24.1: . C 10 82 . 1 ) F 28 . 7 )( V 0 .

25 (
4
= = = CV Q

24.2: a) pF. 29 . 3
m 00328 . 0
m 00122 . 0
2
0 0
= = =
d
A
C
b) . kV 2 . 13
F 10 29 . 3
C 10 35 . 4
12
8
=

= =

C
Q
V
c) . m V 10 02 . 4
m 00328 . 0
V 10 2 . 13
6
3
=

= =
d
V
E

24.3: a) . V 604
F 10 45 . 2
C 10 148 . 0
10
6
=

= =

C
Q
V
b) . m 0091 . 0
m) 10 328 0 F)( 10 45 . 2 (
2
0
3 10
0
=

= =

Cd
A
c) . m V 10 84 . 1
m 10 328 . 0
V 604
6
3
=

= =

d
V
E
d) . C/m 10 63 . 1 ) m V 10 84 . 1 (
2 5 6
0 0
0

= = = = E

E

24.4: d

Ed V
0
= =

2 2 12
2 12
Nm C 10 85 . 8
) m 00180 . 0 )( m C 10 60 . 5 (

=
=1.14 mV


24.5: a) C CV Q 120 = =
b) d A C
0
=
C 60 2 and 2 means 2 Q Q C C d d =
c) C 480 4 and , 4 , 4 means 2 Q Q C C A A r r =


24.6: (a) 12.0 V since the plates remain charged.
(b) (i)
C
Q
V =
Q does not change since the plates are disconnected from the battery.

d

C
A
=
If d is doubled, V 0 . 24 2 so ,
2
1
= V V C C
(ii) C C A A r r r A 4 and , 4 then , 2 if so ,
2
= which means that
V 00 . 3
4
1
= V V
24.7: Estimate cm 0 . 1 = r
mm 8 . 2
F 10 00 . 1
) m 010 . 0 (
so
12
2
0
2
0 0
=

= = =

C
r
d
d
A
C


The separation between the pennies is nearly a factor of 10 smaller than the diameter of a
penny, so it is a reasonable approximation to treat them as infinite sheets.


24.8: (a) Ed V =
cm 00 . 1 m 10
) C N 10 ( V 100
2
4
= =
=

d
d


d
R
d
A
C
2
0 0

= =

0 0
4
4

Cd

Cd
R = =
)
C
Nm
10 9 )( m 10 )( F 10 00 . 5 ( 4
2
2
9 2 12
=

R
cm 24 . 4 m 10 24 . 4
2
= =

R
(b) pC 500 ) V 100 )( pF 5 ( = = = CV Q


24.9: a)
) ( ln
2
0
a b
r r

L
C
=
F 10 35 . 4
) 50 . 0 00 . 5 ( ln
2 ) m 180 . 0 (
12 0
= =

C
b) V 30 . 2 ) F 10 35 . 4 /( ) C 10 0 . 10 ( /
12 12
= = =

C Q V


24.10: a) . 84 . 5 77 . 1
m F 10 5 . 31
2 2
) ( ln
) ( ln
2
12
0 0 0
= =

= = =

a
b
a b
a b
r
r
L C

r r
r r

L
C

b) . m C 10 19 . 8 ) m F 10 5 . 31 )( V 60 . 2 (
11 12
= = =
L
C
V
L
Q



24.11: a) F/m. 10 56 . 6
) mm 5 . 1 / mm 5 . 3 ( ln
2
) ( ln
2
11 0 0
= = =

r r

L C
a b

b) The charge on each conductor is equal but opposite. Since the inner conductor
is at a higher potential it is positively charged, and the magnitude is:
C. 10 43 . 6
) mm 1.5 mm 5 . 3 ( ln
) V 35 . 0 )( m 8 . 2 ( 2
) ( ln
2
11 0 0
= = = =

r r
LV
CV Q
a b




24.12: a) For two concentric spherical shells, the capacitance is:

a
a
b b a a b
a b
b a
r kC
kCr
r r r kCr kCr
r r
r r
k
C

= =
|
|

\
|

=
1

. m 175 . 0
m 150 . 0 ) F 10 116 (
) m 150 . 0 )( F 10 116 (
12
12
=

k
k
r
b

b) . C 10 55 . 2 ) V 220 )( F 10 116 ( and , V 220
8 12
= = = = CV Q V


24.13: a) . F 10 94 . 8
m 125 . 0 m 148 . 0
) m 125 . 0 )( m 148 . 0 ( 1 1
11
=
|
|

\
|

=
|
|

\
|

=
k r r
r r
k
C
a b
a b

b) The electric field at a distance of 12.6 cm:
. N/C 6082
) m 126 . 0 (
) V 120 )( F 10 94 . 8 (
2
11
2 2
=

= = =

k
r
kCV
r
kQ
E
c) The electric field at a distance of 14.7 cm:
N/C. 4468
) m 147 . 0 (
) V 120 )( F 10 94 . 8 (
2
11
2 2
=

= = =

k
r
kCV
r
kQ
E
d) For a spherical capacitor, the electric field is not constant between the
surfaces.


