2 8. 1 9. 4 10. 4 11. 2 12. 3 13. 7 14. 2 15. 3 16. 5 17. 1 18. 6 19. 7 20. 5 1. His, It, He, His, Him, He, His, They, Their, They, They 2. He, he, him, his, he 3. She, she, she, She, she, her, her 4. They 5. His, they, them

b. 1. that 2. What 3. whom 4. whom 5. Who 6. that 7. that 8. who 9. who 10. whose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Who What Which Who Who What What Who Which What 1. all 2. everyone 3. nothing 4. one 5. few 6. everything 7. something 8. nobody 9. anyone 10. something 1. this 2. those 3. that 4. those 5. this 6. this 7. those 8. that 9. this 10. those

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

himself yourelf herself themselves itself 1. yourself 2. himself 3. himself 4. ourselves 5. itself 6. himself 7. ourself 1. i 2. i 3. he 4. i 5. she 6. i 7. they 8. she 9. he 10. i 11. she 12. she 13. them 14. he 15. they 16. she 17. they 18. me 19. she 20. i 1. he 2. she 3. he 4. them 5. she 6. him 7. she 8. us 9. them 10. them

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

she he him he, me us them them he them his 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

mine his your our him her his ours your their your my your his my yours, theirs her our my his 1. me 2. him 3. me 4. them 5. him 6. us 7. him 8. they 9. us 10. me 11. him 12. her

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

him us them her her her him, me us 1. us 2. them 3. me 4. him 5. me 6. her 7. us 8. me 9. them 10. them 11. them 12. us 13. her 14. me 15. her 16. us 17. them 18. us 19. us 20. them 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

nominative objective objective possessive nominative objective nominative nominative objective nominative objective objective nominative nominative

15. nominative 1. he 2. him 3. him 4. he 5. him 6. him 7. him 8. him 9. him 10. him

Table of contents Unit 1:Nouns . Exercise 1. Exercise 2 .... Exercise 3 . Exercise 4 . Exercise 5 . Exercise 6 . Exercise 7 . Exercise 8 . Exercise 9 . Exercise 11. Exercise 12 . Exercise 13. Exercise 14 . Exercise 15 . Exercise 16 . Exercise 17 . Exercise 18 .

Exercise 19 . Exercise 20 . Exercise 21 . Exercise 22. Exercise 23 . Exercise 24. Exercise 25 . Exercise 26 . Exercise 27. Exercise 28 . Exercise 29 . Exercise 30 . Exercise 31 . Exercise 32 . Exercise 33 . Exercise 34 . Exercise 35 . Exercise 36 . Exercise 37 .

Exercise 38 . Exercise 39 . Exercise 40 . Exercise 41 . Exercise 42 . Exercise43 . Exercise 44 . Exercise 45. Exercise 46 . Exercise 47 . Exercise 48 . Exercise 49 . Exercise 50 .

Unit 1
Nouns

Noun - a word that names a person, place, things, ideas or an event. The term noun comes from the Latin word nomen (name). Generally speaking, there are two kinds of noun, namely the proper noun and the common noun. Types of Nouns

Proper noun- is a word or a sequence of several words which names particular individual, place, event or thing. Typically, English proper nouns spelt beginning with capital letter. Proper nouns are definite. They are almost singular Examples: Marvin, Bulacan, Christmas, Honda Civic, etc. On the other hand, a common noun is used to refer to a member of classes of people, places or things. Examples: parents, province, schools, books, etc. There are two subtypes of common nouns which differ grammatically, namely the count nouns and the mass nouns. A mass noun refers to objects that cannot be counted but can be measured. Mass nouns denote the following: Intangible things like gases, such as air, oxygen, etc. Abstract ideas like intelligence, truth, honesty, etc.

Emotions like love, hatred, sympathy, etc. Natural phenomena like heat, sunshine, etc. Modes of behavior like laughter, recreation, etc. Material things that are not countable such as liquids, e.g. water, oil, tea, wine, etc. Material things that are too small to be counted like dust, rice, dirt, etc. Sciences like physics, phonetics, chemistry, etc. Other tangible things like knowledge, information,etc. A count noun is a type of common noun which can be used to refer an individual object or to objects in a countable collection like apple, envelope, mountain, house, etc. There are other kinds of nouns such as concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns and adjectives used as noun. Collective nouns refer to a number of people or to a group or animals or similar objects that come together and are taken as a unit Examples: congregation, crew, jury, club, council, crowd, etc. An abstract noun is used to name a quality or an idea that cannot be perceived by the senses Examples: love, happiness, kindness, and fear. Concrete noun in contrast to abstract noun have physical forms; they can be seen, touched, tasted heard, or smelled. They can occupy space. Examples: books, fruits, bags, computers, doll, fan etc. Compound noun is made up of two or more nouns or noun and the same other word/s, which form a unit idea. Examples: stairway, grandparents, housemaid, sister-in-law, and commander-in-chief.

Forms of nouns ; I. Singular and Plural Forms Rules:

1. Nouns ending in s, -x ch, or sh add es, to avoid a double sibilant.

Examples match matches radish radishes kiss kisses branch branches box boxes dish dishes tax taxes

bench benches

2. Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel, add s. Examples


piano pianos radio radios rodeo rodeos

2. a Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, add es.


Examples Hero heroes Mosquito mosquitoes Mango mangoes

2.b A few ending in o take either an s or -es,


Examples Buffalo buffalos or buffaloes Cargo -- cargo or cargoes

3. For nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y to I and add es. Examples
family families duty duties baby babies library libraries lily lilies

3.a For nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel add s only as in.


Examples donkey donkeys key keys boys boys

4. Nouns ending in f or fe form their plurals by changing f or fe to v and add es.


Examples leaf leaves life lives elf elves

4.a A few nouns retain the f and add s.


belief beliefs roof roofs dwarf dwarfs

5. A words keep the old English form and change the vowel
Foot feet Ox oxen Goose geese Child children

6. Some nouns usually names of animals, have the same form in both singular and plural such
are deer, fish, sheep, swine, salmon, trout, furniture, information etc.

7. Some nouns are plural in form require plural verbs although their meaning is singular.

Examples: barracks, gallows, credentials, shears, auspices, etc.

8. The largest group of irregular plurals occur in nouns borrowed from foreign languages.
Alumna Alumnus Formula Nucleus Fungus Curriculum Parenthesis Thesis Analysis Criterion Beau datum alumnae alumni formulae nuclei fungi curricula parentheses theses analyses criteria beaux data

10. Compound words form their plural in several ways:


Most compound nouns simply use the plural of the last and more significant unit, e.g. motorboats, raincoats If the most significant word comes first, it usually take the plural as in: sisters-in-law, passers by, justices of the peace, attorneys-in-law The significant words remain plural when preceded by assistant or deputy as in chiefs of staff, deputy ministers Compound nouns ending in ful as a unit of measure add s to the last unit: cupfuls, armfuls, spoonfuls 11. The following nationals are the same in both singular and plural forms: Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Swiss, Burmese, Vietnamese.

12. Letters, characters, and words spoken of as such form their plural by adding apostrophe and
an s (s). e. g. 3 ms in mammal , answer the whys, cross your ts

II. Gender of nouns

Four types: masculine refers to the male sex , feminine refers to the female sex, common indicates either male or female sex , neuter it has no sex. Masculine man, brother, father, gentleman, uncle, nephew Feminine -- women, sister, mother, lady, aunt, niece Common -- doctor, teacher, engineer, nurse, judge, dean, employer, mayor, dancer Neuter -lily, umbrella, flower, tree, house, chalk, board

Guidelines to observe in determining the gender of nouns:

A. Certain nouns especially those referring to people may have different forms to indicate masculine and feminine usage. Man women gentleman - lady Brother sister Father mother uncle - aunt nephew - niece

The same case can be said of certain male and female animals: Buck doe ram - ewe Bull -- cow stallion mare Fox vixen III. Cases of nouns Nouns have three cases the nominative which is the case of the subject, the objective which is the case of the object and the genitive or the possessive.

A noun in nominative case may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, an appositive, a nominative of direct address, or nominative of exclamation. Julie Ann studies her lessons every night. (subject) His most difficult subject, Calculus, caused him of sleepless nights. (appositive) Elisa, you are so generous. (nominative of direct address) Alex is my bestfriend. (predicate nominative) Spiders! They make my hair on the end. (nominative of exclamation) A noun in the objective case may function as a direct object, an object of the preposition, an indirect object, subject of the infinitive, an appositive, a cognate object, or an adverbial phrase. Rocelle sends money to her family regularly. (direct object) Jill gave chris a beautiful gift last Christmas. (indirect object) This letter came from Fe, my cousin. (appositive) Let us send this message to Ellen. (object of the preposition) The dean wants Minda to organize the fieldtrip. (subject of the infinitive) Millions of people all over the world drink softdrinks everyday. (cognate object) The passengers paid ten pesos for the ride. (adverbial phrase) Nouns in the possessive forms (usually formed by the addition of an apostrophe and a letter s), nouns do not change forms. To show ownership or possession, remember the following pointers: 1. If a singular noun does not end in s, add s. The delivery boys truck was blocking the driveway.

2. If a singular common noun ends in s, add s unless the next word begins with s, add an apostrophe only. (this includes words with s and sh sounds.) The bosss temper was legendary among his employees. 3. If s singular proper noun endsin s, add an apostrophe. Chris exam score were higher than any other other students. 4. If a noun is in form and end in an s, add an apostrophe only, even if the intended meaning of the word is singular (such as mathematics and measles.) The instructors reports have been submitted. 5. If a plural nouns does not end in s, add s. Many activists in Manila are concerned with childrens rights. 6. If there is joint possession, use the correct possessive for only the possessive closest to the noun. Conde and Gonzalos campaign was successful. 7. If there is a separate possession of the same noun, use the correct possessive form for each word. The owners and the bosss excuses were equally false. 8. In a compound construction, use the correct possessive form for the closest to the noun. Avoid possessives with compound plurals. My father-in-laws BMW is really fun to drive.

Exercise 1.

Pick out all the nouns on the song "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music.

Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite nouns Cream colored ponies and crisp apple streudels Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings These are a few of my favorite nouns Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes Silver white winters that melt into springs These are a few of my favorite nouns When the dog bites When the bee stings When I'm feeling sad I simply remember my favorite nouns And then I don't feel so bad. Apologies to Oscar Hammerstein II, lyricist of "My Favorite Things"

from The Sound of Music

Exercise 2 A. Match the words on the first column with the words on the second column with the words on the second column to form a compound noun. A 1. arm 2. cup 3. basket 4. dish 5. sauce 6. bed 7. bath 8. house 9. news 10. panty 11. neck 12. road 13. flower 14. drug 15. tooth 16. night 17. paper 18. key 19. play 20. sales B wife weight cake store paste chair bug lace tub paper pot ball life hose pan ground lady washer chain block

B. Pick out all the singular nouns in the following sentences and change them to the plural form. 1. The beach here is safer than the other beaches in the country 2. Here is a paragraph for you to fill in with the words above each. 3. A passerby was hit by a stray bullet. 4. In class, the teacher gives a quiz everyday. 5. Every phenomenon has an explanation 6. A child is very precious to his parents. 7. I bought a loaf of bread for breakfast this morning 8. An Ilocano is known to be the thriftiest Filipino. 9. Treat your fungus in your body immediately. 10. There is a only one agendum discussed in the meeting 11. The researcher formulated her hypothesis carefully. 12. Add only a teaspoonful of sugar to my coffee. 13. I admire the generosity of my sister-in law. 14. A modern parent shows a pragmatic approach to the problem of his adolescent child. 15. His argument was laconic but convincing.

Exercise 3 A. Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form of the nouns in parentheses.

1. The ______ (calf) have muddy ________ (hoof). 2. Those __________ (goose) belong to Nonas three ________ (child). 3. There are _________ (mouse) in my friends _________ (house). 4. Four ________ (consultant) made different __________ (analysis) of the problem. 5. All the ________ (alumnus) visited the six ___________ (alumna). 6. These ________ (sheep) are cared for by the two _________ (manservant). 7. How many ______ (deer) did the three (Chinese) shoot? 8. Most _______ (child) love to attend ___________ (party). 9. These _________ (gladiolus) were sent by my two _________ sister-in-law) 10. The different ballroom ________ (dance) will be demonstrated by the three (pair) of dancers.

B. Underline the correct words in the following sentences. 1. Mr. Angeles is the (principal, principle) of the school. 2. The country was under (martial, marital) law. 3. The (boarder, border) between two countries was irregular.

4. The man parked his car at an (angle, angel). 5. The (cavalry, calvary) made its last march. 6. He couldnt (breath, breathe) because of cold. 7. They travel across the Nevada (desert, dessert). 8. A (horde, hoard) of adventures assaulted the castle. 9. The fortunetellers (prophecy, prophesy) came true. 10. Some animals have short and furry (tails, tales). 11. Canada and the United States were (allies, alleys) in the war. 12. One needs (capitol, capital) for such an investment. 13. He joined the police (corps, corpse). 14. The lady received a lovely (complement, compliment) for her singing. 15.The (assent, ascent) to the mountain was gradual.

Exercise 4 Give the opposite gender of the nouns in parentheses to make the sentence correct. 1. The (best man) _________ is the brides best friend of Mary. 2. The (hostess) _______ of the event was Martin. 3. The (patron) _________ of the town is St. Therese of the Child Jesus. 4. (Sir) _________ , your slip is showing. 5. He is like a (cow) _____________ in the China shop. 6. My (mother) ________ worked as a laborer to be able to send us to school. 7. We are am\waken each morning by the crowing of the (hen) __________. 8. The (God) __________ of love is Venus. 9. Her (fiance) _________ gave her a diamond ring. 10. Marriane is studying to be an (aviator). 11. Mang Pedro has many (sows) ___________ for hire. 12. A (priestess) _________ observes vow of purity. 13. The (prince) ________ saved the damsel in distress. 14. We are (alumni) __________ of an exclusive school for girls. 15. The (bride) _____________ is very much in love with his future wife.

Exercise 5 A. Determine the gender of the following nouns. Give the opposite forms of the nouns that are masculine and feminine. 1. aviatrix 2. spinster 3. orchid 4. hind parasol 5. abbess 6. god 7. judge 8. master 9. queen 10. dancer 11. vessel 12. flower 13. professor 14. lily 15. landlord 16. jockey

17. stag 18. monk 19. wizard 20. wolf 21. widow 22. employer 23. dean 24. administrator B . Write the possessive form of the nouns on each sentences. 1. The student attempts to solve the problem were rewarded. 2. The boss sister arrived from the province yesterday. 3. Lotis answer were very clear. 4. It is hard to endure the marine corps style of discipline. 5. Everyone was disappointed with the Philippine media. 6. Betty and Chad appeal is absolutely lost on me. 7. The shop and the salon owners were in the city when the fire broke out. 8. The forest ranger truck is painted in all blue. 9. The elves mined a gold yesterday. 10. Monster house is on fire. 11. Fiona and Shrek house is so adorable 25. stallion

12. Baby restaurant is 24 hours open 13. Maroon 5 concert was postponed. 14. Shiela bakery opens in early morning 15. Beowulf enemy was Grendel. 16. The farmer hat is very native 17. Santa Claus sleigh flies so high 18. Sisa sons were lost. 19. Hannah Montana acts were very controversial. 20. Mario wallet is missing.

Exercise 6 A. Insert an apostrophe and an s (s) or just an apostrophe () where it is necessary to form the possessives of the nouns in the following sentences.

1. The teacher schedule is written on the board.

2. The peoples hair rarely grows longer than four feet.

3. Have you ever read any of Edgar Allan Poe masterpieces?

4. In the earlier times, women clothes were fancy and beautiful.

5. The twin sisters picture was in Saturday paper.

6. Are men works heavier than women?

7. Joseph amazing skill made him the season best player.

8. My cousin report is in hour drive from Manila.

9. Do you want a year subscription to a boys magazine?

10. The children choir is planning a two days tour.

B. Determine how the underlie noun is used in each of the following sentence. Encircle the correct answer. 1. Would you donate a month's salary to our cause? a. direct object preposition 2. Kathy buried her money in the yard. a. direct object preposition 3. The students watched a video about the Civil Rights Movement. b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the

a. direct object preposition

b. predicate nominative

c. indirect object

d. object of the

4. Will Steve present the team leader a list of instructions? a. direct object preposition 5. We heard that the new director is a scientist from Argentina. a. direct object preposition 6. The clue did not help the contestants with the puzzle. a. direct object preposition 7. Katie gave her daughter money for lunch. a. direct object preposition 8. You will find the spices in the stove under the sink. a. direct object preposition 9. The dog that Dennis gave his brother is a beagle. b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the

a. direct object preposition

b. predicate nominative

c. indirect object

d. object of the

10. The announcement said that Ellen would be the new director of the department. a. direct object preposition 11. Grace called to the girl who lives across the street. a. direct object preposition 12. Bruce is often mistaken for the actor John Malkovich. a. direct object preposition 13. Does Heather offer the customers ideas for how to solve the problems they face? a. direct object preposition 14. After waiting for Tom for an hour, Trishia decided to go to the movie alone. a. direct object preposition 15. The deputy wrestled the criminal to the ground. a. direct object preposition b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the

16. Karen left the house without her watch or keys. a. direct object preposition 17. The man who got arrested last week is the coach of the hockey team. a. direct object preposition 18. Rich became the latest casualty of the slow economy. a. direct object preposition 19. Altoids, a curiously strong peppermint, are made in England. a. direct object preposition 20. Some of the contestants used tactics that seemed unethical. a. direct object preposition b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the b. predicate nominative c. indirect object d. object of the

Unit II
Pronouns
Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. The substantive which is replaced by a pronoun is its antecedent. Types of Pronoun 1. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they,

we, and you. Example: They went to the store.


Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us. Example: David gave the gift to her. Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours,

its, and theirs. Example: Is this mine or yours?

Nominative

Objective

Possessive

Sing Plural person

Sing Plural

Sing Plural

first

We

Me

Us

My

our

Mine ours

second

You

you

You

you

Your Yours

your yours

third

He They She It

Him Her It

them

His Her Hers Theirs its

their

2. Indefinite Pronouns These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody. Example: Everyone is already here. 3. Relative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who,

whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. Example: The driver who ran the stop
sign was careless. 4. Intensive Pronouns These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself,

themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves. Example: He himself is his worst
critic.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing. Examples: Such was his understanding. Those are totally awesome. 6. Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever,

whichever, and whatever. Example: Who will you bring to the party?
7. Reciprocal Pronouns This is used to denote an interchange of action- one another, each other. Examples: Cely and Martin used to love each other Community members must help one another. 8. Extensive Pronouns

There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones that end in self or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun.

I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse. The bookie hurt himself chasing me through the alley. We also use them to emphasize the subject.

Usually, bookies send an employee to collect their money for them, but since I owed so much, he himself came to my house. Exercise 7 A. In the following sentences, indicate the word or phrase that you think is correct for written work. 1. She doesnt look like any woman (who, whom) Ive ever seen before. 2. She must be the one (who, whom) I think I wanted to paint her old steel cabinet. 3. (Who, Whom) I wonder, would ever buy cheese that looks like that. 4. Do you think (you and I, you and me) would like some of the fried chicken that is special this week? 5. Hes somebody, I suppose, (who, whom) weve just got to talk. 6. What do you think about (us, our) picking up a box of those strawberries while were here? 7. Alex, this is my cousin, (who, whom) you havent met before. 8. I hope youll understand (us, our) being a little bit of a hurry. 9. I certainly get tired of (you, your) being quite so rowdy. 10. Some things seem to upset (you and I, you and me). B. In the following sentences, indicate the word or phrase that you think is correct for written work. 1. (Who, Whom) did you say youre in love with? 2. Im sure youll forgive (me, my) not answering that question.

3. My presence there was apparently quite disturbing to (whoever, whomever) was standing behind the door. 4. Mrs. Fernandez wanted both ( he, him) and Raul as members of the team. 5. (Who, Whom) did you say on the phone? 6. When she asked (who, whom) I wanted to see, the name went right out of my mind. 7. Without (he and I, him and me, our) helping out the field trip probably would have failed. 8. He has never been the kind of person, I think (who, whom) could be happy at such work. 9. His failure to come up to expectations is a matter of concern to his mother and ( I, me). 10. I had always been found of (she, her) and I regretted ending our friendship so abruptly.

C. Recognizing Antecedents: Write each underlined pronoun and its antecedent. If a pronoun does not have an antecedent, write none after the pronoun. EXAMPLE: Scott turned his report before it was due. His (Scott) it (report)

1. Jo herself has had clairvoyant experiences at various times in her life. 2. The troops trudged through the thick forest. Their throats were parched and they yearned for some refreshment. 3. I think nothing is worse than a steak that is well-done. 4. All of the graduating seniors must pass proficiency tests. Those who fail will not receive a diploma. 5. Pollution is hung in a thick cloud over the city. Its debilitating affects caused the schools to cancel their sports events. 6. Amy Lowell is a particularly fine poet. Everyone should read at least one of her poems. 7. It is inspirational to me to read stories of people who have overcome severe handicaps and gone on to lead successful lives. 8. Listening attentively is a valuable skill. Students should train themselves to do it effectively. 9. I asked Marcia what she meant by her mysterious remark.

10. Both of the actors gave superior performances. They captured the hearts of their audience.

EXERCISE 8 A. Identifying the different types of Pronouns. Identify each underlined pronoun as personal,

reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, or indefinite.


Example: Television critics worry about its effect on viewers. Answer: Personal

When over 130,000 television viewers turned on (1.) their sets to watch roots, (2.) few had any idea (3.) that (4.) this was the beginning of a new television era. Today, docudramas with (5.) their colorful dramatizations of historical events make up a substantial portion of (6.) each of the networks programming. But even as American viewers treat (7.) themselves to these television triumphs, there are (8) those (9) who denounce (10) them. Critics contend that docudramas mix fact with fiction without telling (11) those (12) who watch (13) them of this. The critics pore some disturbing questions: (14) who verifies the historical accuracy of these tales? Are the networks doing a disservice by allowing the public to dupe (15) themselves into believing that these distorted accounts are true? (16) others contend that the critics overstate the seriousness of the problem and insult the viewer (17) who is intelligent enough to distinguish reality from fiction. Nevertheless, the disquieting questions remain. When (18) we realize impact these shows may be exerting on us. If we do not, (20) whose version of past events will later fill our textbooks the Hollywood producers or true historians?

B. Underline the pronouns in the following sentences and indicate whether it is: (1) personal, (2) relative, (3) interrogative, (4) indefinite, (5) demonstrative, (6) reflexive, or (7) intensive. Some sentences may have more than one pronoun. __________ 1. Who is your father? __________ 2. The story that you told me is interesting. __________3. The ring is mine. __________4. Which is your book? __________5. She is lovely, isnt she? __________6. Joan supported herself by selling cakes. __________ 7. The lesson which I studied is easy. ___________8. He is a valiant man. ___________9. Somebody has lost his book. ___________10. No one should neglect his work. ___________11. The glass which you broke is costly. ___________12. Where do you live? ___________13. When I myself am to blame, I admit it. ___________14. The man who came is Uncle Jose. ___________15. When are you coming? ___________16. Those are our classmates. ___________17. The rewards is yours. ___________18. He wrapped himself in a blanket.

___________19. Maria herself found the solution impossible. ___________20. That is my home.

EXERCISE 9

PERSONAL AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

A. In the following sentences, supply the missing personal pronouns.

1. Grandfather left ____ farm to his oldest son, my uncle. My uncle now plants ____with rice and corn. The farm yields good grains. My uncle lives in small nipa house in the farm which ____built five years ago. ___wife helps ____in his work on the farm. My uncle plows and harrows the fields, and ____feeds the pigs and chickens. His children also need____ care and attention. ____attend school in the town. ____mother cooks the food so that will have good food to eat when come home. 2. My uncles oldest son is now in fourth year high school. ____hopes to go to U.P. to study scientific farming. Even now ____ is much interested in agriculture. His teachers find____ very attentive in____ studies and believe that ____will be a successful farmer in the future. 3. The n ext child is a girl of fourteen who is a first year high school student. When took the entrance test ___got the third highest grade in her level and was placed in the honor section. ____interest is English and ____hopes to be a teacher some day parents work hard to give ___children the best opportunities in life. 4. I decided to give Bobby and Alice the portrait advised admired so much. 5. The general called a meeting of ____aides and ____advised to observe discipline. B. In the following sentences, supply the missing relative pronouns.

1. The story ____told you must be kept a secret. 2. The answer _________ he gave is wrong. 3. People in _________ your place great trust are special people. 4. Actresses ________are experienced can try for the Broadway play. 5. Men ________are always drinking are not spending their time wisely. 6. The house ___________ for sale, is very large. 7. Yellow flowers, for ____I have a special fondness, are seldom found. 8. The man ____you saw is my father. 9. These letters were sent to the boys _________ passed the examination. 10. Chona, ____car was bumped yesterday, is still confined in the hospital.

EXERCISE 10 INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS A.) In the following sentences, supply the missing interrogative pronouns. 1. ____ is your favorite singer? 2. ____ should we do about the broken window? 3. ____ of the birds did Al shoot? 4. ____were you talking with when I walked away? 5. ____ was playing baseball in the rain? 6. ____ do you want me to do for you?