24.14: a)
) F 10 0 . 6 (
1
) F 10 ) 0 . 5 0 . 3 ((
1 1 1 1
6 6
3 2 1 eq

+
+
= +
+
=
C C C C

. F 10 42 . 3
6
eq

= C
The magnitude of the charge for capacitors in series is equal, while the charge is
distributed for capacitors in parallel. Therefore,
. C 10 21 . 8 ) F 10 42 . 3 )( V 0 . 24 (
5 6
eq 2 1 3

= = = + = VC Q Q Q
Since
1
C and
2
C are at the same potential, ,
3
5
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
Q Q
C
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
= = =
. C 10 13 . 5 and , C 10 08 . 3 C 10 21 . 8
5
2
5
1
5
1 3
8
3

= = = = Q Q Q Q
b) = = = = =

3
6 5
1 1 1 2
And . V 3 . 10 ) F 10 00 . 3 /( ) C 10 08 . 3 ( V C Q V V
. V 7 . 13 V 3 . 10 V 0 . 24 =
c) The potential difference between a and d: . V 3 . 10
2 1
= = = V V V
ad



24.15: a)
) F 0 . 4 (
1
) F 0 . 4 F 00 . 2 (
1 1
) (
1 1
4 3
1 1
eq
2 1
C C C
C C
+
+
= +
+ +
=
. F 40 . 2
eq
C =
Then, C 10 72 . 6 ) V 0 . 28 )( F 10 40 . 2 (
5 6
eq total 4 3 12

= = = = = + V C Q Q Q Q and
. C 10 48 . 4 and , C 10 24 . 2
3
C 10 72 . 6
3
2
5
3
5
5
total
12 3 12

= =

= = = Q
Q
Q Q Q But
also, C. 10 24 . 2
5
12 2 1

= = = Q Q Q
b)
2
6 5
1 1 1
V 60 . 5 ) F 10 00 . 4 ( ) C 10 24 . 2 ( V C Q V = = = =


. V 2 . 11 ) F 10 00 . 4 ( ) C 10 48 . 4 (
6 5
3 3 3
= = =

C Q V
V. 8 . 16 ) F 10 00 . 4 ( ) C 10 72 . 6 (
6 5
4 4 4
= = =

C Q V
c) . V 2 . 11 V 8 . 16 V 0 . 28
4
= = = V V V
ab ad



24.16: a)
C 10 75 . 9 ) F 10 88 . 1 )( V 0 . 52 (
F 10 88 . 1 F 10 33 . 5
) F 10 0 . 5 (
1
) F 10 0 . 3 (
1 1 1 1
5 6
eq
6
eq
1 5
6 6
2 1 eq



= = =
= =

= + =
VC Q
C
C C C



b) . V 5 . 32 F 10 0 . 3 C 10 75 . 9 /
6 5
1 1
= = =

C Q V
. V 5 . 19 F 10 0 . 5 C 10 75 . 9 /
6 5
2 2
= = =

C Q V


24.17: a) . C 10 56 . 1 ) F 10 0 . 3 )( V 0 . 52 (
4 6
1 1

= = = VC Q
C. 10 6 . 2 ) F 10 0 . 5 )( V 0 . 52 (
4 6
2 2

= = =VC Q
b) For parallel capacitors, the voltage over each is the same, and equals the
voltage source: 52.0 V.


24.18: ( ) ( ) .
2 1
0
0
2
0
1
2 1
1
1
1 1
eq d d
A
A
d
A
d
C C
C
+

= + = + = So the combined capacitance for two

capacitors in series is the same as that for a capacitor of area A and separation ) (
2 1
d d + .


24.19: .
) (
2 1 eq
2 1 0 2 0 1 0
d
A A
d
A
d
A
C C C
+
= + = + = So the combined capacitance for two
capacitors in parallel is that of a single capacitor of their combined area ) (
2 1
A A + and
common plate separation d.


24.20: a) and b) The equivalent resistance of the combination is 6.0 , F therefore the
total charge on the network is: C. 10 16 . 2 ) V 36 )( F 0 . 6 (
4
eq eq

= = V C Q This is also the

charge on the F 0 . 9 capacitor because it is connected in series with the point b. So:
. V 24
F 10 0 . 9
C 10 16 . 2
6
4
9
9
9
=

= =

C
Q
V
Then . V 12 V 24 V 36
9 6 12 11 3
= = = + = = V V V V V V
C. 10 6 . 3 ) V 12 )( F 0 . 3 (
5
3 3 3

= = = V C Q
. C 10 32 . 1 ) V 12 )( F 11 (
4
11 11 11

= = = V C Q

11 3 12 6
Q Q Q Q Q = =
C. 10 32 . 1 C 10 6 . 3 C 10 16 . 2
4 5 4
=
C. 10 8 . 4
5
=
So now the final voltages can be calculated:

V. 4
F 10 12
C 10 8 . 4
V. 8
F 10 0 . 6
C 10 8 . 4
6
5
12
12
12
6
5
6
6
6
=

= =
=

= =

C
Q
V
C
Q
V

c) Since the 3 F 6 and F 11 , F capacitors are connected in parallel and are in
series with the F 9 capacitor, their charges must add up to that of the F 9 capacitor.
Similarly, the charge on the F 12 and F 11 , F 3 capacitors must add up to the same as
that of the F 9 capacitor, which is the same as the whole network. In short, charge is
conserved for the whole system. It gets redistributed for capacitors in parallel and it is
equal for capacitors in series.


24.21: Capacitances in parallel simply add, so:
F. 57 F 72 F ) 15 (
F 0 . 9
1
F ) 0 . 4 11 (
1
F 0 . 8
1 1
eq
x x
x C
= = +
|
|

\
|
+
+ +
= =


24.22: a)
2 1
and C C are in parallel and so have the same potential across them:
V 33 . 13
F 10 00 . 3
C 10 0 . 40
6
6
2
2
=

= =

C
Q
V
Thus C. 10 0 . 80 ) F 10 00 . 3 ( V) 33 . 13 (
6 6
1 1

= = = VC Q Since
3
Q is in series with the
parallel combination of
2 1
and C C , its charge must be equal to their combined charge:
C 10 0 . 120 C 10 0 . 80 C 10 0 . 40
6 6 6
= + b) The total capacitance is found from:

F 10 00 . 5
1
F 10 00 . 9
1 1 1 1
6 6
3 || tot

= + =
C C C

F 21 . 3
tot
C =
and
V 4 . 37
F 10 21 . 3
C 10 0 . 120
6
6
tot
tot
=

= =

C
Q
V
ab



24.23: V 50 ) F 00 . 3 ( ) C 150 (
1 1 1
= = = C Q V

2 1
and C C are in parallel, so V 50
2
= V
V 70 V 120
1 3
= = V V


24.24: a) V. 2772 ) F 10 920 ( ) C 55 . 2 ( /
12
= = =

C Q V
b) Since the charge is kept constant while the separation doubles, that means that
the capacitance halves and the voltage doubles to 5544 V.
c) . J 10 53 . 3 ) V 2772 )( F 10 920 (
3 2 12
2
1
2
2
1

= = = CV U Now if the separation
is doubled, the capacitance halves, and the energy stored doubles. So the amount of work
done to move the plates equals the difference in energy stored in the capacitor, which is
. J 10 53 . 3
3



24.25: m. V 10 00 . 8 ) m 005 . 0 ( ) V 400 (
4
= = = d V E
And . m J 0283 . 0 ) m V 10 00 . 8 (
3 2 4
0 2
1
2
0 2
1
= = = E u


24.26: a) . F 10 00 . 9 ) V 200 ( C) 0180 . 0 (
11
= = = V Q C
b) . m 0152 . 0
) m 0015 . 0 )( F 10 00 . 9 (
2
0
11
0
0
=

= = =

Cd
A
d
A
C
c) V. 4500 ) m 0015 . 0 )( m V 10 00 . 3 (
6
max max max max
= = = = d E V d V E
d) J. 10 80 . 1
) F 10 00 . 9 ( 2
) C 10 80 . 1 (
2
6
11
2 8 2

= =
C
Q
U


24.27: J. 6 . 19 ) V 295 )( F 10 50 . 4 (
2 4
2
1
2
2
1
= = =

CV U


24.28: a) .
0
CV Q =
b) They must have equal potential difference, and their combined charge must
add up to the original charge. Therefore:

0 2 1
2
2
1
1
also and CV Q Q Q
C
Q
C
Q
V = = + = =
0
1
1 1
1
2
2 1
2 1
3
2
3
2
so
3
2
2
3
2 ) 2 (
so
2
and
V
C
Q
C
Q
V Q Q Q Q
Q
Q
C
Q
C
Q C
C C C
= = = = =
= = = =

c)
2
0
2 2
3
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
1 ) ( 2 ) (
2
1
2
1
CV
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
U = =
(

+ =
|
|

\
|
+ =
d) The original U was .
2
0 6
1
2
0 2
1
CV U CV U

= =
e) Thermal energy of capacitor, wires, etc., and electromagnetic radiation.


24.29: a) .
2 2
0
2 2
0
A
xQ
C
Q
U = =
b) Increase the separation by ). 1 (
0 2
) (
0
2
x dx U U dx
A
Q dx x
+ = =
+
The change is
then dx
A
Q
0
2
2
.
c) The work done in increasing the separation is given by:
.
2 2
0
2
0
2
0
A
Q
F Fdx
A
dxQ
U U dW = = = =
d) The reason for the difference is that E is the field due to both plates. The force
is QE if E is the field due to one plate is Q is the charge on the other plate.

24.30: a) If the separation distance is halved while the charge is kept fixed, then the
capacitance increases and the stored energy, which was 8.38 J, decreases since
. 2
2
C Q U = Therefore the new energy is 4.19 J.
b) If the voltage is kept fixed while the separation is decreased by one half, then
the doubling of the capacitance leads to a doubling of the stored energy to 16.76 J, using
, 2
2
CV U = when V is held constant throughout.


24.31: a) C Q U 2
2
=
C 10 00 . 5 ) F 10 00 . 5 )( J 0 . 25 ( 2 2
4 9
= = = UC Q
The number of electrons N that must be removed from one plate and added to the
other is
15 19 4
10 12 . 3 ) C 10 602 . 1 /( ) C 10 00 . 5 ( = = =

e Q N electrons.
b) To double . 2 of factor a by decrease constant, keeping while C Q U
; /
0
d A C = halve the plate area or double the plate separation.


24.32: farad 10 417 . 3
V 40 . 2
C 10 20 . 8
12
12

= =
V
Q
C
d A K C
0
Since = for a parallel plate capacitor

m 10 734 . 6
farad 10 417 . 3
) m 10 60 . 2 )( m N / C 10 85 . 8 )( 00 . 1 (
3
12
2 3 2 2 12
0

= =
C
A K
d

The energy density is thus


3
7
3 2 3
2 12
2
1
2
2
1
m
J
10 63 . 5
) m 10 734 . 6 )( m 10 60 . 2 (
V) 40 . 2 )( farad 10 42 . 3 (

= =
Ad
CV
u


24.33: a) . C 10 60 . 1
V 00 . 4
) J 10 20 . 3 ( 2 2
2
1
9
9

= = =
V
U
Q QV U
b) ) 2 exp( ) 2 exp(
) ( ln
2
0 0
0
Q LV C L
r
r
r r

L
C
b
a
b a
= = =
. 05 . 8 C)) 10 60 . 1 ( V) 00 . 4 ( ) m 0 . 15 ( 2 exp(
9
0
= =

r
r
b
a



24.34: a) For a spherical capacitor:

. V 7 . 38 ) F 10 53 . 8 ( ) C 10 30 . 3 (
F 10 53 . 8
) m 100 . 0 m 115 . 0 (
) m 115 . 0 )( m 100 . 0 ( 1 1
11 9
11
= = =
=

C Q V
k r r
r r
k
C
a b
b a

b) . J 10 38 . 6
2
) V 7 . 38 )( F 10 53 . 8 (
2
1
8
2 11
2

= = CV U

24.35: a)
4
2 11 2 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0 2
0
) m 126 . 0 (
) F 10 94 . 8 ( ) V 120 (
2 2 2 2
1

=
|

\
|
=
|

\
|
= =
k
r
kVC
r
kq
E u
. m J 10 64 . 1
3 4
= u
b) The same calculation for . m J 10 83 . 8 cm 7 . 14
3 5
= = u r
c) No, the electric energy density is NOT constant within the spheres.


24.36: a) . m J 10 11 . 1
) m 120 . 0 (
) C 10 00 . 8 (
32
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
3 4
4
2 9
0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0

=
|
|

\
|
= =
r
q

E u
b) If the charge was 8.00 nC, the electric field energy would remain the same
since U only depends on the square of E.


24.37: Let the applied voltage be V. Let each capacitor have capacitance
2
2
1
. CV U C =
for a single capacitor with voltage V.
a) series
Voltage across each capacitor is . 2 V The total energy stored is
[ ]
2
4
1
2
s
2
2
1
2 CV V C U =
|

\
|
=
parallel
Voltage across each capacitor is V. The total energy stored is

( )
[ ] ( )
s p p s
s p
2 2
2
1
p
2 ; 2 ) ( 2 ; 2 2
. voltage with capacitor single a for ) b 4
2
Q Q CV CV Q CV V C Q
V CV Q U U
CV CV U
= = = = =
= =
= =

c) V d V E voltage with capacitor a for =

s p p s
2 ; ; 2 E E d V E d V E = = =


24.38: a) d A K C
0
= gives us the area of the plates:

2 4
2 2 12
3 12
0
m 10 475 . 8
) m N / C 10 85 . 8 )( 00 . 1 (
) m 10 50 . 1 )( farad 10 00 . 5 (

=


=
K
Cd
A
We also have electric the is ). ( so ,
0 0
d V d V A K Q V Q d A K C = = = field
between the plates, which is not to exceed Thus C. N 10 00 . 3
4

C 10 25 . 2
C) N 10 00 . 3 )( m 10 475 . 8 )( m N C 10 85 . 8 )( 00 . 1 (
10
4 2 4 2 2 12

=
= Q

b) Again, ). ( 70 . 2 ) (
0 0
d V A d V A K Q = = If we continue to think of d V as
the electric field, only K has changed from part (a); thus Q in this case is
. C 10 08 . 6 C) 10 25 . 2 )( 70 . 2 (
10 10
=
24.39: a) . m C 10 20 . 6 ) m V 10 ) 50 . 2 20 . 3 ((
2 7 5
0

= =
i
The field induced in the
dielectric creates the bound charges on its surface.
b) . 28 . 1
m V 10 50 . 2
m V 10 20 . 3
5
5
0
=

= =
E
E
K


24.40: a) = = = = =
0 0
6 6
0
m V 10 32 . 4 ) m V 10 20 . 1 )( 60 . 3 ( E KE E
. m C 10 82 . 3
2 5

b) . m C 10 76 . 2 ) 60 . 3 1 1 )( m C 10 82 . 3 (
1
1
2 5 2 5
= =
|

\
|
=
K

i

c) Ad E K uAd CV U
2
0 2
1
2
2
1
= = =
. J 10 03 . 1 ) m 10 5 . 2 )( m 0018 . 0 ( ) m V 10 20 . 1 ( ) 60 . 3 (
5 2 4 2 6
0 2
1

= = U



24.41: . m 0135 . 0
) m V 10 60 . 1 ( ) 60 . 3 (
) V 5500 )( F 10 25 . 1 (
2
7
0
9
0
0 0
=

= = = =

E K
CV
A
V
AE K
d
A K
C


24.42: Placing a dielectric between the plates just results in the replacement of
0
for in
the derivation of Equation (24.20). One can follow exactly the procedure as shown for
Equation (24.11).


24.43: a) . Nm C 10 3 . 2 ) 6 . 2 (
2 2 11
0 0

= = = K
b) . V 10 0 . 4 ) m 10 0 . 2 )( m V 10 0 . 2 (
4 3 7
max max
= = =

d E V
c) . m C 10 46 . 0 ) m V 10 0 . 2 )( Nm C 10 3 . 2 (
2 3 7 2 2 11
0

= = = = E
K

E
. m C 10 8 . 2 ) 6 . 2 1 1 )( m C 10 46 . 0 (
1
1 And
2 4 2 3
= =
|

\
|
=
K

i



24.44: a) = = = = =

) V 12 )( F 10 5 . 2 )( 1 . 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
7
0 0 0 0
V C K Q K Q Q Q
C. 10 3 . 6
6

b) ( ) . C 10 3 . 6 ) 1 . 3 1 1 )( C 10 3 . 9 ( 1
6 6
1

= = =
K i
Q Q
c) The addition of the mylar doesnt affect the electric field since the induced
charge cancels the additional charge drawn to the plates.