7. ____ can you see through the telescope/ 8. ____ is the man Edith loves so much? 9. ____ were you about to do when I arrived? 10. ___ do you think of him as a candidate?

B.) In the following sentences, supply the missing indefinite pronouns.

1. When ___had left, I shut off the lights. 2. The party is open to ____who wants to contribute to the charity. 3. The police suspected that ________ was wrong. 4. This hat will fit ____. 5. Though many wanted to leave, ____was able to do so because of the typhoon. 6. Danny said he would give her ____ she asked for as long as she was quiet . 7. I gave her the most of what I had, but she insisted on having____. 8. Ricky told ____even his wife. 9. The books are here, waiting for____to read them. 10. Barbara wanted to buy the brown shoes for her son, but he preferred____.

EXERCISE 11 DEMONSTRATIVE, REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS A.) In the following sentences, supply the missing demonstrative pronouns.

1. We are a little of ____ and a little of ____. 2. ____who are willing to join me please stand up. 3. ____girl is very courageous. 4. ____children should not be playing near the cliff. 5. He decided to sell me ____instead of those flowers.

6. Can I buy ___bag for P100? 7. May I take a look at ____dresses hanging in the window? 8. We decided to give ___matter a full of attention. 9. ____is more than I can possibly read in one sitting. 10. The weather killed all ____plants last month. B.) Supply the missing reflexive pronouns. 1. Gary helped ____ to another piece of cake. 2. You owe ____a long vacation. 3. Nancy washed ____in the pond. 4. God helps those who help____. 5. The dog found____ in trouble after it ran after the cat.

C.) Supply the missing intensive pronouns. 1. Do you mean that you ____will do the work? 2. Jerry ____designed and decorated the house. 3. If he ____understood the problem, he would know the answer. 4. We ____are responsible for our actions. 5. The magazine ____is of little value. 6. The owner ____cleans his new car. 7. The pretty girl regards ____as a winner.

EXERCISE 12 NOMINATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (SUBJECT) Encircle the correct pronoun.

1. Grace and (I/me) play cards on weekend. 2. Johnny and (me/I) may try to visit her. 3. Mother and (he/him) took a trip to the province. 4. My sister and (I/me) were invited to the party. 5. Tomas and (she/her) are good friends. 6. Robert and (I/me) rode our bicycles. 7. Joseph and (they/them) came to school together. 8. Ginny and (she/her) made sweaters. 9. Father and (he/him) work in the same shop. 10. You and (I/me) will water the plants. 11. Luisa and (she/her) brought fresh flowers on the church. 12. Did Elizabeth and (she/her) finish the work? 13. Marry Ann and (they/them) will ne here early. 14. Annie and (him/he) saw the exciting game. 15. Did (them/they) wait for me? 16. (She/Her) is so happy today. 17. (Them/They) want to do something special for their sisters. 18. Susie and (me/I) are going to fail.

19. Does (she/her) know you are here? 20. You and (I/me) will sing a song.

EXERCISE 13 NOMINATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (PREDICATE COMPLIMENT)

Encircle the correct pronoun. 1. The winner was (he/him). 2. Who swept the floor? It was (she/her). 3. Who called? It was (he/him) 4. That is (they/them). 5. It was (she/her) at the door. 6. The best student of the class is (he/him). 7. Is it (she/her). 8. It was not (we/us). 9. The singers were (they/them). 10. The boys on the field were (they/them). 11. The third girl is (she/her). 12. The man in the uniform is (he/him). 13. The speaker was (him/he). 14. Was it (he/him)? No, it was (I/me). 15. That was (we/us). 16. That is (they/them)in the distance. 17. Are those children (they/them).

18. Who is (he/him)? 19. The culprits were (they/them). 20. Was that (she/her) by the gate?

EXERCISE 14 POSSESIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS Encircle the correct pronoun. 1. This book is not (my/mine). 2. Where did Mr. Torres keep (he/his)books? 3. Look at (you/your) dirty clothes! 4. Let us take care of (our/ours) garden. 5. (Him/His) running for Mayor angered his mother. 6. See if Ellen has drunk (her/hers) milk. 7. I do not agree that (his/him) crying would change our mind. 8. Bobby thinks that we should each guard what is( our, ours ). 9. I appreciate (you/your) taking care of my son. 10. (Their/Theirs) house is not far away. 11. (You/Your) coming at this time of the day is very important. 12. (My/Mine) dresses are all packed. 13. Let us use up (your/yours) stamps first. 14. (His/He) coughing has not been relieved by the medicine. 15. I just realized how (my/mine) dancing regularly has kept me fit.

16. The boys want to see (your/yours) before they bring in (their/theirs). 17. (She/Her) leaving you like this is unforgivable. 18. (Our/ Ours) houses look alike. 19. (My/Mine) typing has improved. 20. Let me show you (his/he)

EXERCISE 15 OBJECTIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (OBJECT OF A VERB) Encircle the correct pronoun. 1. Danny invited (I/me). 2. Tommy called (he/him). 3. They want (I/me) ion the team. 4. The Indians feared (they/them). 5. The teacher knows (he/him). 6. The policeman helped (we/us). 7. The boy admires (he/him). 8. I saw (they/them). 9. Mother accompanied (we/us). 10. Flor blamed (I/me). 11. They disappointed (he/him). 12. Did you see (she/her)? 13. I like (he/him). 14. They amused (we/us). 15. The Romans conquered (they/them). 16. We admire (her/she). 17. We met the man and (she/her).

18. If we offer (she/her) money she will accept it. 19. Please give (he/him) and (I/me) another day to finish this. 20. Will you give (we/us) another chance?

EXERCISE 16 OBJECTIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (OBJECT OF PREPOSITION) Encircle the correct pronoun. 1. That is a secret between (we/us). 2. Will you sing for (they/them). 3. Father left without George and (I/me). 4. The boy threw a fast ball to (he/him). 5. Everybody sang except Beth and (I/me). 6. Is the gift from (she/her)? 7. Mother placed the cake beside (we/us). 8. I could hear the noise above (I/me). 9. She divided the roses among (they/them). 10. The doctor came with (they/them). 11. Marina ran toward (they/them). 12. Place it near (we/us). 13. Clara sat beside (she/her). 14. My grandmother chose a white dress for (I/me). 15. The book belongs to (she/her). 16. The priest spoke to (us/we). 17. I will sing with (they/them).

18. He brought the drinks to (we/us). 19. Will you lend the book to (us/we)? 20. The two of (they/them) came every day.

EXERCISE 17 CASES OF PRONOUNS

A. In the following sentences, encircle the correct pronoun and indicate in the space provided whether the pronoun used is in the nominative, possessive, or objective case and the functions of the pronoun in the sentence. For example, subject, object of the verb, etc.

1. (She/her) was one of the brightest pupils in the school. 2. The boy (who/whom) I gave the book is no longer a member. 3. Fighting (her/she) was very tiring. 4. We found that (him/his) entry was the best. 5. John and (me/I) can do all the work. 6. Annie doesnt care if people talking about (she/her). 7. (You/ Your) are the most beautiful girl here tonight. 8. The roles (we/us) played were very small ones. 9. They decided to give (she/her) a gift on her birthday. 10. (Who/Whom) among you is willing to take over my job? 11. She slapped (me/I) when she realized I had lied. 12. The boys and (we/us) went to the circus. 13. The winner was (him/her).

14. You and (I/me) will watch a movie tonight. 15. The speaker was (him/he). DRILLS ON PERSONAL PRONOUNS B. Fill each blank with the personal pronoun he or him. 1. Was it___. 2. ___will return by bus. 3. Divide the pie between Estella and ___. 4. The winner is ____. 5. We have not forgotten Rene and ____. 6. Michael and ___ behaved very well. 7. It doesnt matter to ___. 8. In the procession Greg marched behind ____. 9. The man gave ____ a puzzled look. 10. Mrs. Tolentino sent ____to the supermarket.

Unit III
Verbs

Verb denotes an action, condition, but it can also express a state of being. Examples: Nora cooks all our meals.

Jeremy plays the piano. Mel is reading an interesting novel. The king made his wishes known. In the above examples, verb cooks, plays, is reading, and made denote all actions. Observe following examples: Sonia is the company accountant. Herman was the president of the club last year. The girls were responsible for the stage decorations. Anna and Leah are sisters. The verbs is, are, were and was denote states of being and not actions. Classifications of Verbs 1. Transitive verb indicates an action passing fro the doer (subject) to th receiver (direct object) of the action.

Ferdie drives his own car to work Melissa gives her friends beautiful presents.

2. Intransitive verb indicates an actin that does not pass from a doer to a receiver. It is complete by itself.

The flowers wilted

The salesman left early Chona is suffering from a rare heart ailment

3. A linking verb shows the relationship between the subject and the noun, the pronoun, or
adjective that follows it. It is also called a copulative or joining veb. The most common linking verbs are be, appear, become, feel, grow look, prove, remain, seem, smell,

sound stand, taste and turn.

Gil and Nestor are my brothers Solita sounds disturbed on the phone.

4. An auxillary or helping verb is used to help a principal verb in forming tenses, voice, mood, and certain precise ideas. An auxillary verb together with aprincipal verb forms a

verb phrase.

The children are playing in the yard, I have been waiting for you since 9 o clock. They will visit their grandparents on Saturday.

Kinds of verbs Verbs may be either regular or irregular depending on how and past participle are formed. PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST PARTICIPLE

Share

Shared

Shared

Scare

Scared

Scared

Dare

Dared

Dared

Irregular verbs form their past and past participle in variety of ways.

PRESENT TENSE Go Run Think

PAST TENSE Went Ran Thought

PAST PARTICIPLE Gone Run Thought

Tense is the property of verbs which denotes the time of the action or state of being.
In English, there are three basic tenses: present, past, and future. Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions:

Simple Forms

Progressive Forms

Perfect Forms

Perfect Progressive Forms

Present take/s

am/is/are taking

have/has taken

have/has been taking

Past

took

was/were taking

had taken

had been taking

Future

will/shall take will be taking

will have taken will have been taking

Simple Forms Present Tense Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.

Example

Meaning

The mountains are tall and white.

Unchanging action

Every year, the school council elects new members.

Recurring action

Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.

Widespread truth

Past Tense Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized.

Example

Form

W.W.II ended in 1945.

Regular -ed past

Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea."

Irregular form

Future Tense Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998. The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to. The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time. The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)

Progressive Forms Present Progressive Tense Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has on society. Past Progressive Tense Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing. The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets. Future Progressive Tense Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week. Perfect Forms Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Example

Meaning

The researchers have traveled to many

At an indefinite

countries in order to collect more significant data. time

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.

Continues in the present

Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb. By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended. Future Perfect Tense Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb. By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks waiting.

Perfect Progressive Forms Present Perfect Progressive Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.

Past Perfect Progressive Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities. Future Perfect Progressive Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have beenand the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years. Subject-verb agreement 1. A verb agrees with its subject in number. A singular subject takes a singular verb while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Examples: 1. eroz sells insurance. 2. The students are waiting outside. 2. The number of the subject is not changed by a phrase following the subject. Examples: 1. One of the boys is coming. 2. Rocel, with her two friends has gone to visit the orphanage.

Exercise 18 IDENTIFYING ACTION AND MENTAL WORDS A. Underline the verb once if it is physical and twice if it is mental. 1. Nora sings a melodious song. 2. She worries about the new price of oil. 3. He encoded his report in the computer. 4. Lara daydreams during History period. 5. Michelle cleaned the room. 6. Fiction writers imagined their characters. 7. The janitor swept the floor. 8. He thought of going to college next year. 9. The teacher discussed poetry in her class. 10. Dalen remembers her sons birthday. 11. I nod my head.

12. Henry knew the truth. 13. They play for hours. 14. He remembered his father. 15. We wrote personal essay. 16. The man believed in reincarnation. 17. Benita slept on the sofa bed. 18. The priest reflects about the gospel reading. 19. The prisoner repents for his sins. 20. Charlene sat beside Joey. B. Identify the linking verb in the following sentences. Underline them. 1. Karla is patient with her little brother. 2. Paul appeared bored with his job. 3. The child felt hungry after supper. 4. Even with the door closed, the stereo sounds too loud. 5. She was our teachers favorite. 6. Liza has been our class treasurer. 7. Mr. de Vera stayed confident during the debate. 8. The story about vampire was scary. 9. Karol grew taller last year. 10. Her favorite actresses are Sharon and Wilma. 11. The sunset is beautiful. 12. The father appears angry. 13. The trees are tall. 14. My sister became a lawyer. 15. His morning swim felt refreshing.

C. Identify other linking verbs. Underline the linking verb in each sentence, then draw a double headed arrow to show which words are linked by the verb. Example: His slippers look so dirty.

1. The sampaguita smells different from other flowers. 2. Those oranges taste sour. 3. She turned pale after seeing a ghost. 4. Meriam remained strong in spite of her hardship. 5. The babys hair felt sticky from the candy. 6. You appear older than the last time I saw you. 7. After years of studying, he finally became a lawyer. 8. The bell sounded strange last night. 9. Some people stay as business partners for several years. 10. It seems that it is going to rain today.

Exercise 19 State which one of the verbs in parentheses should be used to agree with the subject given underline your answer. 1. Each ( work, works) 2. Euther (play, palys) 3. Two (was, were) 4. Many (books, book) 5. Few (work, works) 6. Somebody (break, breaks) 7. Several (run, runs) 8. One (is, are) 9. Soldier (walk, walks)

10. Everybody (sing, sings) 11. Each boys (buy, buys) 12. The books (lie, lies) 13. Mark and Ian (goes, go) 14. Oxen (drags, drag) 15. Anyone (think, thinks) 16. Women (seem, seems) 17. Filipinos (sail, sails) 18. Both (believe, believes) 19. Neither (appeal, appeals) 20. Dogs (bark, barks)

Exercise 20 LINKING OR ACTION VERB A . Tell whether the underlined word is a linking verb or an action word. _____________ 1. She turned every stone along her way. _____________ 2. She turned angry upon seeing me. _____________ 3. In his garden, he grows cabbage. _____________ 4. The tree grows old like anyone else. _____________ 5. The Siberian wind felt cool. _____________ 6. Henry felt the Siberian wind.

_____________ 7. Lornas clam sauce tastes slightly sweet. _____________ 8. She tastes the clam sauce. _____________ 9. Doroteos face looks pale. _____________ 10. He often looked for some alibis when given work to do. _____________ 11. My auntie remained single until now. _____________ 12. He remained in her seat through the class hour. _____________ 13. Delia appears frightened. _____________ 14. Imelda appeared before the court. _____________ 15. His remarks sound sarcastic. B . FORMING PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE OF REGULAR VERBS Form the past and past participle form of the regular verbs in the table below.

PRESENT EXAMPLE: list 1. applaud 2. boil 3. clap 4. dine 5. endure 6. float 7. greet

PAST listed

PAST PARTICIPLE listed

8. hate 9. impress 10. jog 11. kiss 12. live 13. match 14. nod 15. omit 16. paint 17. pretend 18. patch 19. quote 20. recall

Exercise 21 IRREGULAR VERBS A. Complete the table of the common irregular verbs by supplying the missing principal parts.

PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. cut burst broadcast bend Bear Bet

was arisen began

bound bit

blown broke brought

bought caught chosen come

19. 20.

do drew

IDENTIFYING CORRECT FORM OF PRINCIPAL VERBS B. Underline the verbs which do not belong to the principal parts of verb.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

begin bite breaked drank freeze ringed got saw sink spring swimmed

beginned bit break drunk frozed ring get sawed sanked sprang swim

began bited broke drink froze rang gotted see sunk spranged swam

begun bitten broken drinked frozen rung gotten seen sank sprung swum

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

blown drived felled gaved grow known ridden rised shoke

blew drive fall gave growed knew ride rise shake

blowed drove fallen given grew know rode rose shook

blow driven fell give grown knowed rided risen shake

Exercise 22 USING THE PROGRESSIVE AND THE EMPHATIC FORMS OF VERBS

Complete each sentence with the verb form indicated in parentheses. 1. Some photographers _______________________ nature in great detail.

(record, present progressive)


2. With todays fast shutters, photographers ___________________ objects in motion.

(capture, present emphatic)


3-4. Satellites _____________________ photographic evidence of ancient cities while photographers _________________________ on film objects frozen in time.

(provide, describe; past progressive)


5. Photography _______________________________ invisible worlds, visible.

(make, past emphatic)


6. Do you know that I __________________________ a story about time travel?

(write, present progressive)

7. You _____________________________ it soon; Ill send you a copy.

(read, future progressive)


8. I ___________________________ that you will read and enjoy it.

(hope, present emphatic)


9. You gave me the basic idea when you ____________________ H.G. Wells The Time Machine.

(talk, past progressive)


10. Although you provided the final inspiration, I ___________________ a similar already. theme

(consider, past progressive)


11. I ____________________________ if the idea still had untapped possibilities.

(wonder, past emphatic)


12. Many writers and film makers ________________________ works on that subject.

(create, present progressive)


13. Perhaps by the time I finish my story, readers ________________ for a new subject.

(search, future progressive)


14. Classical scholars ___________________________ the plays of Sophocles.

(study, present progressive)


15. This class ___________________________ the work of the great Greek playwright.

(discuss, present progressive)


16. Members of the discussion group __________________________ for three days.

(meet, present emphatic)


17. The students ________________________ the works of Sophocles until next week.

(explore, future progressive)


18. Some students __________________________ the play Antigone next Friday.

(produce, present progressive)


19. The company ________________________ some extra actors for the Greek chorus.

(need, future progressive)


20. They ___________________________ to recreate the look and feeling of theater as it existed during Sophocles time.

(try, past emphatic)

Exercise 23 TENSE MIX UP A. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verb in the parentheses given at the left. 1. (do) 2. (come) 3. (begin) 4. (run, see) 5. (cry) 6. (give) 7. (live) 8. (wash, ring) 9. (swim) 10. (take) 11. (look, shake) (quiver, perspire) Nong ________________ his best to win yesterdays match. He __________________ in late last night. Tomorrow, everyone ___________________ a new project. We ____________________ after the thief when the policeman ____________________ us. I _______________ a lot when I was in Grade I. Look! The rich woman ________________ a ten-peso bill to the beggar. The Queen of England __________________ at Buckingham Palace in London. While she _____________________ her hair, the phone _____________________. Get ready! The big fish _____________________ toward us. I ____________________after my grandmother in looks. You all over. 12. (water) (pass, wink) (smile, say) 13. (stare, have, be) She _________________ the lawn when he _________________by and _______________ at her. She _______________ shyly and ___________, Hi! Why __________ you _______________ at me? Because you ___________ a strange look on your face. What do you mean? You _________ up to 14. (recognize, see,) something, arent you? _____________ nervous. Your legs ________________, your lips __________________, and you _______________

I hardly ____________________ her the last time I

(be, know,) appear) unattractive. 15. (rule)

_________________ her. She ____________ no longer the same Melanie I ______________. She _________________ like a movie star. Now, she _________________ older and Someday, I _______________ the whole world. Just wait and see.

(look,

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. We Filipinos are mild drinkers. We____________________ (drink) only for three reasons. We ____________________ (drink) when when we we ________________ (be) (be) happy sad. and We we _____________________ (drink) _________________

_________________ (drink) for any other reasons. In 1945, the liberation forces _________________ (land) in the Philippines.We Filipinos ______________ (be) very glad to see the Americans back, not so much because they _____________ (be) Americans but because they _____________ (be) not Japanese. In our barrio, alcoholized Americans ______________ (become) a common sight.A favorite story in the barrio then _____________ (be) that of the Yankee soldier who ________________ (stumble) with a bottle of whisky in his pocket. Finding it is wet, he alarmingly ______________ (look) at his hands; then with a sigh of relief, he _______________ (exclaim). Thank God, it ________________ (be) blood! I _____________ (think) it was my whisky! - We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro C . Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. A miser, to make sure of his property, sold all that he ________ (have) and __________ (convert) it into a great lump of gold, which he _____________ (hide) in a hole in the ground, and ___________ (go) continually to visit and inspect it. This _____________ (rouse) the curiosity of one of the workmen, who, suspecting that there __________ (be) a treasure, __________ (go) to the spot and ____________ (steal) it away. When the miser _______________ (return) and _____________ (find) the place empty, he __________ (weep) and _____________ (tear) his hair. But a neighbor who __________ (see) him

in this extravagant grief, and _____________ (learn) the cause of it, said, Fret no longer, but take a stone and put it in the same place, and think of it as your lump of gold. As you never _________ (mean) to use it, the stone will do you as much as the gold.

D . Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. One day, a farmer going to the nest of his goose, found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he _________ (take) it up, it ___________ (be) as heavy as lead. The farmers first impulse ___________ (be) to throw the egg away, because he ____________ (think) a trick had been played upon him. But he __________ (get) it on second thought, and soon ____________ (find) to his delight that it _______ (be) an egg of pure gold. Every morning, the same thing ___________ (occur) and soon, the farmer ____________ (become) rich by selling his eggs. As he ___________ (grow) richer, he ___________ (grow) greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the goose could give, he ____________ (kill) it and __________ (open) it only to find nothing.

E . Fill in each blank in the paragraph with the future form of the verb in parentheses. I am a member of the Ecology Club of our school. Our objective is to conserve the environment in our own little way. We all agree that we ______________ (plant) trees in vacant areas in our school grounds or in the community. Of course, we ____________ (ask) the approval of the school and barangay authorities concerning this. We ___________ also (use) recyclable materials like used cans and plastic containers for planting vegetables and ornamentals. We ______________ (clean) our immediate surroundings like our homes, schools, backyards, and streets. In school, we ______________ (segregate) garbage into perishable and recyclable wastes.

Exercise 24 IDENTIFYING THE TENSE OF VERBS IN SENTENCES Write the tense of each underlined verbs and its form if the form is not basic. EXAMPLE: present perfect She has lived in the same house for years.

________________ 1. Several persons have already swum across the river. ________________ 2. We will be going to Baguio this summer for our vacation. ________________ 3. My sister is saving a lot of money for her daughters graduation.

________________ 4. Surprisingly, Roy has written a beautiful short story. ________________ 5. By the end of the year, my family will have moved to Bambang. ________________ 6. The senator has been in session all evening. ________________ 7. The villagers were wringing their hands in dismay. ________________ 8. Larry rises at dawn to do his exercises. ________________ 9. The secretary had closed all the windows before leaving the office. ________________ 10. For the last time, I will explain the direction of the test. ________________ 11. In two hours, the plane will have landed on the tarmac. ________________ 12. Henry almost froze after walking two hours in the storm. ________________ 13. Much to my amazement, my classmate has eaten the entire cake. ________________ 14. Last year, our basketball team strove to improve its record. ________________ 15. Who is driving to town for the supplies?

IDENTIFYING THE VERB AND ITS TENSE B. Underline the complete verb phrase and tell the tense of each of the sentences below. Write the tense on the blank before each sentence. EXAMPLE: Present perfect progressive Benjamin has been studying Shakespeares sonnet.

____________________ 1. The choir has been rehearsing the new song for three months now.

____________________ 2. I had read the book before it was assigned to the class. ____________________ 3. Although Eugene began slowly, he did win the chess championship. ____________________ 4. The teacher was very happy. ____________________ 5. They have never been very lucky. ____________________ 6. Jackielyn has seen that play. ____________________ 7. They have been in La Union for a year now. ____________________ 8. The rice crop had been thriving until it was attacked by locusts. ____________________ 9. I had been a member of K and C long before you joined. ____________________ 10. He was plowing the field this morning. C. Identify what kind of verb being underlined in the sentences. Encircle the correct answer. 1. The burglar disappeared with the cash. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

2. The director told the actors, Do your best, and well be a hit. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

3. He would tell me if he thought we were in danger. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

4. His ability to concentrate is legendary. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

5. The campers hid inside the cabin when they saw the bear. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

6. Alexis is swimming in the state championship next week. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

7. Frustrated with the officials call, Ethan kicked the bench. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

8. The student procrastinated too long and failed to finish the project. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

9. The vegetarian burger tasted like salted cardboard. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

10. Ellen nodded to the audience and sang her song. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

11. Her brother likes bananas, but she likes peaches. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

12. Adjunct faculty are teaching in several of the lower division courses. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

13. The director told the actors, Do your best, and well be a hit. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

14. Regis Philbin, the host of Who Wants to be a Millionaire, smiled at her answer. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

15. When the contestant completed the first test, she received another clue. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

16. Dennis became impatient when Thomas took so long choosing a movie. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

17. President Clinton pushed into the crowd and shook her hand. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

18. The hiker turned quickly toward the noise behind him. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

19. Our teacher gave each of us another chance to take the exam. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

20. After the chef completed the demonstration, she left the students to clean the kitchen. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

Unit IV
Adjectives

Adjectives describe, point out or denote quantity or number. An adjective that describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun. An adjective that describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun is called a descriptive adjective. A limiting adjective, on the other hand, may point out or denote the quality or number of a noun or a pronoun. A descriptive adjectives may be either common or proper. 1. Common adjectives denote the quality of a person, place, or thing. Example: beautiful girl, intelligent answer, kind neighbor 2. Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. As such, they should begin with capital letters. Example: Japanese soldier Hawaiian dance French fries

There are many kinds of limiting adjectives. Among them are: 1. Articles- a, an, and the

A and an are indefinite articles while the is used to point out a specific person, place, thing. Use a before words that begin with a consonant, except those that begin with silent h . Use an before words that begin with a vowel. Example: The manager is looking for more workers.