24.45: a) . V 1 . 10
) F 10 60 . 3 (
J) 10 85 . 1 ( 2 2
2
1
7
5
0
0 2
0 0
=

= = =

C
U
V V C U
b) . 27 . 2
) V 1 . 10 )( F 10 60 . 3 (
) J 10 85 . 1 10 32 . 2 ( 2
2
1
2 7
5 5
2
0
2
0
=

+
= = =

V C
U
K V KC U

24.46: a) The capacitance changes by a factor of K when the dielectric is inserted. Since
V is unchanged (The battery is still connected),
80 . 1
pC 0 . 25
pC 0 . 45
before
after
before
after
= = = = K
Q
Q
C
C

b) The area of the plates is , m 10 827 . 2 ) m 0300 . 0 (
2 3 2 2
= = r and the
separation between them is thus

m 10 002 . 2
farad 10 5 . 12
) m 10 827 . 2 )( m N C 10 85 . 8 )( 00 . 1 (
3
12
2 3 2 2 12
0

= =
C
A K
d

Before the dielectric is inserted,

V 000 . 2
) m 10 827 . 2 )( m N C 10 85 . 8 )( 00 . 1 (
) m 10 00 . 2 )( C 10 0 . 25 (
2 3 2 2 12
3 12
0
0
=


= =
= =


A K
Qd
V
V
Q
d
A K
C

The battery remains connected, so the potential difference is unchanged after the
dielectric is inserted.
c) Before the dielectric is inserted,

C N 999
) m 10 827 . 2 )( 00 . 1 )( m N C 10 85 . 8 (
C 10 0 . 25
2 3 2 2 12
12
0
=

= =

KA
Q
E

Again, since the voltage is unchanged after the dielectric is inserted, the electric field is
also unchanged.



24.47: a) before: V 00 . 3 ) F 10 00 . 3 ( ) C 10 00 . 9 (
6 6
0 0 0
= = =

C Q V
after:
0 0
; F 0 . 15 Q Q KC C = = =
K V C Q V of factor a by decreases V; 600 . 0 = =
b) the , d V E = same at all points between the plates (as long as far from the
edges of the plates)
before: m V 1500 ) m 10 00 . 2 ( ) V 00 . 3 (
3
= =

E
after: m V 300 m) 10 00 . 2 ( ) V 600 . 0 (
3
= =

E


24.48: a) .
4
4
2
0
2
0
d
q
E

q
d KE

Q
K
free
= = =

A E
r r

b)
2
0 0
2
0 0
4
4
d
q q
E

q q
d E

q q

q
d
b b
b f
total
+
=
+
=
+
= =

A E
r r

. / K q q q q
b total
= + =
c) The total bound change is ( ). 1
1
b
=
K
q q

24.49: a) Equation (25.22):

= = = = .
0 0 0
A
Q
A K
Q

Q
E KEA d K
free
A E
r r

b) .
0
A
Qd
A K
Qd
Ed V = = =
c) .
0
0
KC
d
A
K
d
A
V
Q
C = = = =


24.50: a) . F 10 8 . 4
m 10 7 . 4
) m 16 . 0 (
11
3
2
0 0

= =

d
A
C
b) . C 10 58 . 0 ) V 12 ( ) F 10 8 . 4 (
9 11
= = = CV Q
c) E= d V =(12 V)/(4.7 ) m 10
3
=2553 m V .
d) . J 10 46 . 3 ) V 12 )( F 10 8 . 4 (
9 2 11
2
1
2
2
1

= = = CV U
e) If the battery is disconnected, so the charge remains constant, and the plates are
pulled further apart to 0.0094 m, then the calculations above can be carried out
just as before, and we find:

a) F 10 41 . 2
11
= C b) . C 10 58 . 0
9
= Q
c) m V 2553 = E d) . J 10 91 . 6
) F 10 41 . 2 ( 2
) C 10 58 . 0 (
2
9
11
2 9 2

= =
C
Q
U


24.51: If the plates are pulled out as in Problem 24.50 the battery is connected, ensuring
that the voltage remains constant. This time we find:
a) F 10 4 . 2
11
= C b) C 10 9 . 2
10
= Q c)
m
V
10 3 . 1
0094 . 0
V 12
3
= = =
d
V
E

d) . J 10 73 . 1
2
) V 12 ( ) F 10 4 . 2 (
2
9
2 11 2

= =
CV
U


24.52: a) System acts like two capacitors in series so ( )
1
1 1
eq
2 1

+ =
C C
C


( )
.
2
1
2
1
2
so
2
0
2
2
2 2 2
0
eq
2
0
2 1 2
0
L
d Q Q
C
Q
U
d
L
C
d
L
C C
d
L
= = = = = =


b) After rearranging, the E fields should be calculated. Use superposition recalling
A
Q
E
0
2
= for a single plate (not
A
Q
0
since charge Q is only on one face).
between 1 and 3:
2
0
4
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
0
1
2
0
2 2 2 2 L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
E =
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=

between 3 and 2:
2
0
4
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
0
1
2
0
2
2 2 2 2 L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
E =
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
between 2 and 4:
2
0
4
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
0
1
2
0
2 2 2 2 L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
E =
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
2
0
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
new
2
0
2
2
4 2
0
2
4 2
0
2
4 2
0
2
0
2 2
0 new
2 3
3 4
2
1
2
1
L
d Q
L
d Q
L
d Q
U U U
L
d Q
d L
L
Q
L
Q
L
Q
d L E U
= = =
=
|
|

\
|
+ + =
|

\
|
=

This is the work required to rearrange the plates.


24.53: a) The power output is 600 W, and 95% of the original energy is converted.
. J 421 J 400 ) s 10 48 . 1 ( ) W 10 70 . 2 (
95 . 0
J 400
0
3 5
= = = = =

E Pt E
b) F 054 . 0
) V 125 (
) J 421 ( 2 2
2
1
2 2
2
= = = =
V
U
C CV U

24.54: F 10 31 . 5
m 10 00 . 7
) m 10 20 . 4 (
13
4
0
2 5
0
0

= =

d
A
C
. F 10 81 . 7 pF 25 . 0
13
0

= + = C C
But . m 10 76 . 4
F 10 81 . 7
) m 10 20 . 4 (
4
13
0
2 5
0 0

= =

=

C
A
d
d
A
C
Therefore the key must be depressed by a distance of:
. mm 224 . 0 m 10 76 . 4 m 10 00 . 7
4 4
=




24.55: a) d .
2
) 1 ln(
2
) ) ( ln(
2
) ln(
2
:
0 0 0 0 0
d
A
d
L r
r d
L
r r d
L
r r
L
C r
a
a a a a b
a
=
+
=
+
= = <<
b) At the scale of part (a) the cylinders appear to be flat, and so the capacitance
should appear like that of flat plates.