A computer is needed badly in our office. An elephant has huge ears.

2. Pronominals are kinds of pronouns that may be used as adjectives.

a. Possessive pronouns My parents are both teachers b. Demonstrative pronouns That lady is a good teacher of English c. Indefinite pronouns Many students enjoy surfing the Internet. d. Interrogative pronouns What book are you reading now? 3. Numerals may either cardinal or ordinal numbers. Cardinals are used to give the number or quantity involved while ordinals are used to indicate the order of a person, place or thing in a series. Example: I have three brothers and two sisters. Baliuag University has more than 3,000 students. Ellen is the third daughter in the family.

Degrees of Comparison There are three degrees of comparison: the positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Positive degree- is a simple form of adjective. No comparison between persons, places, and things is being made. Examples: lovely, bright, high, thin, responsible, generous Comparative degree- when two persons or things are compared. It has positive form (more) and a negative form (less). The suffix er may also be added to the simple form of adjective. Examples: Intelligent Obedient Pretty Bright High more intelligent/less intelligent more obedient/less obedient prettier brighter higher To show an equal degree or level of quality, the expression as ____ as is used. Examples: Joshua is as tall as Marvin The Filipinos are as smart as the Americans. Bananas are as nutritious as apples. In making comparisons with a group, exclude the person or thing from the group.

Examples: Nina is prettier than any other girl I her batch. Luzon is bigger than any other island in the country. Superlative degree - when three or more persons, places or things are compared. Like comparative degree it also has positive (most) and negative (least). The suffix __

est may also be added to the simple form of adjective.


Examples: courageous gorgeous friendly small nice most courageous/least courageous most gorgeous/ gorgeous friendliest smallest nicest

However, there are adjectives that form their comparisons irregularly. Among these adjectives are:

Positive Ill/evil/bad many/much late little

Comparative worse more later,latter less/lesser

Superlative worst most latest,last least

near/nigh old

nearer older,elder

nearest,next oldest,eldest

Some adjectives do not admit of comparison because they express a quality as absolute or complete. Examples of these are: unique single sound correct faultless immaculate round

Note: beware of double comparisons. Wrong: Lucy is more prettier than Abigail. Correct: Lucy is prettier than Abigail.

Exercise 25 Change the following sentences using an ordinal in each Ex: He is number one He is the first 1. She is number four

2. I saw it in column three

3. He is number seven among twenty contestants.

4. You are number fifteen in the list.

5. I sat I row five

6. We will stay in booth eight.

7. She is the last of the twenty girls to register for the contest.

8. Problem number five is the easiest.

9. Sentence number ten is wrong.

10. We are number seven.

Exercise 26 Add two new sentences to each of the following sample sentences using the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in the sample sentences.

Example:

a. Denzel is as smart as Carla b. Denzel is smarter than Carla. c. Denzel is the smartest student in the class.

1.

a. This town is as progressive as the next town. b. c.

2.

a. The deans car is as new as the presidents car. b. c.

3.

a. Joshua is as talkative as Cheen-Cheen. b. c.

4. a. Our lesson today is as easy as yesterdays. b. c. 5. a. Our mayor is as good as your mayor. b. c. 6. a. The weather today is as bad as the other days. b. c.

7. a. The climate in Baguio as cold as Tagaytays. b. c. 8. a. The students in College of Education are as active as the students in the College of Nursing. b. c. 9. a. St. paul School is as big as St. Marys Academy. b. c. 10. a. Sherwin is as humble as Rodel. b. c.

B . Give the comparative and the superlative forms of each of the following.

POSITIVE 1. sad 2. unusual 3. dashing

COMPARATIVE ______________ ______________ ______________

SUPERLATIVE ______________ ______________ ______________

4. fascinating 5. clever 6. hot 7. immaculate 8. wonderful 9. little 10. square 11. unique 12. admirable 13. absolute 14. precarious 15. witty 16. peculiar 17. careful 18. bitter 19. rich 20. much Exercise 27

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ _____________

A . Write the appropriate form of the given adjectives on the blanks.

1. tall.. Rolly seems to be _____________ than either Henry or Gil. 2. sweet.. Your name is the ______________ sound that you can hear 3. bad Our harvest this year is _____________ than last year. 4. diligent. Boys should be as _____________ as girls 5. big The ______________ supermarket in this area is Em Mart. 6. large.. A ______ than normal pay increase was given by the management this school year. 7. challenging Undergoing a mock job interview is ___________ than taking a written examination. 8. patient. A __________ man will soon receive his hearts desire 9. good Why doesnt the _____________ man marry the bride? 10. much. Ferdie display as ______ courage as he can muster. B. Change the following words to adjectives using any of the given suffixes. Suffixes: -able,-al, -ant, -ary, -ed, -ent, -ful, -ic, -ish,, -less, ous, -some, -worthy, -wise, -like, -ive.

1. honor 2. trust 3. villain 4. renew

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

5. child 6. break 7. child 8. hero 9. hair 10. home 11. four 12. mountain 13. clock 14. truth 15. baby 16. yellow 17. rock 18. finance 19. classify 20. hope

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

Exercise 28 A. Select the correct form of adjective or adverb in each of the following sentences.

1. I was (real careful, really careful) about mounting the house. 2. Inspite of his education, he still does not read (well, good) 3. We drove ( slow and careful, slowly and carefully) over the rocky road. 4. When we lost our way, Teddy (sure, surely) felt (bad, badly) 5. Like most careful persons, he takes his driving (real serious, really seriously). 6. Jaki is the (tallest, taller) of the forwards on the team. 7. Jerry did (well, good) on his English test. 8. Jerry is carefuller, more careful) than Jake. 9. Jakes essay was (more perfect, nearly perfect) than Jerry. 10. Christine looked (curious, curiously), but actually she was only amused. B . Tell which italicized word is an adjective or adverb. _____________ 1. The movement was hindered by outside interference. _____________ 2. A thermometer was placed outside on the porch. _____________ 3. Come back soon. _____________ 4. We sat in the back row on the platform. _____________ 5. No further decision was reached. _____________ 6. The man walked sometimes. _____________ 7. A fast plane will arrive there before midnight. _____________ 8. Work fast, and we shall soon finish. _____________ 9. This year the farmer plowed the alfafa crop. _____________ 10. The underside of the ship was covered with barnacles.

_____________ 11. The Magi bowed low before the Infant. _____________ 12. He sat on stool near the fireplace. _____________ 13. A better quality of paper is needed. _____________ 14. I understand you better now. _____________ 15. The west wing of the house was damaged by the fire. _____________ 16. You have done no work this morning. _____________ 17. No, I cannot give you that permission. _____________ 18. Louise and her sister dress exactly alike. _____________ 19. These two typewriters are very much alike. _____________ 20. Put that heavy package down.

Exercise 29 Underline the correct modifier. 1. Rita plays the violin (well, good).

2. The Tories remained loyal, loyally). 3. Joseph looks (handsome, handsomely). 4. The waves dashed (angry, angrily) in hi \s new suit. 5. The patient seems (cheerful, cheerfully) today. 6. It rained (steady, steadily) all morning 7. The jugglers perform (good, well). 8. Why do you appear so (happily, happy). 9. The early Christians shared their possessions (generous, generously). 10. (impatient, impatiently) the twins watched the downpour. 11. Plant the seedlings (careful, carefully). 12. Our forwards play (good, well). 13. (swift, swiftly) was the fight of the swallow. 14. Grandmother can see only (dim, dimly). 15. Some people learn (slow, slowly). 16. The girl seems 9slow, slowly). 17. The boy (loyal, loyally) upheld his companion. 18. The church bells sound (clear, clearly). 19. Joseph catches cold (quick, quickly). 20. The command sounded (angry, angrily).

Exercise 30 Fill in the blanks with correct form of words in the sentence. 1. Korina gets _______ (high) performance than her best friend. 2. Yesterday was the ) ___________ (hot) day this week.

3. This is the _________ (beautiful) scene I have ever saw again. 4. Marco is a _________ (good) speller than Rico. 5. You topic is ______________ (interesting) than mine. 6. My condition is ________ (good) today than yesterday. 7. Cita seems _____ (happy) today. 8. Ill buy the ________ (little) expensive of the six pens. 9. This is the _________ (sweet) tamarind Ive ever tasted. 10. She is the _____________ (generous) in the group.

Unit V
Adverbs

Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Look at the following examples: Gerick spoke slowly. (Slowly modifies the verb spoke) Margaret is remarkably graceful for her age. (Remarkably modifies the adjective graceful.) Horses run very fast. (Very modifies the adverb fast.) 1. adverb of place and motion.this show where an action or something is done done or happens. It answers the question Where? It is placed after the verb. Examples: Here outside there down up at home in the market

under the table

2. Adverb of time and order. This show when an action or something is done or happens. It answer the question When? It is placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Examples: Again, always, next month, yesterday, last week ,a year ago 3. Adverb of manner. This shows how an action or something is done. It answer the question how? It is usually placed just after the verb. Examples: politely, courageously, arm-in-arm, weakly, in a descending manner, quietly 4. Adverb of degree or quantity- It answer the question, To what degree? or how much?. It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb Examples: too, almost, extremely, very, entirely, greatly 5. Adverb of frequency- this answer the question How often?

Examples: always, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, never 6. Adverb of affirmation and negation Examples: yes, truly, not, indeed, no, never Some adverbs are comparing by adding er and ---est to the positive form in order to form the comparative and superlative degrees. Positive Late Fast comparative later faster superlative latest fastest

2. Many adverbs, especially those that several syllables, are compared by adding more or less to form the comparative and the superlative degrees. Positive Gracefully Promptly comparative more Gracefully more Promptly superlative most Gracefully most Promptly

3. Still other adverbs are compared irregularly. Positive Well Much Badly comparative better more worse superlative best most worst

Exercise 31

Underline the adverbs and encircle the words they modify in the following sentences. 1. We see Nancy in the church every Sunday. 2. Opportunity knocks only once 3. San Miguel is quite far from manila 4. The orator spokes eloquently 5. The Mendoza family goes to USA annually 6. He has suffered a stroke thrice 7. Rey drives faster than Ronnie 8. I have never seen a ghost 9. A number of students are waiting for the dean outside. 10. Merly talks very fast. 11. I was completely taken aback by what she revealed. 12. Behind the dark clouds is sun still shining. 13. The class valedictorian walked confidently up the stage 14. Sonia indeed a real friend. 15. I will never let you go. 16. The kids are not willing to postpone the fieldtrip. 17. Do you brush you teeth three times a day? 18. Karen is more intelligent than most people taken her to be.

19. He found the geese in the bushes. 20. Every day, the bus driver fetches the children from their homes.

Exercise 32 Choose the most suitable adverb in bold to fill each blank. A. Angrily, enough, never, outside, yesterday 1. She left ____ for the University where she is doing a degree course. 2. We are standing _____ his house waiting for him 3. He told to us ____ not to walk o then grass. 4. I am not strong _ to help him carry that box. 5. She will ____ be happy in that job. B. angrily, last week, often, quickly, rarely 6. _____, I saw him walking to the church. 7. My father is ______ late for work. 8.He drove _____ to avoid being late. 9. I _________ play badminton with my sister. 10. This is the place where he fell __________.

C. always, just, nearly, online, unusually 11. It took _______ two hours to get there. 12. They were _________ very friendly. 13. He has ________ strong hands. 14. She has __________ completed her degree course. 15. This dictionary went __________ in 2013.

Exercise 33

Choose between the adjective and the adverbs in the following sentences.

1. The cake smells (delicious, deliciously). 2. The plan sounds (good, well). 3. He looks at things (different, differently) now. 4. Sisa is more (interesting, interestingly) character than Maria Clara. 5. Come ( quick, quickly) or your mother will be angry. 6. Ferdie swims much more (able, ably) than I do. 7. When it is hot, one grows tired (easier, easily). 8. I can make friends just as (quick, quickly) as others can. 9. Charo looks (queer, queerly )to me. 10. He felt (really, real) bad when Gail left him. 11. The first day of school went along (uneventful, uneventfully). 12. He has written a (good, well) book. 13. Our project is (near, nearly) finished. 14. Susie became (anxious, anxiously) when she heard the news. 15. Melchor is (certain, certainly) about his answers. 16. The strikers stood (firm, firmly) on the ground.

17. Your expectations are too (high, highly). 18. The victims had been hurt (bad, badly). 19. Your work is (real, really) gem in literature. 20. We shall see you (later, latter).

Exercise 34 Fill each blank with an appropriate modifier from among these listed below. Hardly, hard, near, nearly, fast, faster, immediately, immediate, short, shortly, direct, directly, straight, straightly, late, lately

1. Hes _____ worker. He never stops. 2. Hes lazy. He ____ ever works. 3. She works ______ all day, without stopping. 4. I live _____ to Samantha. Only five minutes away. 5. Youre driving too ________ to the car in front, Julie. Slow down! 6. I like driving _________ but it is dangerous. 7. I am ________ worker. I do everything quickly. 8. Shes too slow. She needs to work ________. 9. Ive _______ finished my works. 10. Please do that ______. Its very urgent. 11. I cannot do that in the _____ future. In am very busy. 12. Sam will be with you __________, Please take a seat. 13. There will be a __________ delay as the incoming aircraft was late. 14. If I get any news, Ill let you know _____________. 15. Is there a ___________ flight or will I have to change? 16. You can fly _________ but here is only one non-stop flight per day. 17. You go ____________ along this road and it is on your left.

18. Its 10 o clock . Hes very _______. Where can he be? 19. My plane arrived __________________. I am sorry. 20. I havent seen him ____________.

Exercise 35

A . Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

1. The rain fell heavily. 2. Hurriedly we followed the stranger. 3. My driver quickly ate all the food. 4. Quietly we passed by the chapel. 5. Can you write neatly and legibly? 6. I purposely did not submit the plan. 7. The accused gave his testimony falsely. 8. Among the members of the club it is Jenny who religiously does the work. 9. The old woman looked at me kindly. 10. Luckily we are able to get the prize.

B . Decide whether the underlined adverb is an adverb of negation or affirmation.

1. Emie is not a regular employee. 2. Several workers did not join the strike. 3. I wil never cheat in the test. 4. Yes! He is the best. 5. You are indeed welcome. 6. Lina is undoubtedly an old fashioned young lady. 7. I cannot concentrate well on my studies because of the brownouts. 8. Children are not allowed to play in the streets. 9. Indeed his father is a good father. 10. Michelle never disobeys her parents.

C . Underline the adverb and double underline the word or words it modifies in each sentence in the following sentences. 1. Today many native people makin their homes in Capas Tarlac. 2. This area was not the natives original home. 3. These people once lived in Zambales. 4. In 1991, people hurried excitedly to Norhern Luzon. 5. Many Aeta settlers of the region fought greedily for food. 6. These settlers totally ignored the peoples right to the land. 7. Feeling threatened by the settlers, the people largely supported the administration. 8. Later the native people were forced by the government to leave their town. 9. The people were harly given the chance to collect their belongings.

10. Man y native will never forget the Trail of Tears that led their ancestors to Zambales. 11. You can still see land if you look hard, 12. The council usually runs this town fairly and efficiently. 13. The stranger was dressed neatly but unobtrusively. 14. Unfortunately, all of Eastern Europe is still under communist rule. 15. How can you lie around in this slovenly fashion? 16. Bacteria eventually build up resistance to antibiotics. 17. The skipper started the engine up and cast oof the lines. 18. The woman completely h\exhausted, was quickly pulled aboard. 19. The thief quietly gave up himself up. 20. The labor leaders then voted unanimously to strike. 21. Tab is completely non caloric. 22. Later we heard that our team had won easily. 23. I am still bothered by this slightly query feeling. 24. Our garage doors open automatically.

D .Select the correct word in the parentheses. 1. He reads as (well as, good as ) his brother. 2. Erwin was (real, really) pleased with his grades. 3. (most, Almost) every boy likes basketball. 4. These food taste (delicious, deliciously). 5. Joey writes (good, well); he (sure, surely) likes to write. 6. Doesnt this perfume smell (sweet, sweetly)? 7. We felt (bad, badly) about your failure. 8. Cant you do your work more (careful, carefully? 9. The boy felt so (bad, badly) that he was sent home. 10. I do not write (so, as) well as you do.

UNIT VI CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions is word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions. 1. Coordinating conjunctions which may join single words, or may be join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. and join similar ideas together. We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. But join two contrasting ideas together The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday Or join two alternative ideas Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? Yet is very similar to but as it also joins two contrasting ideas. The manager accepted the fact yet he knows what the true is.

So shows that the second idea is the result of the first and last question. I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early. 2. Correlative conjunctions which also connect the sentence or elements of the same kind: however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunction are always used in pairs.

Examples: both. And, not only.. but also, not.but, eitheror, neither. Nor. Whether.or, as..as

3. Subordinating conjunctions the largest class of conjunctions , connect subordinate clauses to a main clause .These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions. Examples: Because, as, since are used to introduce the cause in cause effect relationship between two ideas. So introduces an effect in a cause effs\ect relation\ship between two ideas. Although, even though, whereas, while _ are used to express contrast between ideas. After is used to show time

Exercise 36 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate coordinating conjunctions. 1. Jae was cold, _________ he put on a coat. 2. Maria tried to read a novel in French, ______ it was too difficult. 3. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, _____ and you can ride a ferry. 4. I bought a bottle of wine, ___ we drank it together.

5. The water was not very nice, ___ the food was delicious. 6. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, ___ the shop didnt have it. 7. Anna needed some money, ___ she took a part-time job. 8. There s so much rain lately! Maybe its because of El Nino, ___ maybe its just a coincidence. 9. Julie has a guitar, ____ she plays it really well. 10. The concert was cancelled, ___ we went to a nightclub instead. 11. I love to travel ___ I hate travelling by bus. 12. Im bored! Lets go out to dinner ____ and see a movie. 13. I like living in the city, ___ my brother prefers living in the country. 14. The taxi stopped at he train station ___ two men get out of it. 15. I was in the area ____ I thought Id drop in and say hello. 16. I really hate to have to sell my car ___ I need a money. 17. My friend fell down the stairs ___ sprained his ankle. 18. The department store closed at six o clock ___ everyone went home. 19. I wont be home for Christmas ___ I will be there for New Year. 20. Julia was very angry with tom _____ she went for along walk to cool down. 21. Can you stop at the shop ____ get some milk on your way home from work? 22. Are you busy this weekend ___ do you have some free time. 23. Youve been working all day. Why dont you sit down ___ Ill bring you nice cold drink. 24. Nobody was home when I rang Jenny ___ I left a message for her. 25. Ive been dieting ___ Im not losing any weight.

Exercise 37 Encircle the letter of the most appropriate subordinating conjunction to use in the following sentences. 1. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct, _________ the rainforests are being destroyed. a. Therefore b. So c. since d. consequently

2. __________ logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control it. a. So b. Due to c. consequently d. since

3. Hemp can be used to make paper, _________ it could reduced the need for logging. a. therefore b. due to c. so d. because

4. hemp was grown throughout history _________ its versatility; it can be used to make different things. a. Due to b. Since c. because d. as a result

5. Hemp is related to marijuana plant; ______, it is illegal in many countries. a. So b. Due to c. because d. as a result

6. Hemp cannot be used to produced marijuana, __ its low THC content. a. Because b. Because of c. as d. consequently

7. Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco, __________, some people believe Iit should be legalized.

a. so b. due to produced fro hemp very soon. a. therefore b. so a. since b. because of a. consequently b. although

c. therefore d. because

8. ________ Canada has legalized hemp farming, we can expect to see pulp and paper c. due to d. as c. even if d. therefore c. because d. since

9. _________ you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line.

10. ____________ the line and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it.

Exercise 38 A. Underline all the conjunction in the following sentences. 1. The curtain opened and the program began. 2. The teacher asked the question, but nobody knew the answer. 3. Lerma is dependable and hardworking woman. 4. Our environment is rich in cultural and educational opportunities. 5. The principals speech was long, but interesting 6. Joseph or Ronald will the join the delegation. 7-8 Good manners are always in all aspects of life, but they must spring from real kindness of spirit, or they will not true. Eleanor Roosevelt. 9. Observing the road courtesies is not only a part of your social skills, but it is also a matter of itself.

10. The teachers role in education is to provide guidance and inspiration. 11. Carol bought some shoes, but she did not like them. 12. Mark looked as if he had been frightened btya ghost. 13. I drove onto the shoulder so that the truck could pass. 14. I have neither the money nor the desire to go. 15. When you see lightning, it has already missed you. 16. We tossed the ball until it was pitsh dark. 17. We shined our shoes as we waited. 18. The president visited the town where he had been born. 19. I dont know either how to skate or how to swim. 20. We signaled to the bus driver, however, he didnt stop. 21. She will talk as long as there is someone to listen. 22. She must have your receipt, or no refundwill be given. 23. The road was almost impassable; nevertheless, we kept driving. 24.You must do whatever you think yhe best. 25. Write a report on Chomsky or Saussure. B. in each of the following sentences, identify the underlined conjunction as a correlative or coordinating conjunction 1. Whats your name and where do you live? 2. Wesley receives his punishment, but he never realized his mistakes and never asked for forgiveness.

3. Both Tony and Melchor topped in the recently concluded singing contest. 4. Kenneth went on with his plans, but Greg withdrew at the last minute. 5. Dina receive not only a new pair of shoes but also a new dress. 6. Either Sampaguita nor Rosal bushes can be grown in our garden. 7. We should always have faith and hope in God. 8. Neither identification nor multiple choice will be the type of our exam. 9. Either president or the vice president will address the nation. 10. You can spend the time reading your favorite stories or you can go to sleep.

Exercise 39 Underline the conjunctions and tell whether they connect words, phrases, or clauses. 1. Resist temptation and you will not sin/ 2. Chris turned and looked at Saint Peter. 3. Seeds are sown by hand or by machine. 4. Brussels is the capital and the largest city of Belgium. 5. The seasons of penance are Lent and Advent.

6. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 7. My father speaks French and German fluently. 8. Thomas works rapidly, Terence is more accurate. 9. Mary Land and Virginia gave land for the new capital. 10. These houses are for sale or for rent. 11. The curtain rose and the play begun. 12. Good food and fresh air are necessary to health. 13. Sister marked our books for neatness and for penmanship. 14. He spoke briefly but clearly. 15. Airlines now carry mail and express. 16. Father Isaac Jouges and his companions were martyred by Indians. 17. The people of Norway and Sweden are alike in many ways. 18. Peter shooked the tree, and a shower of apples fell to the ground. 19. Shall I send the package by parcel or by express. 20. Take the back road and you will arrived sooner.

UNIT VII
Prepositions
Prepositions A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase consist of a preposition and its object.

As a cloud Over vales and hills Of golden daffodils beneath the trees kind of Prepositions A. Single word prepositions

on high in the freeze beside the lake on the milky way

1. Indicating place and position At Below Off Around above on beneath beside in under across Near behind Throughout by over among

against along after before

between 2. Indicating direction and motion In across into around towards by through to via from about off down up over onto at

3. Indicating time : About after during at through from on by till under around after in

since before for B. Compound Prepositions According to ahead of in accordance with along with away from

back of means of

because of by way of

by

as far as

Prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition and usually ending with anoun or a pronoun. Examples: On the roof under the sea inside the house over the hill

Exercise 40 A. Choose the best preposition to complete the sentence. 1. My family lives ________ the city. a. at b. to c. in d. from

2. __________ during weekends, Marks teammates. a. in b. during c. at d. on

3.He boards the plane _________ eight o clock in the evening. a. in b. on c. at d. of

4. He stays __________ the airport five or ten minutes longer.

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a. on

b. into

c. at

d. in

5. ____________ taking the bus and driving her own car, Mary prefers the former. a. among b. beside c. between d. besides

6. Everyday, she gets __________ school on time. a. to b. at c. of d. on

7. Have you heard __________ the alleged Yamashita treasures in town? a. for b. on c. about d. on

8. Some media men have reported _______________ the treasure. a. of b. about c. for d. on

9. I wonder if that report can be relied ___________. a. upon b. on c. about d. of

10. Michelle will leave __________ Australia next month. a. from b. to c. for d. at

11. Nick Joaquin was born _______ 1917. a. on b. in c. since d. from

12. Martial law was declared ____________ September 21, 19 72. a. in b. at c. from d. on

13. They got married ______ the province. a. in b. at c. to d. from

14. The old woman is pointing ____________ the animals. a. on English Time b. for c. at d. of Page 2

15. Fresh flowers were placed ______ top of her table a. in b. at c. by d. on

B. Underline the correct preposition in the parenthesis.

1. Does everybody here believe (in, on) the presidents opinion? 2. Freddie feels inferior (from, to) his classmates. 3. You differ (with, from) me in many ways. 4. Marco seems to agree (to, with) Rollies project proposal. 5. Why are you very angry (with, of) your seatmates? 6. I was born (in, on) September 28, 1969. 7. He graduated (at, from) high school in 2002. 8. We have to comply (to, with) the textbook committees recommendations. 9. I am anxious (of , to) enrolling this coming semester 10. The old man was accused (of, with ) cheating. 11. (Besides, beside) avocadoes, what other fruits do you like? 12. The puppy jumped (to, into) the basket. 13. Who is the woman seating (beside, besides) the dean? 14. Mother divided the pie (among, between) her eight children. English Time Page 3

Exercise 41 A. Flll in each blank with an appropriate prepositions from among these listed below: At since on in during for by until

1. Were having a party _____ Saturday. 2. Jenny isnt usually here _______ weekends 3. Dulce has been doing the same job ______ two years. 4. The road is busy all the time, even ______ night. 5. I saw Helen last Friday but I havent seen her _________ then. 6. The train service is very good. The trains are always ________ time. 7. Some friends are staying with us ___________ the moment. 8. Theyre staying ____ Sunday. 9. Their house is _____ Rizal Street. English Time Page 4

10. Many things are happening _______ the same time.

B. Put in the missing prepositions. 1. Bombay is _______ the West Coast of India. 2. Look _______ the leaves ___ that tree. 3. We arrived ______ the party early. 4. Youve got a mark ____ your cheek. Have a look ____ the mirror. 5. Did you get here ______ bus? No, _____ car. 6. Have you ever been _____ Tokyo? No, Ive never been _____ Japan. 7. Our office is ______ the seventh floor of the tall building. 8. Mozart died _________ Vienna 1791 ______ the age of 35. 9. I wonder whats _____ television this evening. 10. Schedules of TV programs are _________ the back page of the newspaper.