24.56: Originally: = = = = =

F) 0 . 4 ( ; C 10 2.52 V) (28 F) 0 . 9 (
2 2 2
4
1 1 1
V C Q V C Q
eq
4
and , C 10 1.12 V) (28 C

= is stored energy original the So . F 0 . 13

2 1
C C = + =
: is stored energy new the So F. 0 . 13 same, the still
is e capacitanc equivalent the and , C 10 4 . 1 is charge total the now so
, capacitors the flip and Disconnect J. 10 10 . 5 V) (28 F) 10 0 . 13 (
eq
4
1 2
3 2 6
2
1
2
eq 2
1
C
Q Q Q
V C U
=
= =
= = =

J. 10 35 . 4 J 10 10 . 5 J 10 7.45
J 10 54 . 7
F) 10 0 . 13 ( 2
) C 10 4 . 1 (
2
3 3 4
4
6
2 4
eq
2

= =
=

= =
U
C
Q
U


24.57: a) = = = = + = ) V 660 ( ) F 00 . 10 ( and F, 00 . 10 F 00 . 6 00 . 4
eq eq
V C Q F C
total
6.6 . C 10
3
The voltage over each is 660 V since they are in parallel. So:

C. 10 96 . 3 ) V 660 ( ) F 00 . 6 (
C. 10 64 . 2 ) V 660 ( ) F 00 . 4 (
3
2 2 2
3
1 1 1

= = =
= = =
V C Q
V C Q


b) , F 00 . 10 still and , C 10 32 . 1 C 10 64 . 2 C 10 96 . 3
eq
3 3 3
= = =

C Q
total

so the voltage is V = Q/C = , V 132 ) F 00 . 10 ( ) C 10 32 . 1 (
3
=

and the new charges:

C. 10 92 . 7 ) V 132 )( F 00 . 6 (
. C 10 28 . 5 ) V 132 )( F 00 . 4 (
4
2 2 2
4
1 1 1

= = =
= = =
V C Q
V C Q



24.58: a)



.
2 2 eq
C C
C C
= + = So the total capacitance is the same as each individual capacitor, and
the voltage is spilt over each so that 480 = V V. Another solution is two capacitors in
parallel that are in series with two others in parallel.

b) If one capacitor is a moderately good conductor, then it can be treated as a
short and thus removed from the circuit, and one capacitor will have greater than 600
V over it.


24.59: a)
( )
and 2
1 1 1 1
2 5 1
5
1
1 1
2 1 eq
4 3
C C C
C C C C
C C
= = +
+ +
+ =

F. 52 . 2
5
3
3
5
3
2 2 1
so
2 eq 2
2 1 eq
4 3 2
C C C
C C C
C C C = = = + = = =
b)
5 1
4
C 10 54 . 5 ) V 220 )( F 52 . 2 ( Q Q CV Q = = = = =


. V 66 ) F 10 4 . 8 ( / ) C 10 54 . 5 (
6 4
5 1
= = =

V V

. C 10 1.85 F) 2 . 4 )( V 44 ( V 44 ) V 88 (
Also . C 10 70 . 3 ) F 2 . 4 )( V 88 ( V 88 ) 66 ( 2 220 So
4
4 3 2
1
4 3
4
2 2

= = = =
= = = = = =
Q Q
V V Q V



24.60: a) With the switch open: ( ) ( ) ( ) F 00 . 4
1
F 6
1
F 3
1
1
F 6
1
F 3
1
eq
C

= + + + =


C 10 8.4 V) (210 F) 00 . 4 (
4
eq

= = = V C Q
total
. By symmetry, each
capacitor carries 4.20 C. 10
4
The voltages are then just calculated via V=Q/C.
So: V. 70 V 70 / and V, 140 /
6 3
= = = = = =
ac ad cd ac ad
V V V C Q V C Q V
b) When the switch is closed, the points c and d must be at the same potential, so
the equivalent capacitance is:
F. 4.5
F 6) (3
1
F 6) (3
1
1
eq


C =
|
|

\
|
+
+
+
=

, C 10 9.5 V) (210 F) 50 . 4 (
4
eq

= = = V C Q
total
and each capacitor has the same
potential difference of 105 V (again, by symmetry)
c) The only way for the sum of the positive charge on one plate of
2
C and the
negative charge on one plate of
1
C to change is for charge to flow through the switch.
That is, the quantity of charge that flows through the switch is equal to the charge in
. 0
1 2
= Q Q With the switch open,
2 1
Q Q = and . 0
1 2
= Q Q After the switch is closed,
C 315 ; C 315
1 2
Q Q = of charge flowed through the switch.


24.61: a) F 1 . 2
F 2 . 4
1
F 4 . 8
1
F 4 . 8
1
1
eq


C =
|
|

\
|
+ + =

C. 10 7.50 V) (36 F) 1 . 2 (
5
eq

= = = V C Q
b) . J 10 1.36 V) (36 F) 1 . 2 (
3 2
2
1
2
2
1

= = = CV U
c) If the capacitors are all in parallel, then:

V. 10.8 F) 21 ( / C) 10 27 . 2 ( and
, C 10 2.27 C) 10 56 . 7 ( 3 and F 21 F) 4.2 F 8.4 F 4 . 8 (
4
4 5
eq
= = =
= = = + + =