Exercise 42 Fill the blanks with the correct preposition. Preposition to be used in the sentences are the following: ago, for, since, during, and from 1. The Johnsons moved here in October and now its April. They moved here six months ________. 2. They lived here ________ October. 3. The have lived here __________ six months. 4. John started to study ________ hours. 5. He has been studying ___________ early morning. 6. He expects to study __________ night. 7. Mr. Gardner worked in New Orleans _________ three years before she got married.

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8. She has continued to live here _________ her marriage. 9. The Andersons lived in Mexico _________ many years. 10. ____________ many years the Andersons lived in Mexico. 11. Ann came to teas and stayed ________ an hour or so. 12. Our neighbors often to go to San Fransisco _______ the evening. 13. I have rented a cottage at the beach ____________ the entire month of July. 14. Please come and visit us sometime __________ the month of June. 15. Paul called the ticket office several times _________ afternoon, but the line was busy every time.

Exercise 43 Complete each sentence below by filling in the blanks with the appropriate preposition. Prepositions to be used are the following : by, with, without, and through. 1. The picture was painted ___________ a modern artist. 2. Many viewers have been baffled ________ the painting. 3. The artist did not paint ___________ brushes. 4. He became famous ___________ painting with a spray gun. 5. He painted _________ brushes. 6. He demonstrated his technique ___________ painting in public. 7. Sometimes he causes accidents ____________ careless use of spray gun. 8. The painting was framed ________ the artist himself. 9. The exhibit is being presented ____________ a friend of mine. 10. The recipe for these delicious angel cookies was given to me ___________ my grandmother. 11. Angel food cake is made __________ egg whites. English Time Page 6

12. You make angel food cake __________ egg yolks. 13. It is easy to beat egg white _________ electric mixer. 14. You can spoil egg white ____________ beating them too long. 15. You can spoil the egg whites ____________ carelessness. 16. People started to make clothes ___________ machine many years ago. 17. Before that time\, clothes were made at home or in shop _________ tailors as dressmakers. 18. Can you sew ________ hand? 19. This dress was made _____________ machine. 20. That dress was made ___________ hand.

Exercise 44 A . Complete each sentence below by filling in the blank with the appropriate preposition. Prepositions to be used are the following: with, without, and of. 1. Janes new bracelet is made ________ gold. 2. Parachutes used are made _____ silk. 3. Mr. Allison has a coffee table made _________ oak. 4. What are the piano keys made _________? 5. The governor always travels ______ a secretarial staff. 6. Whom did you go to play _________? 7. I want to take my notes to class __________ me. 8. The Einarsons are __________ Scandinavian descent. 9. Many legends are __________ unknown origin. 10. Albany is the capital of the State of __________ New York.

B . Underline the prepositional phrases in the following group of sentences. English Time Page 7

1. I shall be at the bus terminal alone. 2. Grace walked haughtily us with a look of complete disdain 3. According to the schedule, the bus will leave for Tarlac on the jour. 4. Contrary to everyones predictions, Mario gradually pulled ahead of his nearest competitors. 5. The ball fell inside the foul line and was ruled fair. 6. The house across the street is a vacant. 7. Mark and Michael are co captains of the basketball team. 8. At the last moment he broke his silence. 9. In early manhood, he had been a promising lawyer. 10. Our neighbors planted trees along their driveway.

C . Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence. Write on the blank before each number whether it is an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase. ______________ 1. The view from Mt. Fuji is spectacular. ______________ 2. Has the search party returned to the campsite yet? ______________ 3. After the game, we got something to eat. ______________ 4. We heard stories abput our Aeta ancestors/ ______________ 5. An umbrella tent has supports on the outside. ______________ 6. The second longest river of Luzon is the Agno river. ______________ 7. Jenny was late for the party. ______________ 8. Nick Joaquin was the original name of Quijano de Manila. English Time Page 8

______________ 9. The Hudson river was once the chief trading route for the western frontier. ______________ 10. Hearing a loud noise, Mr. Cardenas stopped his car, got out, and looked underneath it.

UNIT VIII
Interjections

Interjections are words or phrases used exclaim, to protest, or to command. They sometimes stand by themselves, but or to command. They sometimes stand by themselves, but are often contained within larger structures. They are in a sentence usually at the start to express a sentiment or a strong emotion such as, surprise, anger, fear, or pleasure. Examples: Wow! I won the lottery! Oh, I dont know about that.

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I dont know what the heck youre talking about. No, you shouldnt have done that.

Exercise 45

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

aha blah cheers darn eek goodbye ouch pooh shoo ugh

scared meaningless talk see you soon get away it is so easy looks beautiful disgust pain a drinking toast got hurt

Exercise 46 Underline all the interjections in each sentences. English Time Page 10

1.

Dang! That hurt.

2. Do not blabber, fiddlesticks! 3. Humph! That's not the way to do it. 4. Ooops! I messed it up. 5. Gosh! You are incredible. 6. 7. Eurekha! I found it. 7. Tchah! It does not taste good. 8. Lah-de-dah! You bought a new car. 9. Bravo! We won.

10. Rah rah! I got distinction.

UNIT IX
Determiners

Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. Articles:

a, an, the

Possessive Adjectives:

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my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose

Other determiners:

each, every either, neither some, any, no much, many; more, most little, less, least few, fewer, fewest what, whatever; which, whichever both, half, all several enough

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Exercise 47 A . Decide whether you have to use much or many: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. We saw _____ animals at the zoo. How _____ oranges did you put in the box? There isnt _____ sugar in my coffee. I dont have ______ friends. The old man hasnt got _____ hair on his head. Ive packed _____ bottles of water. I didnt get _____ sleep last night. How _____ fruit do you eat in an average day? Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. many many much many much many much much

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B . Decide whether you have to use a little or a few: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Can you please buy _______ apples. We need _______ water. I have _______ money left. I take _______ sugar with my coffee. We had _______ pints of beer there. You have _______ time left. There are _______ chairs in the room. He only spent _______ dollars there. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. a few a little a little a little a few a little a few a few

exercise 48 A . Decide whether you have to use some or any: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Is there _______ milk left? There is _______ juice in the bottle. Do you have _______ coffee? I dont have _______ money left. She has _______ money. Do you know _______ of these singers? I dont know _______ of them. I know _______ of them. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. any some any any some any any some

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B . Decide whether you have to use some or many: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The child put _______ sand into the bucket. I can lend you _______ money if you need it. There arent _______ pears left. Only two. We had _______ cake with the tea. Dont eat so _______ sweets or youll get fat. I had _______ beer last night at the bar. I dont have _______ friends. He brought _______ food with him. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. some some many some many some many some

C . Decide whether you have to use little or less: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. I have _______ interest in classical music. I have _______ faith in him. We need _______ furniture in this dance hall than in the big one. You have to drink _______ coffee. He has _______ money than I thought. Tonight I drank _______ wine than last night. She dedicates _______ time to her homework than to her hobbies. This will take _______ time to finish than the last time we tried. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. little little less less less less less less

exercise 49 Decide whether you have to use a little or a lot:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

That may cost you _______ of money. I added _______ sugar to the mix. Youll have to spend _______ of cash on this car. (a lot) I can do it with _______ help from my friends. _______ change can really make a difference. I dont have _______ of free time today. He left _______ of laundry for me to do. She gave him _______ attention. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. a lot a little a lot a little a little a lot a lot a little

EXERCISE 50 Decide whether you have to use few or little: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Theres _______ point in calling. _______ people understood what he said. There is _______ use in trying to do this. Theres _______ space here as it is. Theres _______ I can do about this. Dan is a great student. He has _______ problems with history. There was _______ traffic on the road. I think Coventry will win the match but _______ people agree with me. Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. little few little little little few little few

NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________


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YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 1 IDENTIFYING ACTION AND MENTAL WORDS

Underline the verb once if it is physical and twice if it is mental. 21. Nora sings a melodious song. 22. She worries about the new price of oil. 23. He encoded his report in the computer. 24. Lara daydreams during History period. 25. Michelle cleaned the room. 26. Fiction writers imagined their characters. 27. The janitor swept the floor. 28. He thought of going to college next year. 29. The teacher discussed poetry in her class. 30. Dalen remembers her sons birthday. 31. I nod my head. 32. Henry knew the truth. 33. They play for hours. 34. He remembered his father. 35. We wrote personal essay. 36. The man believed in reincarnation. 37. Benita slept on the sofa bed. 38. The priest reflects about the gospel reading. 39. The prisoner repents for his sins. 40. Charlene sat beside Joey.

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 2 LINKING VERBS

Identify the linking verb in the following sentences. Underline them. 1. Karla is patient with her little brother. 2. Paul appeared bored with his job. 3. The child felt hungry after supper. 4. Even with the door closed, the stereo sounds too loud. 5. She was our teachers favorite. 6. Liza has been our class treasurer. 7. Mr. de Vera stayed confident during the debate. 8. The story about vampire was scary. 9. Karol grew taller last year. 10. Her favorite actresses are Sharon and Wilma. 11. The sunset is beautiful. 12. The father appears angry. 13. The trees are tall. 14. My sister became a lawyer. 15. His morning swim felt refreshing.
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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 3 OTHER FORMS OF LINKING VERBS Identify other linking verbs. Underline the linking verb in each sentence, then draw a double headed arrow to show which words are linked by the verb. Example: His slippers look so dirty.

11. The sampaguita smells different from other flowers. 12. Those oranges taste sour. 13. She turned pale after seeing a ghost. 14. Meriam remained strong in spite of her hardship. 15. The babys hair felt sticky from the candy. 16. You appear older than the last time I saw you. 17. After years of studying, he finally became a lawyer. 18. The bell sounded strange last night. 19. Some people stay as business partners for several years. 20. It seems that it is going to rain today.

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 4 FORMING VERBS FROM SCRAMBLED LETTERS Unscrambled the word and form a verb. Write the verb formed on the blank provided. Example: veela 1. kreab 2. nepo 3. kolo 4. mells 5. worg 6. pearpe 7. seme 8. tays 9. madre 10. kalt 11. khie 12. wonk 13. kniw 14. rashe 15. rache
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leave 16. vegi 17. kate 18. ngis 19. panit 20. dear 21. pety 22. fele 23. ginbe 24. wosh 25.rhinks 26. larne 27. creeta 28. cedan 29. rentur 30. veid GIVE TAKE SIGN PAINT READ TYPE FEEL BEGIN SHOW SHRINK LEARN CREATE DANCE RETURN DIVE
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BREAK OPEN LOOK SMELL GROW APPEAR SEEM STAY DREAM TALK HIKE KNOW WINK SHARE REACH

NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 5 LINKING OR ACTION VERB Tell whether the underlined word is a linking verb or an action word. ACTION WORD. LINKING VERB ACTION WORD LINKING VERB LINKING VERB 5. LINKING VERB 6. LINKING VERB 7. ACTION WORD 8. LINKING VERB 9. ACTION WORD 10 LINKING VERB 11. ACTION WORD 12. LINKING VERB 13. ACTION WORD 14 LINKING VERB 15.
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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 6 FORMING PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE OF REGULAR VERBS Form the past and past participle form of the regular verbs in the table below. PRESENT EXAMPLE: list 1. applaud 2. boil 3. clap 4. dine 5. endure 6. float 7. greet 8. hate 9. impress 10. jog 11. kiss 12. live 13. match 14. nod PAST listed PAST PARTICIPLE listed

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15. omit 16. paint 17. pretend 18. patch 19. quote 20. recall 21. recite 22. scribble 23. start 24. trust 25. try 26. unite 27. vend 28. violate 29. warn 30. watch 31. wash 32. work 33. wipe 34. yell 35. zoom

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 7 IRREGULAR VERBS

Complete the table of the common irregular verbs by supplying the missing principal parts.

PRESENT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. BE (AM, IS, ARE) ARISE BEGIN bear bet BIND BITE bend BLOW BREAK BRING burst broadcast BUY CATCH CHOOSE COME

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

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18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

cut do, does DRAW DRINK EAT FALL fight find FLEE FLY FORGET FREEZE give go GROW HANG HAVE, HAS HIDE hit hurt KEEP KNOW LAY LIE leave lend LET LOSE MAKE
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47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

MEET put ride RING SEEK SET SHOW sing swim TAKE UNDERSTAND WEAR WEAVE win

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 8 IDENTIFYING CORRECT FORM OF PRINCIPAL VERBS Underline the verbs which do not belong to the principal parts of verb. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. begin bite breaked drank freeze ringed got saw sink spring swimmed blown drived felled gaved grow known ridden rised shoke beginned bit break drunk frozed ring get sawed sanked sprang swim blew drive fall gave growed knew ride rise shake began bited broke drink froze rang gotted see sunk spranged swam blowed drove fallen given grew know rode rose shook begun bitten broken drinked frozen rung gotten seen sank sprung swum blow driven fell give grown knowed rided risen shaken

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 9 USING THE PROGRESSIVE AND THE EMPHATIC FORMS OF VERBS

Complete each sentence with the verb form indicated in parentheses. 1. Some photographers are recording nature in great detail.

(record, present progressive)


2. With todays fast shutters, photographers do capture objects in motion.

(capture, present emphatic)


3-4. Satellites were providing photographic evidence of ancient cities while photographers were describing on film objects frozen in time.

(provide, describe; past progressive)


5. Photography did make invisible worlds, visible.

(make, past emphatic)


6. Do you know that I am writing a story about time travel?

(write, present progressive)


7. You will be reading it soon; Ill send you a copy.

(read, future progressive)


8. I do hope that you will read and enjoy it.

(hope, present emphatic)


9. You gave me the basic idea when you were talking H.G. Wells The Time Machine.

(talk, past progressive)


10. Although you provided the final inspiration, I was considering a similar
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theme already.

(consider, past progressive)


11. I did wonder if the idea still had untapped possibilities.

(wonder, past emphatic)


12. Many writers and film makers are creating works on that subject.

(create, present progressive)


13. Perhaps by the time I finish my story, readers will be searching for a new subject.

(search, future progressive)


14. Classical scholars are studying the plays of Sophocles.

(study, present progressive)


15. This class is discussing the work of the great Greek playwright.

(discuss, present progressive)


16. Members of the discussion group do meet for three days.

(meet, present emphatic)


17. The students will be exploring the works of Sophocles until next week.

(explore, future progressive)


18. Some students are producing the play Antigone next Friday.

(produce, present progressive)


19. The company will be needing some extra actors for the Greek chorus.

(need, future progressive)


20. They did try to recreate the look and feeling of theater as it existed during Sophocles time.

(try, past emphatic)


21. During his youth, he was studying music under a well-known teacher.
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(study, past progressive)


22. Although he won fame for his literary skills, Sophocles did participate in many civic activities.

(participate, past emphatic)


23. Many students do wonder how Sophocles could write such great plays and still be so involved in civic life.

(wonder, present emphatic)


24. As a young man, Sophocles was searching for his own ideas about right and wrong.

(search, past progressive)


25. Modern audiences are discovering that the ideas expressed in these ancient works are still relevant.

(discover, present progressive)


26. Most experts do agree that Oedipus Rex, Antigone, and Oedipus at Colonus come from a much older Theban legend.

(agree, present emphatic)


27. Although they were written so long ago, Sophocles plays do inspire us when we see them performed today.

(inspire, present emphatic)


28. Next week, our class will be presenting Antigone in our school auditorium.

(present, future progressive)


29. In the 1950s, many surfers did make their own surfboards out of balsa wood or plywood.

(make, past emphatic)


30. I was cleaning my surfboard when he called.

(clean, past progressive)

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 10 WRITING SENTENCES

Rewrite the following sentences by changing the tense of the underlined verbs to those indicated in the parentheses. Make other necessary changes.

1. He lives in Tondo. (Past tense) He lived in Tondo last year. 2. Raquel began studying the piano when she was five years old. (Future, present) Raquel will begin studying the piano when she is five years old. 3. Water froze at 32o Fahrenheit. (Present) Water freezes at 32o Fahrenheit. 4. Corazon attended a concert last night. (Present continuous) Corazon is attending a concert now. 5. He worked as a clerk while he studied. (past continuous) He was working as a clerk while he was studying. 6. He was a mechanic. (past habitual) He used to be a mechanic. 7. Ghana was called the Gold Coast. (past habitual) Ghana used to be called the Gold Coast. 8. We are taking up verb forms now. (present emphatic) We do take up verb forms now.
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9. Gold never loses its value. (future) Gold will never lose its value. 10. The Lady President encourages local artists. (future continuous) The Lady President will be encouraging local artists. 11. Scientists made many discoveries within the last century. (past emphatic) Scientists did make many discoveries within the last century. 12. Japan was the most industrialized country in Asia before World War II. (present) Japan is the most industrialized country in Asia before World War II. 13. My teacher made me study hard through developing my love for learning. (future) My teacher will make me study hard through developing my love for learning. 14. Low income families spend most of their money in food. (present continuous) Low income families are spending most of their money in food. 15. We pray for peace. (present continuous) We are praying for peace.

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 11 TENSE MIX UP

Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verb in the parentheses given at the left.

1. (do) 2. (come) 3. (begin) 4. (run, see)

Nong did his best to win yesterdays match. He came in late last night. Tomorrow, everyone will begin a new project. We ran after the thief when the policeman saw us.

5. (cry) 6. (give)

I cried a lot when I was in Grade I. Look! The rich woman gave a ten-peso bill to the beggar.

7. (live)

The Queen of England lives at Buckingham Palace in London.

8. (wash, ring) 9. (swim) 10. (take)

While she washed her hair, the phone rang. Get ready! The big fish is swimming toward us. I take after my grandmother in looks.

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11. (look, shake) (quiver, perspire)

You look nervous. Your legs are shaking, your lips are quivering, and you perspire all over.

12. (water) (pass, wink) (smile, say)

She was watering the lawn when he passed by and winked at her. She smiled shyly and said, Hi!

13. (stare, have, be)

Why do you stare at me? Because you have a strange look on your face. What do you mean? You are up to something, arent you?

14. (recognize, see,) (be, know) (look, appear)

I hardly recognize her the last time I saw her. She was no longer the same Melanie I knew. She looked like a movie star. Now, she appeared older and unattractive.

15. (rule)

Someday, I will rule the whole world. Just wait and see.

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 12 PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. We Filipinos are mild drinkers. We drink only for three reasons. We drink when we are sad. We drink when we are happy and we drink for any other reasons. In 1945, the liberation forces landed in the Philippines. We Filipinos were very glad to see the Americans back, not so much because they were Americans but because they were not Japanese. In our barrio, alcoholized Americans became a common sight. A favorite story in the barrio then was that of the Yankee soldier who stumbled with a bottle of whisky in his pocket. Finding it is wet, he alarmingly looked at his hands; then with a sigh of relief, he exclaimed. Thank God, it was blood! I thought it was my whisky!
- We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro R. Roces

B. Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. A miser, to make sure of his property, sold all that he had and converted it into a great lump of gold, which he hid in a hole in the ground, and went continually to visit and inspect it. This roused the curiosity of one of the workmen, who, suspecting that there was a treasure, went to the spot and stole it away. When the miser returned and found the place empty, he wept and tore his hair. But a neighbor who saw him in this extravagant grief, and learned the cause of it, said, Fret no longer, but take a stone and put it in the same place, and think of it as your lump of gold. As you never meant to use it, the stone will do you as much as the gold.

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C. Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. One day, a farmer going to the nest of his goose, found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he took it up, it was as heavy as lead. The farmers first impulse was to throw the egg away, because he thought a trick had been played upon him. But he got it on second thought, and soon found to his delight that it was an egg of pure gold. Every morning, the same thing occurred and soon, the farmer became rich by selling his eggs. As he grew richer, he grew greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the goose could give, he killed it and opened it only to find nothing.

D. Fill in each blank in the paragraph with the future form of the verb in parentheses. I am a member of the Ecology Club of our school. Our objective is to conserve the environment in our own little way. We all agree that we will plant trees in vacant areas in our school grounds or in the community. Of course, we will ask the approval of the school and barangay authorities concerning this. We will also use recyclable materials like used cans and plastic containers for planting vegetables and ornamentals. We will clean our immediate surroundings like our homes, schools, backyards, and streets. In school, we will segregate garbage into perishable and recyclable wastes.

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NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________ YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 13 IDENTIFYING THE TENSE OF VERBS IN SENTENCES Write the tense of each underlined verbs and its form if the form is not basic. EXAMPLE: present perfect She has lived in the same house for years.

PRESENT PERFECT 1. SIMPLE FUTURE 2.

SIMPLE PRESENT 3. PRESENT PERFECT 4. FUTURE PERFECT 5. PRESENT PERFECT 6. SIMPLE PAST 7.

SIMPLE PRESENT 8. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE 10. FUTURE PERFECT 11. SIMPLE PAST 12..

PRESENT PERFECT13. SIMPLE PAST 14.

SIMPLE PRESENT 15.

NAME: _________________________________ SCORE: _______________


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YEAR AND SECTION: ______________________ DATE: ________________

Activity 14 IDENTIFYING THE VERB AND ITS TENSE

Underline the complete verb phrase and tell the tense of each of the sentences below. Write the tense on the blank before each sentence. EXAMPLE: Present perfect progressive Benjamin has been studying Shakespeares sonnet.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 1. The choir has been rehearsing the new song for three months now. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST 2. I had read the book before it was assigned to the class. 3. Although Eugene began slowly, he did win the chess championship. SIMPLE PAST 4. The teacher was very happy. PRESENT PERFECT 5. They have never been very lucky. PRESENT PERFECT 6. Jackielyn has seen that play. PRESENT PERFECT 7. They have been in La Union for a year now. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 8. The rice crop had been thriving until it was attacked by locusts. PAST PERFECT 9. I had been a member of K and C long before you joined. SIMPLE PAST 10. He was plowing the field this morning.

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Answer key APPLAUDED BOILED CLAPPED DINED ENDURED FLOATED GREETED HATED IMPRESSED JOGGED KISSED LIVED MATCHED NODDED OMMITTED PAINTED PRETENDED PATCHED QUOTED RECALLED RECITED
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APPLAUDED BOILED CLAPPED DINED ENDURED FLOATED GREETED HATED IMPRESSED JOGGED KISSED LIVED MATCHED NODDED OMMITTED PAINTED PRETENDED PATCHED QUOTED RECALLED RECITED
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SCRIBBLED STARTED TRUSTED TRIED UNITED VENDED VIOLATED WARNED WATCHED WASHED WORKED WIPED YELLED ZOOMED

SCRIBBLED STARTED TRUSTED TRIED UNITED VENDED VIOLATED WARNED WATCHED WASHED WORKED WIPED YELLED ZOOMED

was, were AROSE began BORE BET bound bit BENT BLEW
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BEEN arisen BEGUN BORNE BET BOUND BITTEN BENT blown


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broke BROUGHT BURST BROADCAST bought caught CHOSE CAME CUT DID drew drank ATE FELL FOUGHT FOUND fled flew FORGOT FROZE GAVE WENT grew hung HAD HID HIT HURT kept
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BROKEN brought BURST BROADCAST BOUGHT CAUGHT chosen come CUT DONE DRAWN DRUNK eaten fallen FOUGHT FOUND FLED FLOWN forgotten frozen GIVEN GONE GROWN HUNG had hidden HIT HURT KEPT
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knew LAID LAIN LEFT LENT let lost MADE MET PUT RODE rang sought SET SHEW SANG SWAM took understood WORE WOVE WON

KNOWN laid lain LEFT LENT LET LOST made met PUT RIDDEN RUNG SOUGHT set shown SUNG SWUM TAKEN UNDERSTOOD worn woven WON

Activity 14

PRESENT PERFECT 1. SIMPLE FUTURE 2.

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SIMPLE PRESENT 3. PRESENT PERFECT 4. FUTURE PERFECT 5. PRESENT PERFECT 6. SIMPLE PAST 7.

SIMPLE PRESENT 8. PAST PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE 10. FUTURE PERFECT 11. SIMPLE PAST 12..

PRESENT PERFECT13. SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PRESENT Activity 5 ACTION WORD. LINKING VERB ACTION WORD LINKING VERB LINKING VERB 5. LINKING VERB 6. LINKING VERB 7. ACTION WORD 8. 14.

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LINKING VERB 9. ACTION WORD 10 LINKING VERB 11. ACTION WORD 12. LINKING VERB 13. ACTION WORD 14 LINKING VERB 15.

Table of contents Unit 1:Nouns Exercise 1. Exercise 2 . Exercise 3 . Exercise 4 . Exercise 5 . Exercise 6 . Exercise 7 . Exercise 8 .

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Exercise 9 . Exercise 10 .

Unit 1
Nouns

Noun - a word that names a person, place, things, ideas or an event. The term noun comes from the Latin word nomen (name). Generally speaking, there are two kinds of noun, namely the proper noun and the common noun. Types of Nouns

Proper noun- is a word or a sequence of several words which names particular individual, place, event or thing. Typically, English proper nouns spelt beginning with capital letter. Proper nouns are definite. They are almost singular Examples: Marvin, Bulacan, Christmas, Honda Civic, etc.

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On the other hand, a common noun is used to refer to a member of classes of people, places or things. Examples: parents, province, schools, books, etc. There are two subtypes of common nouns which differ grammatically, namely the count nouns and the mass nouns. A mass noun refers to objects that cannot be counted but can be measured. Mass nouns denote the following: Intangible things like gases, such as air, oxygen, etc. Abstract ideas like intelligence, truth, honesty, etc. Emotions like love, hatred, sympathy, etc. Natural phenomena like heat, sunshine, etc. Modes of behavior like laughter, recreation, etc. Material things that are not countable such as liquids, e.g. water, oil, tea, wine, etc. Material things that are too small to be counted like dust, rice, dirt, etc. Sciences like physics, phonetics, chemistry, etc. Other tangible things like knowledge, information,etc. A count noun is a type of common noun which can be used to refer an individual object or to objects in a countable collection like apple, envelope, mountain, house, etc. There are other kinds of nouns such as concrete nouns, abstract nouns, collective nouns, compound nouns and adjectives used as noun. Collective nouns refer to a number of people or to a group or animals or similar objects that come together and are taken as a unit Examples: congregation, crew, jury, club, council, crowd, etc. An abstract noun is used to name a quality or an idea that cannot be perceived by the senses Examples: love, happiness, kindness, and fear. Concrete noun in contrast to abstract noun have physical forms; they can be seen, touched, tasted heard, or smelled. They can occupy space. Examples: books, fruits, bags, computers, doll, fan etc. English Time Page 46

Compound noun is made up of two or more nouns or noun and the same other word/s, which form a unit idea. Examples: stairway, grandparents, housemaid, sister-in-law, and commander-in-chief.

Forms of nouns ; I. Singular and Plural Forms Rules:

1. Nouns ending in s, -x ch, or sh add es, to avoid a double sibilant.


Examples match matches radish radishes kiss kisses branch branches box boxes dish dishes tax taxes

bench benches

2. Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel, add s. Examples


piano pianos radio radios rodeo rodeos

2. a Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, add es.


Examples Hero heroes Mosquito mosquitoes Mango mangoes

2.b A few ending in o take either an s or -es,


Examples Buffalo buffalos or buffaloes Cargo -- cargo or cargoes

3. For nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant, change y to I and add es. Examples
family families duty duties baby babies library libraries lily lilies

3.a For nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel add s only as in.


Examples donkey donkeys key keys boys boys

4. Nouns ending in f or fe form their plurals by changing f or fe to v and add es.

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Examples leaf leaves life lives elf elves

4.a A few nouns retain the f and add s.


belief beliefs roof roofs dwarf dwarfs

5. A words keep the old English form and change the vowel
Foot feet Ox oxen Goose geese Child children

6. Some nouns usually names of animals, have the same form in both singular and plural such
are deer, fish, sheep, swine, salmon, trout, furniture, information etc.

7. Some nouns are plural in form require plural verbs although their meaning is singular.
Examples: barracks, gallows, credentials, shears, auspices, etc.

8. The largest group of irregular plurals occur in nouns borrowed from foreign languages.
Alumna Alumnus Formula Nucleus Fungus Curriculum Parenthesis Thesis Analysis Criterion Beau datum alumnae alumni formulae nuclei fungi curricula parentheses theses analyses criteria beaux data

10. Compound words form their plural in several ways:


Most compound nouns simply use the plural of the last and more significant unit, e.g. motorboats, raincoats If the most significant word comes first, it usually take the plural as in: sisters-in-law, passers by, justices of the peace, attorneys-in-law English Time Page 48

The significant words remain plural when preceded by assistant or deputy as in chiefs of staff, deputy ministers Compound nouns ending in ful as a unit of measure add s to the last unit: cupfuls, armfuls, spoonfuls 11. The following nationals are the same in both singular and plural forms: Chinese, Japanese, Javanese, Swiss, Burmese, Vietnamese.

12. Letters, characters, and words spoken of as such form their plural by adding apostrophe and
an s (s). e. g. 3 ms in mammal , answer the whys, cross your ts

II. Gender of nouns

Four types: masculine refers to the male sex , feminine refers to the female sex, common indicates either male or female sex , neuter it has no sex. Masculine man, brother, father, gentleman, uncle, nephew Feminine -- women, sister, mother, lady, aunt, niece Common -- doctor, teacher, engineer, nurse, judge, dean, employer, mayor, dancer Neuter -lily, umbrella, flower, tree, house, chalk, board

Guidelines to observe in determining the gender of nouns:

A. Certain nouns especially those referring to people may have different forms to indicate masculine and feminine usage. Man women gentleman - lady Brother sister Father mother uncle - aunt nephew - niece

The same case can be said of certain male and female animals: English Time Page 49

Buck doe ram - ewe Bull -- cow stallion mare Fox vixen III. Cases of nouns Nouns have three cases the nominative which is the case of the subject, the objective which is the case of the object and the genitive or the possessive.

A noun in nominative case may function as a subject, a predicate nominative, an appositive, a nominative of direct address, or nominative of exclamation. Julie Ann studies her lessons every night. (subject) His most difficult subject, Calculus, caused him of sleepless nights. (appositive) Elisa, you are so generous. (nominative of direct address) Alex is my bestfriend. (predicate nominative) Spiders! They make my hair on the end. (nominative of exclamation) A noun in the objective case may function as a direct object, an object of the preposition, an indirect object, subject of the infinitive, an appositive, a cognate object, or an adverbial phrase. Rocelle sends money to her family regularly. (direct object) Jill gave chris a beautiful gift last Christmas. (indirect object) This letter came from Fe, my cousin. (appositive) Let us send this message to Ellen. (object of the preposition) The dean wants Minda to organize the fieldtrip. (subject of the infinitive) Millions of people all over the world drink softdrinks everyday. (cognate object) English Time Page 50

The passengers paid ten pesos for the ride. (adverbial phrase) Nouns in the possessive forms (usually formed by the addition of an apostrophe and a letter s), nouns do not change forms. To show ownership or possession, remember the following pointers: 1. If a singular noun does not end in s, add s. The delivery boys truck was blocking the driveway. 2. If a singular common noun ends in s, add s unless the next word begins with s, add an apostrophe only. (this includes words with s and sh sounds.) The bosss temper was legendary among his employees. 3. If s singular proper noun ends in s, add an apostrophe. Chris exam score were higher than any other students. 4. If a noun is in form and end in an s, add an apostrophe only, even if the intended meaning of the word is singular (such as mathematics and measles.) The instructors reports have been submitted. 5. If a plural nouns does not end in s, add s. Many activists in Manila are concerned with childrens rights. 6. If there is joint possession, use the correct possessive for only the possessive closest to the noun. Conde and Gonzalos campaign was successful. 7. If there is a separate possession of the same noun, use the correct possessive form for each word. The owners and the bosss excuses were equally false.

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8. In a compound construction, use the correct possessive form for the closest to the noun. Avoid possessives with compound plurals. My father-in-laws BMW is really fun to drive.

Exercise 1.

Pick out all the nouns on the song "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music.

Raindrops on roses and whiskers on kittens Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite nouns Cream colored ponies and crisp apple streudels Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings These are a few of my favorite nouns Girls in white dresses with blue satin sashes Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes

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Silver white winters that melt into springs These are a few of my favorite nouns When the dog bites When the bee stings When I'm feeling sad I simply remember my favorite nouns And then I don't feel so bad. Apologies to Oscar Hammerstein II, lyricist of "My Favorite Things" from The Sound of Music

Exercise 2 B. Match the words on the first column with the words on the second column with the words on the second column to form a compound noun. A 1. arm 2. cup 3. basket 4. dish 5. sauce 6. bed 7. bath 8. house 9. news 10. panty English Time B wife weight cake store paste chair bug lace tub paper Page 53

11. neck 12. road 13. flower 14. drug 15. tooth 16. night 17. paper 18. key 19. play 20. sales

pot ball life hose pan ground lady washer chain block

B. Pick out all the singular nouns in the following sentences and change them to the plural form. 1. The beach here is safer than the other beaches in the country 2. Here is a paragraph for you to fill in with the words above each. 3. A passerby was hit by a stray bullet. 4. In class, the teacher gives a quiz everyday. 5. Every phenomenon has an explanation 6. A child is very precious to his parents. 7. I bought a loaf of bread for breakfast this morning 8. An Ilocano is known to be the thriftiest Filipino. 9. Treat your fungus in your body immediately. 10. There is a only one agendum discussed in the meeting 11. The researcher formulated her hypothesis carefully. 12. Add only a teaspoonful of sugar to my coffee. 13. I admire the generosity of my sister-in law. 14. A modern parent shows a pragmatic approach to the problem of his adolescent child. 15. His argument was laconic but convincing.

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Exercise 3 C. Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form of the nouns in parentheses.

1. The ______ (calf) have muddy ________ (hoof). 2. Those __________ (goose) belong to Nonas three ________ (child). 3. There are _________ (mouse) in my friends _________ (house). 4. Four ________ (consultant) made different __________ (analysis) of the problem. 5. All the ________ (alumnus) visited the six ___________ (alumna). 6. These ________ (sheep) are cared for by the two _________ (manservant). 7. How many ______ (deer) did the three (Chinese) shoot? 8. Most _______ (child) love to attend ___________ (party).

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9. These _________ (gladiolus) were sent by my two _________ sister-in-law) 10. The different ballroom ________ (dance) will be demonstrated by the three (pair) of dancers.

D. Underline the correct words in the following sentences. 1. Mr. Angeles is the (principal, principle) of the school. 2. The country was under (martial, marital) law. 3. The (boarder, border) between two countries was irregular. 4. The man parked his car at an (angle, angel). 5. The (cavalry, calvary) made its last march. 6. He couldnt (breath, breathe) because of cold. 7. They travel across the Nevada (desert, dessert). 8. A (horde, hoard) of adventures assaulted the castle. 9. The fortunetellers (prophecy, prophesy) came true. 10. Some animals have short and furry (tails, tales). 11. Canada and the United States were (allies, alleys) in the war. 12. One needs (capitol, capital) for such an investment. 13. He joined the police (corps, corpse). 14. The lady received a lovely (complement, compliment) for her singing. 15.The (assent, ascent) to the mountain was gradual.

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Exercise 4 Give the opposite gender of the nouns in parentheses to make the sentence correct. 16. The (best man) _________ is the brides best friend of Mary. 17. The (hostess) _______ of the event was Martin. 18. The (patron) _________ of the town is St. Therese of the Child Jesus. 19. (Sir) _________ , your slip is showing. 20. He is like a (cow) _____________ in the China shop. 21. My (mother) ________ worked as a laborer to be able to send us to school. 22. We are am\waken each morning by the crowing of the (hen) __________. 23. The (God) __________ of love is Venus.

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24. Her (fiance) _________ gave her a diamond ring. 25. Marriane is studying to be an (aviator). 26. Mang Pedro has many (sows) ___________ for hire. 27. A (priestess) _________ observes vow of purity. 28. The (prince) ________ saved the damsel in distress. 29. We are (alumni) __________ of an exclusive school for girls. 30. The (bride) _____________ is very much in love with his future wife.

Exercise 5 B. Determine the gender of the following nouns. Give the opposite forms of the nouns that are masculine and feminine. 26. aviatrix 27. spinster 28. orchid 29. hind parasol 30. abbess 31. god 32. judge 33. master

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34. queen 35. dancer 36. vessel 37. flower 38. professor 39. lily 40. landlord 41. jockey 42. stag 43. monk 44. wizard 45. wolf 46. widow 47. employer 48. dean 49. administrator B . Write the possessive form of the nouns on each sentences. 21. The student attempts to solve the problem were rewarded. 22. The boss sister arrived from the province yesterday. 23. Lotis answer were very clear. 50. stallion

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24. It is hard to endure the marine corps style of discipline. 25. Everyone was disappointed with the Philippine media. 26. Betty and Chad appeal is absolutely lost on me. 27. The shop and the salon owners were in the city when the fire broke out. 28. The forest ranger truck is painted in all blue. 29. The elves mined a gold yesterday. 30. Monster house is on fire. 31. Fiona and Shrek house is so adorable 32. Baby restaurant is 24 hours open 33. Maroon 5 concert was postponed. 34. Shiela bakery opens in early morning 35. Beowulf enemy was Grendel. 36. The farmer hat is very native 37. Santa Claus sleigh flies so high 38. Sisa sons were lost. 39. Hannah Montana acts were very controversial. 40. Mario wallet is missing.

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Exercise 6 C. Insert an apostrophe and an s (s) or just an apostrophe () where it is necessary to form the possessives of the nouns in the following sentences.

11. The teacher schedule is written on the board.

12. The peoples hair rarely grows longer than four feet.

13. Have you ever read any of Edgar Allan Poe masterpieces?

14. In the earlier times, women clothes were fancy and beautiful.

15. The twin sisters picture was in Saturday paper.

16. Are men works heavier than women?

17. Joseph amazing skill made him the season best player.

18. My cousin report is in hour drive from Manila.

19. Do you want a year subscription to a boys magazine?

20. The children choir is planning a two days tour.

B . Pick out all the nouns in the following sentences and classify them. English Time Page 61

1. The editor will send manuscripts to specialists in biology and linguistics. 2. The chairman had discussed the design of the book with a designer. 3. Our English teacher gave a lecture on contemporary poetry. 4. Students taking laboratory subjects will specimens for their experiment. 5. The school issues temporary receipts to students making reservations. 6. The victims was rushed to nearby hospital 7. The lecturer elucidated on the role of women in our society today. 8. The illegal entry of imported products was stopped by custom inspectors. 9. The judge gave a cursory glance before giving his verdict. 10. The five-star hotels offer the best tourist accommodations.

Unit II
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Pronouns
Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. The substantive which is replaced by a pronoun is its antecedent. Types of Pronoun 9. Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he, she, it, they,

we, and you. Example: They went to the store.


Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him, it, you, them, and us. Example: David gave the gift to her. Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine, his, hers, ours, yours,

its, and theirs. Example: Is this mine or yours?

Nominative

Objective

Possessive

Sing Plural person

Sing Plural

Sing Plural

first

We

Me

Us

My

our

Mine ours

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second

You

you

You

you

Your Yours

your yours

third

He They She It

Him Her It

them

His Her Hers Theirs its

their

10. Indefinite Pronouns These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some, anything, and nobody. Example: Everyone is already here. 11. Relative Pronouns These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun. These are: who,

whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and that. Example: The driver who ran the stop
sign was careless. 12. Intensive Pronouns These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These are: myself, himself, herself,

themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and ourselves. Example: He himself is his worst
critic.

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13. Demonstrative Pronouns

There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this, that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are replacing. Examples: Such was his understanding. Those are totally awesome. 14. Interrogative Pronouns

These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whomever,

whichever, and whatever. Example: Who will you bring to the party?
15. Reciprocal Pronouns This is used to denote an interchange of action- one another, each other. Examples: Cely and Martin used to love each other Community members must help one another. 16. Extensive Pronouns There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive pronoun. These are the ones that end in self or "selves." They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same noun.

I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse. The bookie hurt himself chasing me through the alley. We also use them to emphasize the subject.

Usually, bookies send an employee to collect their money for them, but since I owed so much, he himself came to my house.

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Exercise 7 A. In the following sentences, indicate the word or phrase that you think is correct for written work. 11. She doesnt look like any woman (who, whom) Ive ever seen before. 12. She must be the one (who, whom) I think I wanted to paint her old steel cabinet. 13. (Who, Whom) I wonder, would ever buy cheese that looks like that. 14. Do you think (you and I, you and me) would like some of the fried chicken that is special this week? 15. Hes somebody, I suppose, (who, whom) weve just got to talk. 16. What do you think about (us, our) picking up a box of those strawberries while were here? 17. Alex, this is my cousin, (who, whom) you havent met before. 18. I hope youll understand (us, our) being a little bit of a hurry. 19. I certainly get tired of (you, your) being quite so rowdy. 20. Some things seem to upset (you and I, you and me). B. In the following sentences, indicate the word or phrase that you think is correct for written work. 11. (Who, Whom) did you say youre in love with? 12. Im sure youll forgive (me, my) not answering that question. 13. My presence there was apparently quite disturbing to (whoever, whomever) was standing behind the door. 14. Mrs. Fernandez wanted both ( he, him) and Raul as members of the team. 15. (Who, Whom) did you say on the phone? 16. When she asked (who, whom) I wanted to see, the name went right out of my mind. 17. Without (he and I, him and me, our) helping out the field trip probably would have failed. 18. He has never been the kind of person, I think (who, whom) could be happy at such work. 19. His failure to come up to expectations is a matter of concern to his mother and ( I, me). 20. I had always been found of (she, her) and I regretted ending our friendship so abruptly.

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C. Recognizing Antecedents: Write each underlined pronoun and its antecedent. If a pronoun does not have an antecedent, write none after the pronoun. EXAMPLE: Scott turned his report before it was due. His (Scott) it (report)

11. Jo herself has had clairvoyant experiences at various times in her life. 12. The troops trudged through the thick forest. Their throats were parched and they yearned for some refreshment. 13. I think nothing is worse than a steak that is well-done. 14. All of the graduating seniors must pass proficiency tests. Those who fail will not receive a diploma. 15. Pollution is hung in a thick cloud over the city. Its debilitating affects caused the schools to cancel their sports events. 16. Amy Lowell is a particularly fine poet. Everyone should read at least one of her poems. 17. It is inspirational to me to read stories of people who have overcome severe handicaps and gone on to lead successful lives. 18. Listening attentively is a valuable skill. Students should train themselves to do it effectively. 19. I asked Marcia what she meant by her mysterious remark. 20. Both of the actors gave superior performances. They captured the hearts of their audience.

EXERCISE 8

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A. Identifying the different types of Pronouns. Identify each underlined pronoun as personal,

reflexive, intensive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, or indefinite.


Example: Television critics worry about its effect on viewers. Answer: Personal

When over 130,000 television viewers turned on (1.) their sets to watch roots, (2.) few had any idea (3.) that (4.) this was the beginning of a new television era. Today, docudramas with (5.) their colorful dramatizations of historical events make up a substantial portion of (6.) each of the networks programming. But even as American viewers treat (7.) themselves to these television triumphs, there are (8) those (9) who denounce (10) them. Critics contend that docudramas mix fact with fiction without telling (11) those (12) who watch (13) them of this. The critics pore some disturbing questions: (14) who verifies the historical accuracy of these tales? Are the networks doing a disservice by allowing the public to dupe (15) themselves into believing that these distorted accounts are true? (16) others contend that the critics overstate the seriousness of the problem and insult the viewer (17) who is intelligent enough to distinguish reality from fiction. Nevertheless, the disquieting questions remain. When (18) we realize impact these shows may be exerting on us. If we do not, (20) whose version of past events will later fill our textbooks the Hollywood producers or true historians?

B. Underline the pronouns in the following sentences and indicate whether it is: (1) personal, (2) relative, (3) interrogative, (4) indefinite, (5) demonstrative, (6) reflexive, or (7) intensive. Some sentences may have more than one pronoun. __________ 1. Who is your father? __________ 2. The story that you told me is interesting. __________3. The ring is mine. __________4. Which is your book?

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__________5. She is lovely, isnt she? __________6. Joan supported herself by selling cakes. __________ 7. The lesson which I studied is easy. ___________8. He is a valiant man. ___________9. Somebody has lost his book. ___________10. No one should neglect his work. ___________11. The glass which you broke is costly. ___________12. Where do you live? ___________13. When I myself am to blame, I admit it. ___________14. The man who came is Uncle Jose. ___________15. When are you coming? ___________16. Those are our classmates. ___________17. The rewards is yours. ___________18. He wrapped himself in a blanket. ___________19. Maria herself found the solution impossible. ___________20. That is my home.

EXERCISE 9

PERSONAL AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS

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A. In the following sentences, supply the missing personal pronouns.

6. Grandfather left ____ farm to his oldest son, my uncle. My uncle now plants ____with rice and corn. The farm yields good grains. My uncle lives in small nipa house in the farm which ____built five years ago. ___wife helps ____in his work on the farm. My uncle plows and harrows the fields, and ____feeds the pigs and chickens. His children also need____ care and attention. ____attend school in the town. ____mother cooks the food so that will have good food to eat when come home. 7. My uncles oldest son is now in fourth year high school. ____hopes to go to U.P. to study scientific farming. Even now ____ is much interested in agriculture. His teachers find____ very attentive in____ studies and believe that ____will be a successful farmer in the future. 8. The n ext child is a girl of fourteen who is a first year high school student. When took the entrance test ___got the third highest grade in her level and was placed in the honor section. ____interest is English and ____hopes to be a teacher some day parents work hard to give ___children the best opportunities in life. 9. I decided to give Bobby and Alice the portrait advised admired so much. 10. The general called a meeting of ____aides and ____advised to observe discipline. B. In the following sentences, supply the missing relative pronouns. 1. The story ____told you must be kept a secret. 2. The answer _________ he gave is wrong. 3. People in _________ your place great trust are special people. 4. Actresses ________are experienced can try for the Broadway play. 5. Men ________are always drinking are not spending their time wisely. 6. The house ___________ for sale, is very large.

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7. Yellow flowers, for ____I have a special fondness, are seldom found. 8. The man ____you saw is my father. 9. These letters were sent to the boys _________ passed the examination. 10. Chona, ____car was bumped yesterday, is still confined in the hospital.

EXERCISE 10 INTERROGATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS C.) In the following sentences, supply the missing interrogative pronouns. 11. ____ is your favorite singer? 12. ____ should we do about the broken window? 13. ____ of the birds did Al shoot? 14. ____were you talking with when I walked away? 15. ____ was playing baseball in the rain? 16. ____ do you want me to do for you? 17. ____ can you see through the telescope/ 18. ____ is the man Edith loves so much? 19. ____ were you about to do when I arrived? 20. ___ do you think of him as a candidate?

D.) In the following sentences, supply the missing indefinite pronouns.

11. When ___had left, I shut off the lights. 12. The party is open to ____who wants to contribute to the charity. English Time Page 71

13. The police suspected that ________ was wrong. 14. This hat will fit ____. 15. Though many wanted to leave, ____was able to do so because of the typhoon. 16. Danny said he would give her ____ she asked for as long as she was quiet . 17. I gave her the most of what I had, but she insisted on having____. 18. Ricky told ____even his wife. 19. The books are here, waiting for____to read them. 20. Barbara wanted to buy the brown shoes for her son, but he preferred____.

EXERCISE 11 DEMONSTRATIVE, REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS C.) In the following sentences, supply the missing demonstrative pronouns.

11. We are a little of ____ and a little of ____. 12. ____who are willing to join me please stand up. 13. ____girl is very courageous. 14. ____children should not be playing near the cliff. 15. He decided to sell me ____instead of those flowers. 16. Can I buy ___bag for P100? 17. May I take a look at ____dresses hanging in the window? 18. We decided to give ___matter a full of attention. 19. ____is more than I can possibly read in one sitting. 20. The weather killed all ____plants last month. D.) Supply the missing reflexive pronouns. 6. Gary helped ____ to another piece of cake. 7. You owe ____a long vacation. 8. Nancy washed ____in the pond.

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9. God helps those who help____. 10. The dog found____ in trouble after it ran after the cat.

C.) Supply the missing intensive pronouns. 8. Do you mean that you ____will do the work? 9. Jerry ____designed and decorated the house. 10. If he ____understood the problem, he would know the answer. 11. We ____are responsible for our actions. 12. The magazine ____is of little value. 13. The owner ____cleans his new car. 14. The pretty girl regards ____as a winner.

EXERCISE 12 NOMINATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (SUBJECT)

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Encircle the correct pronoun.

21. Grace and (I/me) play cards on weekend. 22. Johnny and (me/I) may try to visit her. 23. Mother and (he/him) took a trip to the province. 24. My sister and (I/me) were invited to the party. 25. Tomas and (she/her) are good friends. 26. Robert and (I/me) rode our bicycles. 27. Joseph and (they/them) came to school together. 28. Ginny and (she/her) made sweaters. 29. Father and (he/him) work in the same shop. 30. You and (I/me) will water the plants. 31. Luisa and (she/her) brought fresh flowers on the church. 32. Did Elizabeth and (she/her) finish the work? 33. Marry Ann and (they/them) will ne here early. 34. Annie and (him/he) saw the exciting game. 35. Did (them/they) wait for me? 36. (She/Her) is so happy today. 37. (Them/They) want to do something special for their sisters. 38. Susie and (me/I) are going to fail. 39. Does (she/her) know you are here? 40. You and (I/me) will sing a song.