C Q V
Q C

d) . J 10 1.22 V) (10.8 F) 21 (
3 2
2
1
2
2
1

= = = CV U


24.62: a) F 10 2.4
F 6.0
1
F 4.0
1
6
1
eq

=
|
|

\
|
+ =

C
C 10 1.58 V) (600 F) 10 4 . 2 (
3 6
eq

= = = V C Q
and . V 265 V 395 V 660 V 395 F) (4.0 C) 10 58 . 1 ( /
3
3
2 2
= = = = =

V C Q V
b) Disconnecting them from the voltage source and reconnecting them to
themselves we must have equal potential difference, and the sum of their charges must be
the sum of the original charges:
C. 10 1.90 V) (316 F) 10 00 . 6 (
C. 10 1.26 V) (316 F) 10 00 . 4 (
V. 316
F 10 10.0
C) 10 2(1.58 2
) ( 2 and
3 6
2
3 6
1
6
3
2 1
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1

= =
= =
=

=
+
=
+ = + = = =
Q
Q
C C
Q
V
V C C Q Q Q V C Q V C Q



24.63: a) Reducing the furthest right leg yields ( ) = + + =
1
F 9 . 6
1
F 9 . 6
1
F 9 . 6
1

C
. 3 / F 3 . 2
1
C = It combines in parallel with a . F 9 . 6 F 3 . 2 F 6 . 4
1 2
C C C = = + = So
the next reduction is the same as the first: . 3 / F 3 . 2
1
C C = = And the next is the same as
the second, leaving 3
1
C s in series so . 3 / F 3 . 2
1 eq
C C = =
b) For the three capacitors nearest points a and b:
C 10 9.7 V) (420 F) 10 3 . 2 (
4 6
eq
1

= = = V C Q
C

and . C 10 6.44 3 V) (420 F) 10 6 . 4 (
4 6
2 2
2

= = = V C Q
C

c) ( ) , V 46.7 V
3
420
3
1
= =
cd
V since by symmetry the total voltage drop over the
equivalent capacitance of the part of the circuit from the junctions between c a, and
b d, is V,
3
420
and the equivalent capacitance is that of three equal capacitors
1
C in series.
cd
V is the voltage over just one of those capacitors, i.e., . V of 3 1
3
420



24.64: (a) F 60
3 2 1 equiv
C C C C = + + =
C 7200 ) V (120 F) 60 ( CV Q = = =
(b)
3 2 1 equiv
1 1 1 1
C C C C
+ + =
C 654 V) (120 F) 45 . 5 (
F 45 . 5
equiv
CV Q
C
= = =
=



24.65: a) Q is constant.
with the dielectric: ) (
0
KC Q C Q V = =
without the dielectric:
0 0
C Q V =
3.91 V) V)/(11.5 (45.0 so , /
0
= = = K K V V
b)

Let d A C
0 0
= be the capacitance with only air between the plates. With the
dielectric filling one-third of the space between the plates, the capacitor is equivalent to
2 1
and C C in parallel, where 3 / 2 has and 3 / has
2 2 1 1
A A C A A C = =
V 22.8
5.91
3
V) (45.0
2
3
2
3
) 2 ( ) 3 ( ; 3 2 , 3
0
0 eq
0 2 1 eq 0 2 0 1
=
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
+
=
|
|

\
|
+
= =
+ = + = = =
K
V
K C
Q
C
Q
V
K C C C C C C C K C



24.66: a) This situation is analagous to having two capacitors
1
C in series, each with
separation ). (
2
1
a d Therefore ( ) .
0 0
1 1
2 ) ( 2
1
1 2
1
1
1 1
a d
A
a d
A
C C
C C

= = = + =
b) .
0
0 0
a d
d
C
a d
d
d
A
a d
A
C

=
c) As . , as And . , 0
0
C d a C C a


24.67: a) One can think of infinity as a giant conductor with . 0 = V
b) , 4
0 ) 4 / (
0
R C
R Q
Q
V
Q
= = = where weve chosen 0 = V at infinity.
c) F. 10 7.1 m) 10 (6.4 4 4
4 6
0 0

= = = R C
earth earth
Larger than, but
comparable to the capacitance of a typical capacitor in a circuit.


24.68: a) . 0
2
1
:
2
0
= = < E u R r
b) .
32 4 2
1
:
4
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
0 2
1
r
Q
r
Q
E u R r =
|
|

\
|
= = >
c)

= = = =


R
Q
r
dr

Q
udr r udV U
R R 0
2
2
0
2
2
8 8
4
d) This energy is equal to
R
Q
0
2
4 2
1
which is just the energy required to assemble all
the charge into a spherical distribution. (Note, being aware of double counting gives the
factor of 2 1 in front of the familiar potential energy formula for a charge Q a distance R
from another charge Q.)
e) From Equation (24.9):
R
Q
C
Q
U
0
2 2
8 2
= = from part (c) , 4
0
R C = as in
Problem (24.67).


24.69: a)

=
|

\
|
= = <
6
2 2
2
3 0
2
0
8 2
1
2
1
:
R
r kQ
R
kQr
E u R r
b) .
8 2
1
2
1
:
4
2
2
2 0
2
0
r
kQ
r
kQ
E u R r =
|

\
|
= = >
c) .
10 2
4 :
2
0
4
6
2
0
2
R
kQ
dr r
R
kQ
udr r udV U R r
R R
= = = = <


.
5
3
2 2
4 :
2 2
2
2
2
R
kQ
U
R
kQ
r
dr kQ
udr r udV U R r
R R
= = = = = >





24.70: a)
. r r
E u
2
0
2
2
2
0
0
2
0
8

2
1
2
1
=
|
|

\
|
= =
b) ). / ( ln
4

4
2
0
2
0
2
a b
r
r
r r
L
U
r
dr

L
urdr L udV U
b
a
= = = =


c) Using Equation (24.9):
(b). part of ) / ( ln
4

) / ( ln
4 2
0
2
0
2 2
U r r
L
r r
L
Q
C
Q
U
a b a b
= = = =




24.71:
1
2 1 0
1
2 1
1
1
2
1
1
eq
1 1
2 2 2 2 / 2 /


|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+ =
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|
+
|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
|