EXERCISE 13 NOMINATIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (PREDICATE COMPLIMENT) English Time Page 74

Encircle the correct pronoun. 21. The winner was (he/him). 22. Who swept the floor? It was (she/her). 23. Who called? It was (he/him) 24. That is (they/them). 25. It was (she/her) at the door. 26. The best student of the class is (he/him). 27. Is it (she/her). 28. It was not (we/us). 29. The singers were (they/them). 30. The boys on the field were (they/them). 31. The third girl is (she/her). 32. The man in the uniform is (he/him). 33. The speaker was (him/he). 34. Was it (he/him)? No, it was (I/me). 35. That was (we/us). 36. That is (they/them)in the distance. 37. Are those children (they/them). 38. Who is (he/him)? 39. The culprits were (they/them). 40. Was that (she/her) by the gate?

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EXERCISE 14 POSSESIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS Encircle the correct pronoun. 21. This book is not (my/mine). 22. Where did Mr. Torres keep (he/his)books? 23. Look at (you/your) dirty clothes! 24. Let us take care of (our/ours) garden. 25. (Him/His) running for Mayor angered his mother. 26. See if Ellen has drunk (her/hers) milk. 27. I do not agree that (his/him) crying would change our mind. 28. Bobby thinks that we should each guard what is( our, ours ). 29. I appreciate (you/your) taking care of my son. 30. (Their/Theirs) house is not far away. 31. (You/Your) coming at this time of the day is very important. 32. (My/Mine) dresses are all packed. 33. Let us use up (your/yours) stamps first. 34. (His/He) coughing has not been relieved by the medicine. 35. I just realized how (my/mine) dancing regularly has kept me fit. 36. The boys want to see (your/yours) before they bring in (their/theirs). 37. (She/Her) leaving you like this is unforgivable. 38. (Our/ Ours) houses look alike. 39. (My/Mine) typing has improved. 40. Let me show you (his/he)

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EXERCISE 15 OBJECTIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (OBJECT OF A VERB) Encircle the correct pronoun. 21. Danny invited (I/me). 22. Tommy called (he/him). 23. They want (I/me) ion the team. 24. The Indians feared (they/them). 25. The teacher knows (he/him). 26. The policeman helped (we/us). 27. The boy admires (he/him). 28. I saw (they/them). 29. Mother accompanied (we/us). 30. Flor blamed (I/me). 31. They disappointed (he/him). 32. Did you see (she/her)? 33. I like (he/him). 34. They amused (we/us). 35. The Romans conquered (they/them). 36. We admire (her/she). 37. We met the man and (she/her). 38. If we offer (she/her) money she will accept it. 39. Please give (he/him) and (I/me) another day to finish this. 40. Will you give (we/us) another chance?

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EXERCISE 16 OBJECTIVE CASE OF PRONOUNS (OBJECT OF PREPOSITION) Encircle the correct pronoun. 21. That is a secret between (we/us). 22. Will you sing for (they/them). 23. Father left without George and (I/me). 24. The boy threw a fast ball to (he/him). 25. Everybody sang except Beth and (I/me). 26. Is the gift from (she/her)? 27. Mother placed the cake beside (we/us). 28. I could hear the noise above (I/me). 29. She divided the roses among (they/them). 30. The doctor came with (they/them). 31. Marina ran toward (they/them). 32. Place it near (we/us). 33. Clara sat beside (she/her). 34. My grandmother chose a white dress for (I/me). 35. The book belongs to (she/her). 36. The priest spoke to (us/we). 37. I will sing with (they/them). 38. He brought the drinks to (we/us). 39. Will you lend the book to (us/we)? 40. The two of (they/them) came every day.

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EXERCISE 17 CASES OF PRONOUNS

C. In the following sentences, encircle the correct pronoun and indicate in the space provided whether the pronoun used is in the nominative, possessive, or objective case and the functions of the pronoun in the sentence. For example, subject, object of the verb, etc.

16. (She/her) was one of the brightest pupils in the school. 17. The boy (who/whom) I gave the book is no longer a member. 18. Fighting (her/she) was very tiring. 19. We found that (him/his) entry was the best. 20. John and (me/I) can do all the work. 21. Annie doesnt care if people talking about (she/her). 22. (You/ Your) are the most beautiful girl here tonight. 23. The roles (we/us) played were very small ones. 24. They decided to give (she/her) a gift on her birthday. 25. (Who/Whom) among you is willing to take over my job? 26. She slapped (me/I) when she realized I had lied. 27. The boys and (we/us) went to the circus. 28. The winner was (him/her). 29. You and (I/me) will watch a movie tonight. 30. The speaker was (him/he). DRILLS ON PERSONAL PRONOUNS D. Fill each blank with the personal pronoun he or him. 11. Was it___. 12. ___will return by bus. 13. Divide the pie between Estella and ___. 14. The winner is ____. English Time Page 79

15. We have not forgotten Rene and ____. 16. Michael and ___ behaved very well. 17. It doesnt matter to ___. 18. In the procession Greg marched behind ____. 19. The man gave ____ a puzzled look. 20. Mrs. Tolentino sent ____to the supermarket.

Unit III
Verbs

Verb denotes an action, condition, but it can also express a state of being. Examples: Nora cooks all our meals. Jeremy plays the piano. Mel is reading an interesting novel. The king made his wishes known. In the above examples, verb cooks, plays, is reading, and made denote all actions. Observe following examples: Sonia is the company accountant.

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Herman was the president of the club last year. The girls were responsible for the stage decorations. Anna and Leah are sisters. The verbs is, are, were and was denote states of being and not actions. Classifications of Verbs 5. Transitive verb indicates an action passing fro the doer (subject) to th receiver (direct object) of the action.

Ferdie drives his own car to work Melissa gives her friends beautiful presents.

6. Intransitive verb indicates an actin that does not pass from a doer to a receiver. It is complete by itself.

The flowers wilted The salesman left early Chona is suffering from a rare heart ailment

7. A linking verb shows the relationship between the subject and the noun, the pronoun, or
adjective that follows it. It is also called a copulative or joining veb. The most common linking verbs are be, appear, become, feel, grow look, prove, remain, seem, smell,

sound stand, taste and turn.

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Gil and Nestor are my brothers Solita sounds disturbed on the phone.

8. An auxillary or helping verb is used to help a principal verb in forming tenses, voice, mood, and certain precise ideas. An auxillary verb together with aprincipal verb forms a

verb phrase.

The children are playing in the yard, I have been waiting for you since 9 o clock. They will visit their grandparents on Saturday.

Kinds of verbs Verbs may be either regular or irregular depending on how and past participle are formed. PRESENT TENSE Share PAST TENSE Shared PAST PARTICIPLE Shared

Scare

Scared

Scared

Dare

Dared

Dared

Irregular verbs form their past and past participle in variety of ways. English Time Page 82

PRESENT TENSE Go Run Think

PAST TENSE Went Ran Thought

PAST PARTICIPLE Gone Run Thought

Tense is the property of verbs which denotes the time of the action or state of being.
In English, there are three basic tenses: present, past, and future. Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions:

Simple Forms

Progressive Forms

Perfect Forms

Perfect Progressive Forms

Present take/s

am/is/are taking

have/has taken

have/has been taking

Past

took

was/were taking

had taken

had been taking

Future

will/shall take will be taking

will have taken will have been taking

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Simple Forms Present Tense Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth.

Example

Meaning

The mountains are tall and white.

Unchanging action

Every year, the school council elects new members.

Recurring action

Pb is the chemical symbol for lead.

Widespread truth

Past Tense Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized.

Example

Form

W.W.II ended in 1945.

Regular -ed past

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Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea."

Irregular form

Future Tense Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998. The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to. The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time. The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.)

Progressive Forms Present Progressive Tense Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has on society. Past Progressive Tense Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing. English Time Page 85

The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets. Future Progressive Tense Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week. Perfect Forms Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized.

Example

Meaning

The researchers have traveled to many

At an indefinite

countries in order to collect more significant data. time

Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921.

Continues in the present

Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb.

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By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended. Future Perfect Tense Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb. By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks waiting.

Perfect Progressive Forms Present Perfect Progressive Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger. Past Perfect Progressive Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities.

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Future Perfect Progressive Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have beenand the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years. Subject-verb agreement 3. A verb agrees with its subject in number. A singular subject takes a singular verb while a plural subject takes a plural verb. Examples: 1. eroz sells insurance. 2. The students are waiting outside. 4. The number of the subject is not changed by a phrase following the subject. Examples: 1. One of the boys is coming. 2. Rocel, with her two friends has gone to visit the orphanage.

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Exercise 18 IDENTIFYING ACTION AND MENTAL WORDS A. Underline the verb once if it is physical and twice if it is mental. 41. Nora sings a melodious song. 42. She worries about the new price of oil. 43. He encoded his report in the computer. 44. Lara daydreams during History period. 45. Michelle cleaned the room. 46. Fiction writers imagined their characters. 47. The janitor swept the floor. 48. He thought of going to college next year. 49. The teacher discussed poetry in her class. 50. Dalen remembers her sons birthday. 51. I nod my head. 52. Henry knew the truth. 53. They play for hours. 54. He remembered his father. 55. We wrote personal essay. 56. The man believed in reincarnation. 57. Benita slept on the sofa bed. 58. The priest reflects about the gospel reading. 59. The prisoner repents for his sins. English Time Page 89

60. Charlene sat beside Joey. B. Identify the linking verb in the following sentences. Underline them. 1. Karla is patient with her little brother. 2. Paul appeared bored with his job. 3. The child felt hungry after supper. 4. Even with the door closed, the stereo sounds too loud. 5. She was our teachers favorite. 6. Liza has been our class treasurer. 7. Mr. de Vera stayed confident during the debate. 8. The story about vampire was scary. 9. Karol grew taller last year. 10. Her favorite actresses are Sharon and Wilma. 11. The sunset is beautiful. 12. The father appears angry. 13. The trees are tall. 14. My sister became a lawyer. 15. His morning swim felt refreshing.

C. Identify other linking verbs. Underline the linking verb in each sentence, show which words Example: His slippers look so dirty.

21. The sampaguita smells different from other flowers. 22. Those oranges taste sour. 23. She turned pale after seeing a ghost. 24. Meriam remained strong in spite of her hardship. 25. The babys hair felt sticky from the candy. English Time Page 90

26. You appear older than the last time I saw you. 27. After years of studying, he finally became a lawyer. 28. The bell sounded strange last night. 29. Some people stay as business partners for several years. 30. It seems that it is going to rain today.

Exercise 19 State which one of the verbs in parentheses should be used to agree with the subject given underline your answer. 21. Each ( work, works) 22. Either (play, plays) 23. Two (was, were) 24. Many (books, book) 25. Few (work, works) 26. Somebody (break, breaks) 27. Several (run, runs) 28. One (is, are) 29. Soldier (walk, walks) 30. Everybody (sing, sings) 31. Each boys (buy, buys) 32. The books (lie, lies) 33. Mark and Ian (goes, go) 34. Oxen (drags, drag) 35. Anyone (think, thinks) 36. Women (seem, seems) 37. Filipinos (sail, sails) 38. Both (believe, believes) 39. Neither (appeal, appeals) English Time Page 91

40. Dogs (bark, barks)

Exercise 20 LINKING OR ACTION VERB A . Tell whether the underlined word is a linking verb or an action word. _____________ 1. She turned every stone along her way. _____________ 2. She turned angry upon seeing me. _____________ 3. In his garden, he grows cabbage. _____________ 4. The tree grows old like anyone else. _____________ 5. The Siberian wind felt cool. _____________ 6. Henry felt the Siberian wind. _____________ 7. Lornas clam sauce tastes slightly sweet. _____________ 8. She tastes the clam sauce. _____________ 9. Doroteos face looks pale. _____________ 10. He often looked for some alibis when given work to do. _____________ 11. My auntie remained single until now. _____________ 12. He remained in her seat through the class hour.

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_____________ 13. Delia appears frightened. _____________ 14. Imelda appeared before the court. _____________ 15. His remarks sound sarcastic. B . FORMING PAST AND PAST PARTICIPLE OF REGULAR VERBS Form the past and past participle form of the regular verbs in the table below.

PRESENT EXAMPLE: list 1. applaud 2. boil 3. clap 4. dine 5. endure 6. float 7. greet 8. hate 9. impress 10. jog 11. kiss 12. live

PAST listed

PAST PARTICIPLE listed

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13. match 14. nod 15. omit 16. paint 17. pretend 18. patch 19. quote 20. recall

Exercise 21 IRREGULAR VERBS C. Complete the table of the common irregular verbs by supplying the missing principal parts.

PRESENT

PAST

PAST PARTICIPLE

1. 2. 3. 4. Bear

was arisen began

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5. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Bet bound bit bend blown broke brought burst broadcast bought caught chosen come cut do drew

IDENTIFYING CORRECT FORM OF PRINCIPAL VERBS D. Underline the verbs which do not belong to the principal parts of verb.

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41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

begin bite breaked drank freeze ringed got saw sink spring swimmed blown drived felled gaved grow known

beginned bit break drunk frozed ring get sawed sanked sprang swim blew drive fall gave growed knew

began bited broke drink froze rang gotted see sunk spranged swam blowed drove fallen given grew know

begun bitten broken drinked frozen rung gotten seen sank sprung swum blow driven fell give grown knowed

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58. 59. 60.

ridden rised shoke

ride rise shake

rode rose shook

rided risen shake

Exercise 22 USING THE PROGRESSIVE AND THE EMPHATIC FORMS OF VERBS

Complete each sentence with the verb form indicated in parentheses. 1. Some photographers _______________________ nature in great detail.

(record, present progressive)


2. With todays fast shutters, photographers ___________________ objects in motion.

(capture, present emphatic)


3-4. Satellites _____________________ photographic evidence of ancient cities while photographers _________________________ on film objects frozen in time.

(provide, describe; past progressive)


5. Photography _______________________________ invisible worlds, visible.

(make, past emphatic)


6. Do you know that I __________________________ a story about time travel?

(write, present progressive)


7. You _____________________________ it soon; Ill send you a copy.

(read, future progressive)


8. I ___________________________ that you will read and enjoy it.

(hope, present emphatic)


9. You gave me the basic idea when you ____________________ H.G. Wells The Time Machine.

(talk, past progressive)


10. Although you provided the final inspiration, I ___________________ a similar already. theme

(consider, past progressive)


11. I ____________________________ if the idea still had untapped possibilities.

(wonder, past emphatic)


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12. Many writers and film makers ________________________ works on that subject.

(create, present progressive)


13. Perhaps by the time I finish my story, readers ________________ for a new subject.

(search, future progressive)


14. Classical scholars ___________________________ the plays of Sophocles.

(study, present progressive)


15. This class ___________________________ the work of the great Greek playwright.

(discuss, present progressive)


16. Members of the discussion group __________________________ for three days.

(meet, present emphatic)


17. The students ________________________ the works of Sophocles until next week.

(explore, future progressive)


18. Some students __________________________ the play Antigone next Friday.

(produce, present progressive)


19. The company ________________________ some extra actors for the Greek chorus.

(need, future progressive)


20. They ___________________________ to recreate the look and feeling of theater as it existed during Sophocles time.

(try, past emphatic)

Exercise 23 TENSE MIX UP D. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense of the verb in the parentheses given at the left. 1. (do) 2. (come) 3. (begin) 4. (run, see) 5. (cry) Nong ________________ his best to win yesterdays match. He __________________ in late last night. Tomorrow, everyone ___________________ a new project. We ____________________ after the thief when the policeman ____________________ us. I _______________ a lot when I was in Grade I.

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6. (give) 7. (live) 8. (wash, ring) 9. (swim) 10. (take) 11. (look, shake) (quiver, perspire)

Look! The rich woman ________________ a ten-peso bill to the beggar. The Queen of England __________________ at Buckingham Palace in London. While she _____________________ her hair, the phone _____________________. Get ready! The big fish _____________________ toward us. I ____________________after my grandmother in looks. You all over. _____________ nervous. Your legs ________________, your lips __________________, and you _______________

12. (water) (pass, wink) (smile, say) 13. (stare, have, be)

She _________________ the lawn when he _________________by and _______________ at her. She _______________ shyly and ___________, Hi! Why __________ you _______________ at me? Because you ___________ a strange look on your face. What do you mean? You _________ up to something, arent you?

14. (recognize, see,) (be, know,) appear) unattractive. 15. (rule)

I hardly ____________________ her the last time I _________________ her. She ____________ no longer the same Melanie I ______________. She _________________ like a movie star. Now, she _________________ older and Someday, I _______________ the whole world. Just wait and see. (look,

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. We Filipinos are mild drinkers. We____________________ (drink) only for three reasons. We ____________________ (drink) when when we we ________________ (be) (be) happy sad. and We we _____________________ (drink) _________________

_________________ (drink) for any other reasons. English Time Page 99

In 1945, the liberation forces _________________ (land) in the Philippines.We Filipinos ______________ (be) very glad to see the Americans back, not so much because they _____________ (be) Americans but because they _____________ (be) not Japanese. In our barrio, alcoholized Americans ______________ (become) a common sight.A favorite story in the barrio then _____________ (be) that of the Yankee soldier who ________________ (stumble) with a bottle of whisky in his pocket. Finding it is wet, he alarmingly ______________ (look) at his hands; then with a sigh of relief, he _______________ (exclaim). Thank God, it ________________ (be) blood! I _____________ (think) it was my whisky! - We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro C . Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. A miser, to make sure of his property, sold all that he ________ (have) and __________ (convert) it into a great lump of gold, which he _____________ (hide) in a hole in the ground, and ___________ (go) continually to visit and inspect it. This _____________ (rouse) the curiosity of one of the workmen, who, suspecting that there __________ (be) a treasure, __________ (go) to the spot and ____________ (steal) it away. When the miser _______________ (return) and _____________ (find) the place empty, he __________ (weep) and _____________ (tear) his hair. But a neighbor who __________ (see) him in this extravagant grief, and _____________ (learn) the cause of it, said, Fret no longer, but take a stone and put it in the same place, and think of it as your lump of gold. As you never _________ (mean) to use it, the stone will do you as much as the gold.

D . Fill each blank with the past form of the verb in parentheses. One day, a farmer going to the nest of his goose, found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he _________ (take) it up, it ___________ (be) as heavy as lead. The farmers first impulse ___________ (be) to throw the egg away, because he ____________ (think) a trick had been played upon him. But he __________ (get) it on second thought, and soon ____________ (find) to his delight that it _______ (be) an egg of pure gold.

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Every morning, the same thing ___________ (occur) and soon, the farmer ____________ (become) rich by selling his eggs. As he ___________ (grow) richer, he ___________ (grow) greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the goose could give, he ____________ (kill) it and __________ (open) it only to find nothing.

E . Fill in each blank in the paragraph with the future form of the verb in parentheses. I am a member of the Ecology Club of our school. Our objective is to conserve the environment in our own little way. We all agree that we ______________ (plant) trees in vacant areas in our school grounds or in the community. Of course, we ____________ (ask) the approval of the school and barangay authorities concerning this. We ___________ also (use) recyclable materials like used cans and plastic containers for planting vegetables and ornamentals. We ______________ (clean) our immediate surroundings like our homes, schools, backyards, and streets. In school, we ______________ (segregate) garbage into perishable and recyclable wastes.

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Exercise 24 IDENTIFYING THE TENSE OF VERBS IN SENTENCES A. Write the tense of each underlined verbs and its form if the form is not basic. EXAMPLE: present perfect She has lived in the same house for years.

________________ 1. Several persons have already swum across the river. ________________ 2. We will be going to Baguio this summer for our vacation. ________________ 3. My sister is saving a lot of money for her daughters graduation. ________________ 4. Surprisingly, Roy has written a beautiful short story. ________________ 5. By the end of the year, my family will have moved to Bambang. ________________ 6. The senator has been in session all evening. ________________ 7. The villagers were wringing their hands in dismay. ________________ 8. Larry rises at dawn to do his exercises. ________________ 9. The secretary had closed all the windows before leaving the office. ________________ 10. For the last time, I will explain the direction of the test.

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________________ 11. In two hours, the plane will have landed on the tarmac. ________________ 12. Henry almost froze after walking two hours in the storm. ________________ 13. Much to my amazement, my classmate has eaten the entire cake. ________________ 14. Last year, our basketball team strove to improve its record. ________________ 15. Who is driving to town for the supplies?

IDENTIFYING THE VERB AND ITS TENSE E. Underline the complete verb phrase and tell the tense of each of the sentences below. Write the tense on the blank before each sentence. EXAMPLE: Present perfect progressive Benjamin has been studying Shakespeares sonnet.

____________________ 1. The choir has been rehearsing the new song for three months now. ____________________ 2. I had read the book before it was assigned to the class. ____________________ 3. Although Eugene began slowly, he did win the chess championship. ____________________ 4. The teacher was very happy. ____________________ 5. They have never been very lucky. ____________________ 6. Jackielyn has seen that play. ____________________ 7. They have been in La Union for a year now. ____________________ 8. The rice crop had been thriving until it was attacked by locusts. English Time Page 103

____________________ 9. I had been a member of K and C long before you joined. ____________________ 10. He was plowing the field this morning. F. Identify what kind of verb being underlined in the sentences. Encircle the correct answer. 1. The burglar disappeared with the cash. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

2. The director told the actors, Do your best, and well be a hit. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

3. He would tell me if he thought we were in danger. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

4. His ability to concentrate is legendary. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

5. The campers hid inside the cabin when they saw the bear. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

6. Alexis is swimming in the state championship next week. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

7. Frustrated with the officials call, Ethan kicked the bench. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

8. The student procrastinated too long and failed to finish the project. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

9. The vegetarian burger tasted like salted cardboard. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

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10. Ellen nodded to the audience and sang her song. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

11. Her brother likes bananas, but she likes peaches. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

12. Adjunct faculty are teaching in several of the lower division courses. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

13. The director told the actors, Do your best, and well be a hit. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

14. Regis Philbin, the host of Who Wants to be a Millionaire, smiled at her answer. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

15. When the contestant completed the first test, she received another clue. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

16. Dennis became impatient when Thomas took so long choosing a movie. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

17. President Clinton pushed into the crowd and shook her hand. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

18. The hiker turned quickly toward the noise behind him. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

19. Our teacher gave each of us another chance to take the exam. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

20. After the chef completed the demonstration, she left the students to clean the kitchen. a. transitive verb b. intransitive verb c. linking verb d. auxiliary verb

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Unit IV
Adjectives
Adjectives describe, point out or denote quantity or number. An adjective that describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun. An adjective that describes the quality of a noun or a pronoun is called a descriptive adjective. A limiting adjective, on the other hand, may point out or denote the quality or number of a noun or a pronoun. A descriptive adjectives may be either common or proper. 3. Common adjectives denote the quality of a person, place, or thing. Example: beautiful girl, intelligent answer, kind neighbor English Time Page 106

4. Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. As such, they should begin with capital letters. Example: Japanese soldier Hawaiian dance French fries

There are many kinds of limiting adjectives. Among them are: 4. Articles- a, an, and the

A and an are indefinite articles while the is used to point out a specific person, place, thing. Use a before words that begin with a consonant, except those that begin with silent h . Use an before words that begin with a vowel. Example: The manager is looking for more workers. A computer is needed badly in our office. An elephant has huge ears.

5. Pronominals are kinds of pronouns that may be used as adjectives.

e. Possessive pronouns My parents are both teachers f. Demonstrative pronouns

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That lady is a good teacher of English g. Indefinite pronouns Many students enjoy surfing the Internet. h. Interrogative pronouns What book are you reading now? 6. Numerals may either cardinal or ordinal numbers. Cardinals are used to give the number or quantity involved while ordinals are used to indicate the order of a person, place or thing in a series. Example: I have three brothers and two sisters. Baliuag University has more than 3,000 students. Ellen is the third daughter in the family. Degrees of Comparison There are three degrees of comparison: the positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Positive degree- is a simple form of adjective. No comparison between persons, places, and things is being made. Examples: lovely, bright, high, thin, responsible, generous Comparative degree- when two persons or things are compared. It has positive form (more) and a negative form (less). The suffix er may also be added to the simple form of adjective. Examples: English Time Page 108

Intelligent Obedient Pretty Bright High

more intelligent/less intelligent more obedient/less obedient prettier brighter higher

To show an equal degree or level of quality, the expression as ____ as is used. Examples: Joshua is as tall as Marvin The Filipinos are as smart as the Americans. Bananas are as nutritious as apples. In making comparisons with a group, exclude the person or thing from the group. Examples: Nina is prettier than any other girl I her batch. Luzon is bigger than any other island in the country. Superlative degree - when three or more persons, places or things are compared. Like comparative degree it also has positive (most) and negative (least). The suffix __

est may also be added to the simple form of adjective.


Examples: courageous most courageous/least courageous

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gorgeous friendly small nice

most gorgeous/ gorgeous friendliest smallest nicest

However, there are adjectives that form their comparisons irregularly. Among these adjectives are:

Positive Ill/evil/bad many/much late little near/nigh old

Comparative worse more later,latter less/lesser nearer older,elder

Superlative worst most latest,last least nearest,next oldest,eldest

Some adjectives do not admit of comparison because they express a quality as absolute or complete. Examples of these are: unique single sound correct faultless immaculate round

Note: beware of double comparisons. Wrong: Lucy is more prettier than Abigail. Correct: Lucy is prettier than Abigail. English Time Page 110

Exercise 25 Change the following sentences using an ordinal in each Ex: He is number one He is the first 11. She is number four

12. I saw it in column three

13. He is number seven among twenty contestants.

14. You are number fifteen in the list.

15. I sat I row five

16. We will stay in booth eight.

17. She is the last of the twenty girls to register for the contest.

18. Problem number five is the easiest.

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19. Sentence number ten is wrong.

20. We are number seven.

Exercise 26 A. Add two new sentences to each of the following sample sentences using the comparative and superlative forms of the adjectives in the sample sentences. Example: a. Denzel is as smart as Carla b. Denzel is smarter than Carla. c. Denzel is the smartest student in the class. 1. a. This town is as progressive as the next town. b. c. 2. a. The deans car is as new as the presidents car. b. c. English Time Page 112

3.

a. Joshua is as talkative as Cheen-Cheen. b. c.

4. a. Our lesson today is as easy as yesterdays. b. c. 5. a. Our mayor is as good as your mayor. b. c. 6. a. The weather today is as bad as the other days. b. c. 7. a. The climate in Baguio as cold as Tagaytays. b. c. 8. a. The students in College of Education are as active as the students in the College of Nursing. b. c. 9. a. St. paul School is as big as St. Marys Academy. b.

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c. 10. a. Sherwin is as humble as Rodel. b. c.

B . Give the comparative and the superlative forms of each of the following.

POSITIVE 21. sad 22. unusual 23. dashing 24. fascinating 25. clever 26. hot 27. immaculate 28. wonderful 29. little 30. square 31. unique

COMPARATIVE ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

SUPERLATIVE ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

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32. admirable 33. absolute 34. precarious 35. witty 36. peculiar 37. careful 38. bitter 39. rich 40. much Exercise 27

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ _____________

A . Write the appropriate form of the given adjectives on the blanks. 11. tall.. Rolly seems to be _____________ than either Henry or Gil. 12. sweet.. Your name is the ______________ sound that you can hear 13. bad Our harvest this year is _____________ than last year. 14. diligent. Boys should be as _____________ as girls 15. big The ______________ supermarket in this area is Em Mart. 16. large.. A ______ than normal pay increase was given by the management this school year. 17. challenging Undergoing a mock job interview is ___________ than taking a written examination. English Time Page 115

18. patient. A __________ man will soon receive his hearts desire 19. good Why doesnt the _____________ man marry the bride? 20. much. Ferdie display as ______ courage as he can muster. B. Change the following words to adjectives using any of the given suffixes. Suffixes: -able,-al, -ant, -ary, -ed, -ent, -ful, -ic, -ish,, -less, ous, -some, -worthy, -wise, -like, -ive.

21. honor 22. trust 23. villain 24. renew 25. child 26. break 27. child 28. hero 29. hair 30. home 31. four 32. mountain

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

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33. clock 34. truth 35. baby 36. yellow 37. rock 38. finance 39. classify 40. hope

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

Exercise 28 A. Select the correct form of adjective or adverb in each of the following sentences. 1. I was (real careful, really careful) about mounting the house. 2. Inspite of his education, he still does not read (well, good) 3. We drove ( slow and careful, slowly and carefully) over the rocky road. 4. When we lost our way, Teddy (sure, surely) felt (bad, badly) 5. Like most careful persons, he takes his driving (real serious, really seriously). 6. Jaki is the (tallest, taller) of the forwards on the team. 7. Jerry did (well, good) on his English test. 8. Jerry is carefuller, more careful) than Jake. 9. Jakes essay was (more perfect, nearly perfect) than Jerry. 10. Christine looked (curious, curiously), but actually she was only amused. B . Tell which italicized word is an adjective or adverb.

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_____________ 1. The movement was hindered by outside interference. _____________ 2. A thermometer was placed outside on the porch. _____________ 3. Come back soon. _____________ 4. We sat in the back row on the platform. _____________ 5. No further decision was reached. _____________ 6. The man walked sometimes. _____________ 7. A fast plane will arrive there before midnight. _____________ 8. Work fast, and we shall soon finish. _____________ 9. This year the farmer plowed the alfafa crop. _____________ 10. The underside of the ship was covered with barnacles. _____________ 11. The Magi bowed low before the Infant. _____________ 12. He sat on stool near the fireplace. _____________ 13. A better quality of paper is needed. _____________ 14. I understand you better now. _____________ 15. The west wing of the house was damaged by the fire. _____________ 16. You have done no work this morning. _____________ 17. No, I cannot give you that permission. _____________ 18. Louise and her sister dress exactly alike. _____________ 19. These two typewriters are very much alike.

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_____________ 20. Put that heavy package down.

Exercise 29 Underline the correct modifier. 21. Rita plays the violin (well, good). 22. The Tories remained loyal, loyally). 23. Joseph looks (handsome, handsomely). 24. The waves dashed (angry, angrily) in hi \s new suit. 25. The patient seems (cheerful, cheerfully) today. 26. It rained (steady, steadily) all morning 27. The jugglers perform (good, well). 28. Why do you appear so (happily, happy). 29. The early Christians shared their possessions (generous, generously). 30. (impatient, impatiently) the twins watched the downpour. 31. Plant the seedlings (careful, carefully). 32. Our forwards play (good, well). 33. (swift, swiftly) was the fight of the swallow. 34. Grandmother can see only (dim, dimly). 35. Some people learn (slow, slowly). English Time Page 119

36. The girl seems 9slow, slowly). 37. The boy (loyal, loyally) upheld his companion. 38. The church bells sound (clear, clearly). 39. Joseph catches cold (quick, quickly). 40. The command sounded (angry, angrily).

Exercise 30 Fill in the blanks with correct form of words in the sentence.

11. Korina gets _______ (high) performance than her best friend. 12. Yesterday was the ) ___________ (hot) day this week. 13. This is the _________ (beautiful) scene I have ever saw again. 14. Marco is a _________ (good) speller than Rico. 15. You topic is ______________ (interesting) than mine. 16. My condition is ________ (good) today than yesterday. 17. Cita seems _____ (happy) today. 18. Ill buy the ________ (little) expensive of the six pens. 19. This is the _________ (sweet) tamarind Ive ever tasted. 20. She is the _____________ (generous) in the group.

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Unit V
Adverbs
Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Look at the following examples: Gerick spoke slowly. (Slowly modifies the verb spoke) Margaret is remarkably graceful for her age. (Remarkably modifies the adjective graceful.) Horses run very fast. (Very modifies the adverb fast.) 7. adverb of place and motion.this show where an action or something is done done or happens. It answers the question Where? It is placed after the verb.

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Examples: Here outside

there down

up

at home

in the market

under the table

8. Adverb of time and order. This show when an action or something is done or happens. It answer the question When? It is placed either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. Examples: Again, always, next month, yesterday, last week ,a year ago 9. Adverb of manner. This shows how an action or something is done. It answer the question how? It is usually placed just after the verb. Examples: politely, courageously, arm-in-arm, weakly, in a descending manner, quietly 10. Adverb of degree or quantity- It answer the question, To what degree? or how much?. It is usually placed before the adjective and the adverb Examples: too, almost, extremely, very, entirely, greatly 11. Adverb of frequency- this answer the question How often? Examples: always, often, seldom, usually, sometimes, never 12. Adverb of affirmation and negation Examples: yes, truly, not, indeed, no, never Some adverbs are comparing by adding er and ---est to the positive form in order to form the comparative and superlative degrees. Positive Late comparative later superlative latest

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Fast

faster

fastest

2. Many adverbs, especially those that several syllables, are compared by adding more or less to form the comparative and the superlative degrees. Positive Gracefully Promptly comparative more Gracefully more Promptly superlative most Gracefully most Promptly

3. Still other adverbs are compared irregularly. Positive Well Much Badly comparative better more worse superlative best most worst

Exercise 31 Underline the adverbs and double underline the words they modify in the following sentences. 21. We see Nancy in the church every Sunday. 22. Opportunity knocks only once 23. San Miguel is quite far from manila 24. The orator spokes eloquently 25. The Mendoza family goes to USA annually English Time Page 123

26. He has suffered a stroke thrice 27. Rey drives faster than Ronnie 28. I have never seen a ghost 29. A number of students are waiting for the dean outside. 30. Merly talks very fast. 31. I was completely taken aback by what she revealed. 32. Behind the dark clouds is sun still shining. 33. The class valedictorian walked confidently up the stage 34. Sonia indeed a real friend. 35. I will never let you go. 36. The kids are not willing to postpone the fieldtrip. 37. Do you brush you teeth three times a day? 38. Karen is more intelligent than most people taken her to be. 39. He found the geese in the bushes. 40. Every day, the bus driver fetches the children from their homes.

Exercise 32

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Choose the most suitable adverb in bold to fill each blank. B. Angrily, enough, never, outside, yesterday 6. She left ____ for the University where she is doing a degree course. 7. We are standing _____ his house waiting for him 8. He told to us ____ not to walk o then grass. 9. I am not strong _ to help him carry that box. 10. She will ____ be happy in that job. B. angrily, last week, often, quickly, rarely 6. _____, I saw him walking to the church. 7. My father is ______ late for work. 8.He drove _____ to avoid being late. 9. I _________ play badminton with my sister. 10. This is the place where he fell __________. C. always, just, nearly, online, unusually 11. It took _______ two hours to get there. 12. They were _________ very friendly. 13. He has ________ strong hands. 14. She has __________ completed her degree course. 15. This dictionary went __________ in 2013.

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Exercise 33

Choose between the adjective and the adverbs in the following sentences.

21. The cake smells (delicious, deliciously). 22. The plan sounds (good, well). 23. He looks at things (different, differently) now. 24. Sisa is more (interesting, interestingly) character than Maria Clara. 25. Come ( quick, quickly) or your mother will be angry. 26. Ferdie swims much more (able, ably) than I do. 27. When it is hot, one grows tired (easier, easily). English Time Page 126

28. I can make friends just as (quick, quickly) as others can. 29. Charo looks (queer, queerly )to me. 30. He felt (really, real) bad when Gail left him. 31. The first day of school went along (uneventful, uneventfully). 32. He has written a (good, well) book. 33. Our project is (near, nearly) finished. 34. Susie became (anxious, anxiously) when she heard the news. 35. Melchor is (certain, certainly) about his answers. 36. The strikers stood (firm, firmly) on the ground. 37. Your expectations are too (high, highly). 38. The victims had been hurt (bad, badly). 39. Your work is (real, really) gem in literature. 40. We shall see you (later, latter).

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Exercise 34 Fill each blank with an appropriate modifier from among these listed below. Hardly, hard, near, nearly, fast, faster, immediately, immediate, short, shortly, direct, directly, straight, straightly, late, lately 21. Hes _____ worker. He never stops. 22. Hes lazy. He ____ ever works. 23. She works ______ all day, without stopping. 24. I live _____ to Samantha. Only five minutes away. 25. Youre driving too ________ to the car in front, Julie. Slow down! 26. I like driving _________ but it is dangerous. 27. I am ________ worker. I do everything quickly. 28. Shes too slow. She needs to work ________.

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29. Ive _______ finished my works. 30. Please do that ______. Its very urgent. 31. I cannot do that in the _____ future. In am very busy. 32. Sam will be with you __________, Please take a seat. 33. There will be a __________ delay as the incoming aircraft was late. 34. If I get any news, Ill let you know _____________. 35. Is there a ___________ flight or will I have to change? 36. You can fly _________ but here is only one non-stop flight per day. 37. You go ____________ along this road and it is on your left. 38. Its 10 o clock . Hes very _______. Where can he be? 39. My plane arrived __________________. I am sorry. 40. I havent seen him ____________.

Exercise 35

A . Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

11. The rain fell heavily. 12. Hurriedly we followed the stranger.

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13. My driver quickly ate all the food. 14. Quietly we passed by the chapel. 15. Can you write neatly and legibly? 16. I purposely did not submit the plan. 17. The accused gave his testimony falsely. 18. Among the members of the club it is Jenny who religiously does the work. 19. The old woman looked at me kindly. 20. Luckily we are able to get the prize.

B . Decide whether the underlined adverb is an adverb of negation or affirmation.

11. Emie is not a regular employee. 12. Several workers did not join the strike. 13. I wil never cheat in the test. 14. Yes! He is the best. 15. You are indeed welcome. 16. Lina is undoubtedly an old fashioned young lady. 17. I cannot concentrate well on my studies because of the brownouts.

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18. Children are not allowed to play in the streets. 19. Indeed his father is a good father. 20. Michelle never disobeys her parents.

C . Underline the adverb and double underline the word or words it modifies in each sentence in the following sentences. 25. Today many native people making their homes in Capas Tarlac. 26. This area was not the natives original home. 27. These people once lived in Zambales. 28. In 1991, people hurried excitedly to Norhern Luzon. 29. Many Aeta settlers of the region fought greedily for food. 30. These settlers totally ignored the peoples right to the land. 31. Feeling threatened by the settlers, the people largely supported the administration. 32. Later the native people were forced by the government to leave their town. 33. The people were harly given the chance to collect their belongings. 34. Man y native will never forget the Trail of Tears that led their ancestors to Zambales. 35. You can still see land if you look hard, 36. The council usually runs this town fairly and efficiently. 37. The stranger was dressed neatly but unobtrusively. 38. Unfortunately, all of Eastern Europe is still under communist rule. 39. How can you lie around in this slovenly fashion? 40. Bacteria eventually build up resistance to antibiotics. 41. The skipper started the engine up and cast off the lines. 42. The woman completely h\exhausted, was quickly pulled aboard. 43. The thief quietly gave up himself up. 44. The labor leaders then voted unanimously to strike. 45. Tab is completely non caloric. English Time Page 131

46. Later we heard that our team had won easily. 47. I am still bothered by this slightly query feeling. 48. Our garage doors open automatically.

D .Select the correct word in the parentheses.

11. He reads as (well as, good as ) his brother. 12. Erwin was (real, really) pleased with his grades. 13. (most, Almost) every boy likes basketball. 14. These food taste (delicious, deliciously). 15. Joey writes (good, well); he (sure, surely) likes to write. 16. Doesnt this perfume smell (sweet, sweetly)? 17. We felt (bad, badly) about your failure. 18. Cant you do your work more (careful, carefully? 19. The boy felt so (bad, badly) that he was sent home. 20. I do not write (so, as) well as you do.

UNIT VI CONJUNCTIONS Conjunctions is word that links words, phrases, or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions. English Time Page 132

4. Coordinating conjunctions which may join single words, or may be join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element. and join similar ideas together. We have tickets for the symphony and the opera. But join two contrasting ideas together The orchestra rehearses on Tuesday, but the chorus rehearses on Wednesday Or join two alternative ideas Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? Yet is very similar to but as it also joins two contrasting ideas. The manager accepted the fact yet he knows what the true is. So shows that the second idea is the result of the first and last question. I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early. 5. Correlative conjunctions which also connect the sentence or elements of the same kind: however, unlike coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunction are always used in pairs.

Examples: both. And, not only.. but also, not.but, eitheror, neither. Nor. Whether.or, as..as

6. Subordinating conjunctions the largest class of conjunctions , connect subordinate clauses to a main clause .These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions. English Time Page 133

Examples: Because, as, since are used to introduce the cause in cause effect relationship between two ideas. So introduces an effect in a cause effs\ect relation\ship between two ideas. Although, even though, whereas, while _ are used to express contrast between ideas. After is used to show time

Exercise 36 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate coordinating conjunctions. 26. Jae was cold, _________ he put on a coat. 27. Maria tried to read a novel in French, ______ it was too difficult. 28. To get from Vancouver to Victoria, you can fly, _____ and you can ride a ferry. 29. I bought a bottle of wine, ___ we drank it together. 30. The water was not very nice, ___ the food was delicious. 31. I went to buy a Rolling Stones CD, ___ the shop didnt have it. 32. Anna needed some money, ___ she took a part-time job. 33. There s so much rain lately! Maybe its because of El Nino, ___ maybe its just a coincidence. 34. Julie has a guitar, ____ she plays it really well. 35. The concert was cancelled, ___ we went to a nightclub instead. 36. I love to travel ___ I hate travelling by bus. 37. Im bored! Lets go out to dinner ____ and see a movie.

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38. I like living in the city, ___ my brother prefers living in the country. 39. The taxi stopped at he train station ___ two men get out of it. 40. I was in the area ____ I thought Id drop in and say hello. 41. I really hate to have to sell my car ___ I need a money. 42. My friend fell down the stairs ___ sprained his ankle. 43. The department store closed at six o clock ___ everyone went home. 44. I wont be home for Christmas ___ I will be there for New Year. 45. Julia was very angry with tom _____ she went for along walk to cool down. 46. Can you stop at the shop ____ get some milk on your way home from work? 47. Are you busy this weekend ___ do you have some free time. 48. Youve been working all day. Why dont you sit down ___ Ill bring you nice cold drink. 49. Nobody was home when I rang Jenny ___ I left a message for her. 50. Ive been dieting ___ Im not losing any weight.

Exercise 37 Encircle the letter of the most appropriate subordinating conjunction to use in the following sentences. 8. Many species of wildlife are becoming extinct, _________ the rainforests are being destroyed. c. Therefore d. So c. since d. consequently

9. __________ logging provides jobs and profits, the government is reluctant to control it. English Time Page 135

c. So d. Due to

c. consequently d. since

10. Hemp can be used to make paper, _________ it could reduced the need for logging. c. therefore d. due to c. so d. because

11. hemp was grown throughout history _________ its versatility; it can be used to make different things. c. Due to d. Since c. because d. as a result

12. Hemp is related to marijuana plant; ______, it is illegal in many countries. c. So d. Due to c. because d. as a result

13. Hemp cannot be used to produced marijuana, __ its low THC content. c. Because d. Because of c. as d. consequently

14. Marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco, __________, some people believe Iit should be legalized. a. so b. due to produced fro hemp very soon. a. therefore b. so a. since b. because of a. consequently b. although c. due to d. as c. even if d. therefore c. because d. since c. therefore d. because

8. ________ Canada has legalized hemp farming, we can expect to see pulp and paper

9. _________ you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line.

10. ____________ the line and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it.

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Exercise 38 A. Underline all the conjunction in the following sentences. 7. The curtain opened and the program began. 8. The teacher asked the question, but nobody knew the answer. 9. Lerma is dependable and hardworking woman. 10. Our environment is rich in cultural and educational opportunities. 11. The principals speech was long, but interesting 12. Joseph or Ronald will the join the delegation. 7-8 Good manners are always in all aspects of life, but they must spring from real kindness of spirit, or they will not true. Eleanor Roosevelt. 9. Observing the road courtesies is not only a part of your social skills, but it is also a matter of itself. 10. The teachers role in education is to provide guidance and inspiration. 11. Carol bought some shoes, but she did not like them. 12. Mark looked as if he had been frightened btya ghost. 13. I drove onto the shoulder so that the truck could pass. 14. I have neither the money nor the desire to go. 15. When you see lightning, it has already missed you. 16. We tossed the ball until it was pitsh dark. 17. We shined our shoes as we waited.

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18. The president visited the town where he had been born. 19. I dont know either how to skate or how to swim. 20. We signaled to the bus driver, however, he didnt stop. 21. She will talk as long as there is someone to listen. 22. She must have your receipt, or no refundwill be given. 23. The road was almost impassable; nevertheless, we kept driving. 24.You must do whatever you think yhe best. 25. Write a report on Chomsky or Saussure. B. in each of the following sentences, identify the underlined conjunction as a correlative or coordinating conjunction 1. Whats your name and where do you live? 2. Wesley receives his punishment, but he never realized his mistakes and never asked for forgiveness. 3. Both Tony and Melchor topped in the recently concluded singing contest. 4. Kenneth went on with his plans, but Greg withdrew at the last minute. 5. Dina receive not only a new pair of shoes but also a new dress. 6. Either Sampaguita nor Rosal bushes can be grown in our garden. 7. We should always have faith and hope in God. 8. Neither identification nor multiple choice will be the type of our exam. 9. Either president or the vice president will address the nation. 10. You can spend the time reading your favorite stories or you can go to sleep. English Time Page 138

Exercise 39 Underline the conjunctions and tell whether they connect words, phrases, or clauses. 21. Resist temptation and you will not sin/ 22. Chris turned and looked at Saint Peter. 23. Seeds are sown by hand or by machine. 24. Brussels is the capital and the largest city of Belgium. 25. The seasons of penance are Lent and Advent. 26. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 27. My father speaks French and German fluently. 28. Thomas works rapidly, Terence is more accurate. 29. Mary Land and Virginia gave land for the new capital. 30. These houses are for sale or for rent. 31. The curtain rose and the play begun. 32. Good food and fresh air are necessary to health. 33. Sister marked our books for neatness and for penmanship. 34. He spoke briefly but clearly. 35. Airlines now carry mail and express. 36. Father Isaac Jouges and his companions were martyred by Indians.

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37. The people of Norway and Sweden are alike in many ways. 38. Peter shooked the tree, and a shower of apples fell to the ground. 39. Shall I send the package by parcel or by express. 40. Take the back road and you will arrived sooner.

UNIT VII
Prepositions
Prepositions A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. A prepositional phrase consist of a preposition and its object. As a cloud Over vales and hills Of golden daffodils beneath the trees kind of Prepositions C. Single word prepositions 4. Indicating place and position At English Time above in Below on under Page 140 on high in the freeze beside the lake on the milky way

Off Around

beneath beside

across

Near behind

among

between

Throughout

by

over

against along after before 5. Indicating direction and motion In across into around towards by through to via from about off down up over onto at

6. Indicating time : About after during at through from on by till under around after in

since before for D. Compound Prepositions According to ahead of in accordance with along with away from

back of means of

because of by way of

by

as far as

Prepositional phrase is a group of words beginning with a preposition and usually ending with anoun or a pronoun. Examples: On the roof under the sea inside the house over the hill

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Exercise 40 A. Choose the best preposition to complete the sentence. 1. My family lives ________ the city. a. at b. to c. in d. from

2. __________ during weekends, Marks teammates. a. in b. during c. at d. on

3.He boards the plane _________ eight o clock in the evening. a. in b. on c. at d. of

4. He stays __________ the airport five or ten minutes longer. a. on b. into c. at d. in

5. ____________ taking the bus and driving her own car, Mary prefers the former. a. among b. beside c. between d. besides

6. Everyday, she gets __________ school on time.

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a. to

b. at

c. of

d. on

7. Have you heard __________ the alleged Yamashita treasures in town? a. for b. on c. about d. on

8. Some media men have reported _______________ the treasure. a. of b. about c. for d. on

9. I wonder if that report can be relied ___________. a. upon b. on c. about d. of

10. Michelle will leave __________ Australia next month. a. from b. to c. for d. at

B. Underline the correct preposition in the parenthesis.

15. Does everybody here believe (in, on) the presidents opinion? 16. Freddie feels inferior (from, to) his classmates. 17. You differ (with, from) me in many ways. 18. Marco seems to agree (to, with) Rollies project proposal. 19. Why are you very angry (with, of) your seatmates? 20. I was born (in, on) September 28, 1969. 21. He graduated (at, from) high school in 2002. 22. We have to comply (to, with) the textbook committees recommendations. English Time Page 143

23. I am anxious (of , to) enrolling this coming semester 24. The old man was accused (of, with ) cheating. 25. (Besides, beside) avocadoes, what other fruits do you like? 26. The puppy jumped (to, into) the basket. 27. Who is the woman seating (beside, besides) the dean? 28. Mother divided the pie (among, between) her eight children.

Exercise 41 C. Flll in each blank with an appropriate prepositions from among these listed below: At since on in during for by until

11. Were having a party _____ Saturday. 12. Jenny isnt usually here _______ weekends 13. Dulce has been doing the same job ______ two years. 14. The road is busy all the time, even ______ night. 15. I saw Helen last Friday but I havent seen her _________ then. 16. The train service is very good. The trains are always ________ time. 17. Some friends are staying with us ___________ the moment. 18. Theyre staying ____ Sunday. 19. Their house is _____ Rizal Street. 20. Many things are happening _______ the same time.

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D. Put in the missing prepositions. 11. Bombay is _______ the West Coast of India. 12. Look _______ the leaves ___ that tree. 13. We arrived ______ the party early. 14. Youve got a mark ____ your cheek. Have a look ____ the mirror. 15. Did you get here ______ bus? No, _____ car. 16. Have you ever been _____ Tokyo? No, Ive never been _____ Japan. 17. Our office is ______ the seventh floor of the tall building. 18. Mozart died _________ Vienna 1791 ______ the age of 35. 19. I wonder whats _____ television this evening. 20. Schedules of TV programs are _________ the back page of the newspaper.

Exercise 42 Fill the blanks with the correct preposition. Preposition to be used in the sentences are the following: ago, for, since, during, and from 16. The Johnsons moved here in October and now its April. They moved here six months ________. 17. They lived here ________ October. 18. The have lived here __________ six months. 19. John started to study ________ hours. 20. He has been studying ___________ early morning. 21. He expects to study __________ night. 22. Mr. Gardner worked in New Orleans _________ three years before she got married. 23. She has continued to live here _________ her marriage. 24. The Andersons lived in Mexico _________ many years.

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25. ____________ many years the Andersons lived in Mexico. 26. Ann came to teas and stayed ________ an hour or so. 27. Our neighbors often to go to San Fransisco _______ the evening. 28. I have rented a cottage at the beach ____________ the entire month of July. 29. Please come and visit us sometime __________ the month of June. 30. Paul called the ticket office several times _________ afternoon, but the line was busy every time.

Exercise 43 Complete each sentence below by filling in the blanks with the appropriate preposition. Prepositions to be used are the following : by, with, without, and through. 21. The picture was painted ___________ a modern artist. 22. Many viewers have been baffled ________ the painting. 23. The artist did not paint ___________ brushes. 24. He became famous ___________ painting with a spray gun. 25. He painted _________ brushes. 26. He demonstrated his technique ___________ painting in public. 27. Sometimes he causes accidents ____________ careless use of spray gun. 28. The painting was framed ________ the artist himself. 29. The exhibit is being presented ____________ a friend of mine. 30. The recipe for these delicious angel cookies was given to me ___________ my grandmother. 31. Angel food cake is made __________ egg whites. 32. You make angel food cake __________ egg yolks. 33. It is easy to beat egg white _________ electric mixer. English Time Page 146

34. You can spoil egg white ____________ beating them too long. 35. You can spoil the egg whites ____________ carelessness. 36. People started to make clothes ___________ machine many years ago. 37. Before that time\, clothes were made at home or in shop _________ tailors as dressmakers. 38. Can you sew ________ hand? 39. This dress was made _____________ machine. 40. That dress was made ___________ hand.

Exercise 44 A . Complete each sentence below by filling in the blank with the appropriate preposition. Prepositions to be used are the following: with, without, and of. 11. Janes new bracelet is made ________ gold. 12. Parachutes used are made _____ silk. 13. Mr. Allison has a coffee table made _________ oak. 14. What are the piano keys made _________? 15. The governor always travels ______ a secretarial staff. 16. Whom did you go to play _________? 17. I want to take my notes to class __________ me. 18. The Einarsons are __________ Scandinavian descent. 19. Many legends are __________ unknown origin. 20. Albany is the capital of the State of __________ New York.

B . Underline the prepositional phrases in the following group of sentences. 11. I shall be at the bus terminal alone.

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12. Grace walked haughtily us with a look of complete disdain 13. According to the schedule, the bus will leave for Tarlac on the jour. 14. Contrary to everyones predictions, Mario gradually pulled ahead of his nearest competitors. 15. The ball fell inside the foul line and was ruled fair. 16. The house across the street is a vacant. 17. Mark and Michael are co captains of the basketball team. 18. At the last moment he broke his silence. 19. In early manhood, he had been a promising lawyer. 20. Our neighbors planted trees along their driveway.

C . Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence. Write on the blank before each number whether it is an adjective phrase or an adverb phrase. ______________ 1. The view from Mt. Fuji is spectacular. ______________ 2. Has the search party returned to the campsite yet? ______________ 3. After the game, we got something to eat. ______________ 4. We heard stories abput our Aeta ancestors/ ______________ 5. An umbrella tent has supports on the outside. ______________ 6. The second longest river of Luzon is the Agno river. ______________ 7. Jenny was late for the party. ______________ 8. Nick Joaquin was the original name of Quijano de Manila. ______________ 9. The Hudson river was once the chief trading route for the western frontier. English Time Page 148

______________10. Hearing a loud noise, Mr. Cardenas stopped his car, got out, and looked underneath it.

UNIT VIII
Interjections

Interjections are words or phrases used exclaim, to protest, or to command. They sometimes stand by themselves, but or to command. They sometimes stand by themselves, but are often contained within larger structures. They are in a sentence usually at the start to express a sentiment or a strong emotion such as, surprise, anger, fear, or pleasure. Examples: Wow! I won the lottery! Oh, I dont know about that. I dont know what the heck youre talking about.

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No, you shouldnt have done that.

Exercise 45

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1 2 3 4 5

aha blah cheers darn eek

a. scared b. meaningless talk c. see you soon d. get away e. it is so easy

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6 7 8 9

goodbye ouch pooh shoo

f.

looks beautiful

g. disgust h. pain i. j. a drinking toast got hurt

10 ugh

Exercise 46 Underline all the interjections in each sentences. 11. Dang! That hurt. 12. Do not blabber, fiddlesticks! 13. Humph! That's not the way to do it. 14. Ooops! I messed it up. 15. Gosh! You are incredible. 16. 7. Eurekha! I found it. 17. Tchah! It does not taste good. 18. Lah-de-dah! You bought a new car. 19. Bravo! We won.

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20. Rah rah! I got distinction.

UNIT IX
Determiners

Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase. Articles:

a, an, the

Possessive Adjectives:

my, your, his, her, its, our, their, whose

Other determiners:

each, every either, neither some, any, no much, many; more, most little, less, least

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few, fewer, fewest what, whatever; which, whichever both, half, all several enough

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Exercise 47 A . Decide whether you have to use much or many: 9. We saw _____ animals at the zoo. 10. How _____ oranges did you put in the box? 11. There isnt _____ sugar in my coffee. 12. I dont have ______ friends. 13. The old man hasnt got _____ hair on his head. 14. Ive packed _____ bottles of water. 15. I didnt get _____ sleep last night. 16. How _____ fruit do you eat in an average day? B . Decide whether you have to use a little or a few: 9. Can you please buy _______ apples. 10. We need _______ water. 11. I have _______ money left. 12. I take _______ sugar with my coffee. 13. We had _______ pints of beer there. 14. You have _______ time left. 15. There are _______ chairs in the room. 16. He only spent _______ dollars there. Exercise 48 A . Decide whether you have to use some or any: 9. Is there _______ milk left? 10. There is _______ juice in the bottle. 11. Do you have _______ coffee? 12. I dont have _______ money left. 13. She has _______ money. 14. Do you know _______ of these singers?

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15. I dont know _______ of them. 16. I know _______ of them. B . Decide whether you have to use some or many: 9. The child put _______ sand into the bucket. 10. I can lend you _______ money if you need it. 11. There arent _______ pears left. Only two. 12. We had _______ cake with the tea. 13. Dont eat so _______ sweets or youll get fat. 14. I had _______ beer last night at the bar. 15. I dont have _______ friends. 16. He brought _______ food with him. C . Decide whether you have to use little or less: 9. I have _______ interest in classical music. 10. I have _______ faith in him. 11. We need _______ furniture in this dance hall than in the big one. 12. You have to drink _______ coffee. 13. He has _______ money than I thought. 14. Tonight I drank _______ wine than last night. 15. She dedicates _______ time to her homework than to her hobbies. 16. This will take _______ time to finish than the last time we tried. Exercise 49 Decide whether you have to use a little or a lot: 9. That may cost you _______ of money. 10. I added _______ sugar to the mix. 11. Youll have to spend _______ of cash on this car. (a lot) 12. I can do it with _______ help from my friends. 13. _______ change can really make a difference. 14. I dont have _______ of free time today. 15. He left _______ of laundry for me to do. 16. She gave him _______ attention. EXERCISE 50

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Decide whether you have to use few or little: 9. Theres _______ point in calling. 10. _______ people understood what he said. 11. There is _______ use in trying to do this. 12. Theres _______ space here as it is. 13. Theres _______ I can do about this. 14. Dan is a great student. He has _______ problems with history. 15. There was _______ traffic on the road. 16. I think Coventry will win the match but _______ people agree with me.

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Answer key:

Exercise 1

on roses and whiskers on kittens Bright copper kettles and warm woolen mittens Brown paper packages tied up with strings These are a few of my favorite nouns
Raindrops

in white dresses with blue satin sashes Snowflakes that stay on my nose and eyelashes Silver white winters that melt into springs These are a few of my favorite nouns
Girls

Cream colored ponies and crisp apple streudels Doorbells and sleigh bells and schnitzel with noodles Wild geese that fly with the moon on their wings These are a few of my favorite nouns
Exercise 2
A. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. B. 1. beaches, countries 2. paragraphs 3. passersby, bullets 4. teachers, quizzes 5. phenomena 6. Children 7. loaves, mornings English Time Armchair Cupcake Basketball Dishwasher Saucepan Bedbug Bathtub Housewife Newspaper Pantyhose

When the dog bites When the bee stings When I'm feeling sad I simply remember my favorite nouns And then I don't feel so bad.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Necklace Roadblock Flowerpot Drugstore Toothpaste Nightlife paperweight Keychain Playground Saleslady

8. Ilocanos, Filipinos 9. fungi 10. agenda, meetings 11. researchers, hypotheses 12. teaspoonfuls 13. sisters in law 14. parents, children Page 157

15. arguments

Exercise 3.
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Principal Martial Border Angle Calvary Breathe Desert Horde 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Prophecy Tails Allies Capitol Corps Compliment Ascent Calves, hooves Geese, children Mice, houses Consultants, analyses Alumni, alumnae Sheep, menservant Deer, Chinese Children, parties Gladioli, sisters-in-law Dances, pairs

Exercise 4 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. Bridesmaid Host Patroness Maam Bull Father Cock Goddess 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Fianc Aviatrix Boar Priestess Prince Alumnus Groom

Exercise 5
A. 26. Feminine/ aviator 27. Neutral 28. , English Time 29. Nutral 30. , 31. Masculine/ goddess Page 158

32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Common Common Fem/ mistress Feminine/ king Common Neuter Neuter Common Neuter

42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50.

Masculine/landlady , Masculine/ mare Masculine/ nun Masculine/ widow Common Common Masculine/ administratrix Common

B. 1. students 2. Boss 3. Lotis 4. Marine corps 5. medias 6. Betty and Chads 7. shops and salon owners 8. Forest rangers 9. elves 10. Monters 11. Shrek and Fionas 12. Babys 13. Maroon 5s 14. Shielas 15. Beowulfs 16. farmers 17. Santa Clauss 18. Hannah Montanas 19. Sisas 20. Marios

Exercise 6
A. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. teachers peoples edgar allan poes womens sisters, Saturdays mens 17. 18. 19. 20. josephs, seasons cousins boys childrens

B. 1. editor, manuscripts, specialists, biology, linguistics English Time 2. chairman, book, designer 3. English, lecture, poetry Page 159

4. 5. 6. 7.

Students, subjects, specimens, experiment Issues, receipts, students, reservations Victim, hospital Lecturer, women, society

8. Products, inspectors 9. Judge, defendant, verdict 10. Hotels, accommodations

Exercise 7
A. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. whom whom whom you and I whom B. whom my whomever him who C. Jo herself Troops Their. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. us who our your you and me

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 17. 18. 19. 20.

whom our whom me her

Steak that All senior Pollution its school their Amy Lowell everyone none one poems her Amy Lowell Exercise 8
Personal Indefinite demonstrative demonstrative personal Indefinite reflexive Demonstrative Relative personal

Me none who people Themselves students it listening Her Marcia what none I none Both actors their they

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

Demonstrative relative Personal Interrogative Reflexive Indefinite relative personal intensive relative

Exercise 9 A.
21. 3 22. 2 23. 5 English Time 24. 3 25. 1 26. 6 Page 160

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

2 1 4 4 2 3 7

34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

2 3 5 1 6 7 5

B.
His, It, He, His, Him, He, His, They, Their, They, They He, he, him, his, he She, she, she, She, she, her, her They His, they, them

Exercise 10 A.
1. that 2. What 3. who 4. who 5. Who B. 6. that 7. that 8. who 9. who 10. whose

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Who What Which Who Who

16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

What What Who Which What

Exercise 11 A.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. all everyone nothing one few B. 11. this 12. those 13. that English Time 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. everything something nobody anyone something

14. those 15. this 16. this Page 161

17. those 18. that

19. this 20. those

Exercise 12 A.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 8. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 38. 39. 40. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. himself yourelf herself themselves itself yourself 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. himself himself ourselves itself himself ourselves I She She Them He They She They

B.
I I He I She I They She He me she I

Exercise 13
he she he them she him she us them them 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. she he him he, me us them them he them his your my your his my yours, theirs her our my his Page 162

Exercise 14
mine his your our him her his ours your their

English Time

Exercise 15
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. me him me them him us him they us me 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. him her him us them her her her him, me us them us her me her us them us us them

Exercise 16
us them me him me her us me them them

Exercise 17 A.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. nominative objective objective possessive nominative objective nominative nominative 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. objective nominative objective objective nominative nominative nominative

B.
he him him he him 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. him him him him him

Exercise 18
61. sings 62. worries English Time 63. encoded 64. daydreams Page 163

65. cleaned 66. imagined 67. swept 68. thought 69. discussed 70. remembers B. 71. nod 72. knew 1. is 2. appeared 3. felt 4. sounds 5. was 6. has been 7. stayed 8. was

73. play 74. remembered 75. wrote 76. believed 77. slept 78. reflects 79. repents 80. sat

9. grew 10. are 11. is 12. appears 13. are 14. became 15. felt

C.
31. smells 32. taste 33. turned 34. remained 35. felt 36. appear 37. became 38. sounded 39. stay 40. seems

Exercise 19
1. works 2. plays 3. were English Time 4. book 5. woks 6. breaks Page 164

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

breaks run is walks sings lies go

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

drag thinks seem sail believes appeals bark

Exercise 20 A.
1. ACTION WORD. 2. LINKING VERB 3. ACTION WORD 4. LINKING VERB 5. LINKING VERB 6. LINKING VERB 7. LINKING VERB 8. ACTION WORD B. APPLAUDED BOILED CLAPPED DINED ENDURED FLOATED GREETED HATED IMPRESSED JOGGED APPLAUDED BOILED CLAPPED DINED ENDURED FLOATED GREETED HATED IMPRESSED JOGGED KISSED LIVED MATCHED NODDED OMMITTED PAINTED PRETENDED PATCHED QUOTED RECALLED KISSED LIVED MATCHED NODDED OMMITTED PAINTED PRETENDED PATCHED QUOTED RECALLED 9. LINKING VERB 10. ACTION WORD 11. LINKING VERB 12. ACTION WORD 13. LINKING VERB 14. ACTION WORD 15. LINKING VERB

Exercise 21
English Time Page 165

A.

was, were AROSE began BORE BET bound bit BENT BLEW broke BROUGHT BURST BROADCAST bought caught CHOSE CAME CUT DID drew
B. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. begin bite breaked drank freeze ringed got saw sink spring swimmed blown drived felled gaved grow known ridden rised shoke beggined bit break drunk frozed ring get sawed sanked sprang swim blew drive fall gave growed knew ride rise shake broke drink froze rang gotted see sunk spranged swam blowed drove fallen given grew know rode rose shook began bited

BEEN arisen BEGUN BORNE BET BOUND BITTEN BENT blown BROKEN brought BURST BROADCAST BOUGHT CAUGHT chosen come CUT DONE DRAWN

begun bitten broken drinked frozen rung gotten seen sank sprung swum blow driven fell give grown knowed rided risen shaken

Exercise 22 English Time Page 166

1. are recording 2. do capture 3-4. were providing 5. did make 6. am writing 7. will be reading 8. do hope 9. were talking 10. was considering 11. did wonder
Exercise 23 A.

12. are creating

were describing

13. be searching 14. are studying 15. is discussing 16. do meet 17. will be exploring 18. are producing 19. will be needing 20. did try

1. did 2. came 3. will begin 4. ran saw 5. cried 6. gave 7. lives 8. washed rang. 9. is swimming 10. take

11. look are shaking, are quivering, perspire 12.was watering passed smiled said, are winked

13. do stare have

14. recognize saw was knew looked appeared 15. will rule

B. PARAGRAPH COMPLETION We Filipinos are mild drinkers. We drink only for three reasons. We drink when we are sad. We drink when we are happy and we drink for any other reasons. In 1945, the liberation forces landed in the Philippines. We Filipinos were very glad to see the Americans back, not so much because they were Americans but because they were not Japanese. In our barrio, alcoholized Americans became a common sight. A favorite story in the
English Time Page 167

barrio then was that of the Yankee soldier who stumbled with a bottle of whisky in his pocket. Finding it is wet, he alarmingly looked at his hands; then with a sigh of relief, he exclaimed. Thank God, it was blood! I thought it was my whisky!
- We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers by Alejandro R. Roces C.

A miser, to make sure of his property, sold all that he had and converted it into a great lump of gold, which he hid in a hole in the ground, and went continually to visit and inspect it. This roused the curiosity of one of the workmen, who, suspecting that there was a treasure, went to the spot and stole it away. When the miser returned and found the place empty, he wept and tore his hair. But a neighbor who saw him in this extravagant grief, and learned the cause of it, said, Fret no longer, but take a stone and put it in the same place, and think of it as your lump of gold. As you never meant to use it, the stone will do you as much as the gold. D. One day, a farmer going to the nest of his goose, found there an egg all yellow and glittering. When he took it up, it was as heavy as lead. The farmers first impulse was to throw the egg away, because he thought a trick had been played upon him. But he got it on second thought, and soon found to his delight that it was an egg of pure gold. Every morning, the same thing occurred and soon, the farmer became rich by selling his eggs. As he grew richer, he grew greedy; and thinking to get at once all the gold the goose could give, he killed it and opened it only to find nothing. E. I am a member of the Ecology Club of our school. Our objective is to conserve the environment in our own little way. We all agree that we will plant trees in vacant areas in our school grounds or in the community. Of course, we will ask the approval of the school and barangay authorities concerning this. We will also use recyclable materials like used cans and plastic containers for planting vegetables and ornamentals. We will clean our immediate surroundings like our homes, schools, backyards, and streets. In school, we will segregate garbage into perishable and recyclable wastes.
Exercise 24 A.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PRESENT PAST PERFECT
Page 168

English Time

10. SIMPLE FUTURE 11. FUTURE PERFECT 12. SIMPLE PAST 13. PRESENT PERFECT 14. SIMPLE PAST 15. SIMPLE PRESENT B. 1. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 2. PAST PERFECT 3. SIMPLE PAST 4. SIMPLE PAST 5. PRESENT PERFECT 6. PRESENT PERFECT 7. PRESENT PERFECT 8. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 9. PAST PERFECT 10. SIMPLE PAST C.
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. b a d c b d a b b c 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. a b b a c b b a a d

Exercise 25
11. 12. 13. 14. she is the fourth I saw it in third column We are the seventh number He is eleventh number among twenty contestants 15. You are the fifteenth in the list of student achievers English Time

Exercise 26
16. I sat in the fifteenth row 17. We will stay in eighteenth booth 18. She is the last of twentieth girls to register for the contest 19. Fifth problem is the easiest Page 169

20. Tenth sentence is wrong A. 1. b. this town is more progressive than next town c. this town is the most progressive 2. b. the deans car is newer than presidents car c. the deans car is the newest 3. Joshua is more talkative than Cheen- cheen c. Joshua is the most talkative 4. our lesson today is easier than yesterday a. our lesson today is the easiest 5. b. Our ayor is better than your mayor c. Our Mayor is the best mayor 6. b. the weather today is worse than the other day c. the weather today is worst than the other day 7. b. the climate in Baguio is more colder than tagaytay. c. the climate in Baguio is the coldest 8. b. The students in the College of Education is more active than students in the College of Nursing 9. b. St. Paul School is bigger than St. Marys Academy c. St. Paul School is the biggest 10. b. Sherwin is more humble than Rodel c. Sherwin is the most humble

B. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. Sadder More unusual More dashing More fascinating More clever Hotter saddest most unusual most dashing most fascinating most clever hottest 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Immaculate More wonderful Less, lesser Square Unique More immaculate most wonderful least square unique most Page 170

English Time

33. 34. 35. 36.

More admirable Absolute More precarious Wittier

most admirable Absolute most precarious wittiest

37. 38. 39. 40.

Peculiar More careful More bitter Richer

peculiar most careful most bitter richest

Exercise 27
A. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Tallest Sweetest Worse Diligent Biggest 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Larger More challenging Patient Good Much

B. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Honorable, honorary Trustworthy, trustful Villainous Renewable Childish Breakable, Childlike Heroic, Hairless Homeless Hopeful, hopeless Foursome 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Mountainous Clockwise Truthful Rocked , , financial classified

Exercise 28 A. 1. really careful


2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. well slowly and carefully sure, badly real serious tallest well more careful nearly perfect curious Page 171

English Time

B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. adjective adverb adverb adjective adjective adverb adjective adverb adverb adjective 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. adverb adjective adjective adverb adverb adjective adverb adverb adjective adverb

Exercise 29
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. well loyal handsome Angrily Cheerful Steadily Well Happy generously Seriously 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Impatiently Carefully Well Swiftly Dim Slowly Slow Loyally Clearly angrily

Exercise 30
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. higher hottest most beautiful better more interesting 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. better happier least sweetest Most generous

Exercise 31
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. in the church once quite eloquently annually thrice faster never outside very see knocks far spoke goes suffered drives seen waiting fast 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. completely behind confidently indeed never not taken aback shining walked real let willing to response

Exercise 32 A.

English Time

Page 172

37. 38. 39. 40. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

three times more intelligent in the bushes everyday yesterday outside angrily enough never

brush most people found fetches 9. often 10. down C. 11. nearly

B. 6. last week 7. rarely 8. quickly

12. just 13. unusually 14. always 15. online

Exercise 33
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. delicious good differently interestingly quickly ably easily quickly quick really 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. uneventfully good nearly anxious certain firmly high badly really latter

Exercise 34
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. hard lately straightly nearly faster directly faster fast faster immediately 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. near shortly immediate immediately direct straightly straight late lately lately Page 173

English Time

Exercise 35
A. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. negation negation negation affirmation affirmation 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. affirmation negation negation negation negation heavily hurriedly quickly quietly legibly 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. purposely falsely religiously kindly luckily

C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. D. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. well as really almost delicious well, surely sweet bad 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. carefully bad so quickly so anybody today, make not, area once, lived excitedly, hurried greedily, fought totally, ignored largely, supported later, forced hardly, given never, forget still, see officially, fairly, efficiently runs 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. neatly, unobstrusively, dressed still, unfortunately slovenly, fashion eventually, build cast of, started completely, exhausted quickly, pulled quietly, gave unanimously, voted almost, completely later, heard easily won still, bothered automatically, open

Exercise 36
English Time Page 174

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

So But And And But But So And Or So But And But

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

And And But And, so So But so and And And So But

Exercise 37
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. and but and and but 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. or but or but and

Exercise 38

A. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 50. B.

and but and and but but so and and so but and but

38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.

but and and but and so but so and and and so

11. coordinating 12. coordinating 13. coordinating English Time

14. coordinating 15. correlative 16. correlative Page 175

17. coordinating 18. correlative 19. correlative

20. coordinating

Exercise 39
1. and -clause 2. or - clause 3. and - phrase 4. and - words 5. and -clause 6. and- phrase 7. and - clause 8. but- clause 9. and - phrase 10. or phrase 11. and - phrase 12. and - phrase 13. and - clause 14. but - words 15. and - words 16. and - clause 17. and - clause 18. and - clause 19. or - clause 20. and - phrase

Exercise 40
A. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. B. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. on to from with with on from 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. with of of beside into beside among b d a a a 15. 16. 17. 18. d b c c

10.b

Exercise 41

A. 1. on English Time 2. in Page 176

3. 4. 5. 6.

since at since in

7. 8. 9. 10.

in, on for, on at in

B.

1. beside 2. at, on 3. on 4. on, in 5. in, on 6. on, in 7. on 8. on, at Exercise 42


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. during Ago Since Since For For During For Since For

9. on 10. at, in

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

For For During For For During During, from From, during During For

Exercise 43
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. By By With/without By With/without By Through By By By 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. With/without With/without With/without By Without By By By By By

Exercise 44
A. English Time Page 177

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Of Of Of Of With With Without With With Of

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Without Without With Without/with With Without With Without/ with With With

At the bus terminal With a look of complete disdain To the schedule, for Tarlac on the hour To everyones predictions, ahead of his nearest competitors 5. Inside the foul line C. 1. 2. 3. 4. From Mt. Fuji is spectacular ,adjective To the campsite yet, adverb phrase After the game, adverb phrase About our Aeta ancestors, adjective phrase 5. On the outside, adverb phrase 6. Of Luzon, adjective phrase 1. E 2. D 3. I 4. G 5. D Exercise 46 1. Dang 2. Fiddlesticks 3. Humph 4. oops 5. Gosh Exercise 47 A.
9. many 10. many

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Across the street Of the basketball team At the last moment On early manhood Along their driveway

7. For the party, adjective phrase 8. Of Quijano de Manila, adjective phrase 9. For the Western foreigner, adverb phrase 10. Underneath it, adverb phrase Exercise 45. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C J B A H

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Eurekha Tchah Lah- de- lah Bravo Rah

11. 12. 13. 14.

much many much many

English Time

Page 178

15. much 16. much

B.
9. a few

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

a little a little a little a few a little a few a few

Exercise 48 A.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. B. 9. some 10. some 11. many Exercise 49 9. 10. 11. 12. a lot a little a lot a little 13. 14. 15. 16. a little a lot a lot a little any some any any some any any some 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. C. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. little little less less less less less less some many some many some

EXERCISE 50 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. little few little little little few little few

English Time

Page 179

ssa

English Time

Page 180

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