\
|
+
|

\
|
=
K K A
d
A
d
A
d
d
A
d
A
C
.
2
2 1
2 1 0
eq
|
|

\
|
+
=
K K
K K
d
A
C


24.72: This situation is analagous to having two capacitors in parallel, each with an
area .
2
A
So:
). (
2
2 2
2 1
0 2 1
2 1 eq
K K
d
A
d
A
d
A
C C C + = + = + =


24.73: a) V/m. 10 0 . 1
) 4 . 5 (
C/m 10 50 . 0
7
0
2 3
0
=

= =

E
b) V. 0.052 m) 10 (5.0 V/m) 10 0 . 1 (
9 7
= = =

Ed V The outside is at the higher
potential.
c) volume m 10 88 . 2 m 10
6 3 16
= R
shell volume
3 19 9 2 6 2
m 10 5.2 m) 10 0 . 5 ( m) 10 88 . 2 ( 4 4

= = = d R
J. 10 36 . 1 ) m 10 2 . 5 ( V/m) 10 0 . 1 ( ) 4 . 5 ( V ) (
15 3 19 2 7
0 2
1
2
0 2
1

= = = = E K uV U


24.74: a) C. 10 33 . 1
m 10 1.00
V) 3000 ( ) m 200 . 0 ( ) 50 . 2 (
6
2
2
0 0

= = =

V
d
A K
CV Q
b) C. 10 7.98 1/2.50) (1 C) 10 33 . 1 ( ) / 1 1 (
7 6
= = = K Q Q
i

c) V/m. 10 01 . 3
) m 200 . 0 ( (2.50)
C 10 33 . 1
5
2
0
6
0
=

= = =

A K
Q

E
d) J. 10 2.00 V) (3000 C) 10 33 . 1 (
2
1
2
1
3 6
= = = QV U
e) =

= =

3
2
3
J/m 00 . 1
m) 0100 . 0 ( ) m (0.200
J 10 00 . 2
Ad
U
u or
. J/m 00 . 1 V/m) 10 01 . 3 ( ) 50 . 2 (
3 2 5
0 2
1
2
0 2
1
= = = E K u
f) In this case, one does work by pushing the slab into the capacitor since the
constant potential requires more charges to be brought onto the plates. When the charge
is kept constant, the field pulls the dielectric into the gap, with the field (or charges)
doing the work.


24.75: a) We are to show the transformation from one circuit to the other:



From Circuit 1:
y
ac
C
q q
V
3 1

= and =
bc
V ,
3 2
x
C
q q +
where
3
q is derived from :
ab
V

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

+ +
=

= =
x y x y z y x
z y x
x y z
ab
C
q
C
q
K
C
q
C
q
C C C
C C C
q
C
q q
C
q q
C
q
V
2 1 2 1
3
3 2 3 1 3

From Circuit 2:
3
2
3 1
1
3
2 1
1
1
1 1 1
C
q
C C
q
C
q q
C
q
V
ac
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
+
+ = and
.
1 1 1
3 2
2
3
1
3
2 1
2
2
|
|

\
|
+ + =
+
+ =
C C
q
C
q
C
q q
C
q
V
bc

Setting the coefficients of the charges equal to each other in matching potential
equations from the two circuits results in three independent equations relating the two
sets of capacitances. The set of equations are:

|
|

\
|
=
|
|

\
|
=
x y x x y y
KC KC C C KC KC C C
1 1
1
1 1
,
1 1
1
1 1
2 1
and .
1 1
3 x y
C KC C
=
From these, subbing in the expression for , K we get:

. ) (
. ) (
. ) (
3
2
1
z x z z y y x
y x z z y y x
x x z z y y x
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
C C C C C C C C
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =


24.76: a) The force between the two parallel plates is:
.
2 2 2
) (
2 2
2
2
0
0
2
2
2 2
0
0
2
0
2
0
z
AV
A
V
z
A
A
CV
A
q

q
qE F = = = = = =
b) When , 0 = V the separation is just .
0
z So:
. 0
4
2 2
2
) ( 4
2
0
0
2 3
2
2
0
0 4
= + = =
k
AV
z z z
z
AV
z z k F
springs

c) For V, 120 and N/m, 25 m, 10 2 . 1 , m 300 . 0
3
0
2
= = = =

V k z A
mm. 1.014 mm, 537 . 0 0 m 10 82 . 3 m) 10 4 . 2 ( 2
3 10 2 3 3
= = +

z z z
d) Stable equilibrium occurs if a slight displacement from equilibrium yields a
force back toward the equilibrium point. If one evaluates the forces at small
displacements from the equilibrium positions above, the 1.014 mm separation is seen to
be stable, but not the 0.537 mm separation.


24.77: a) ). ) 1 ( ( ) ) ((
0 0
0
x K L
D
L
xKL L x L
D

C + = + =
b)
2
) (
2
1
V C U = where ) (
0
0
dxK dx
D
L
C C + + =
.
2
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
2
0 2 0
dx
D
L V K
V K
D
dx L
U

=
|

\
|
=
c) If the charge is kept constant on the plates, then:
), ) 1 ( (
0
x K L
D
LV
Q + = and
|
|

\
|
= =
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
1
C
C
V C CV U
.
2
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1
2
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
dx
D
L V K
U U U dx K
DC
L V C
U

= =
|
|

\
|

d) Since ,
2
) 1 (
2
0
dx Fdx dU
D
L V K
= = then the force is in the opposite direction to the
motion , dx meaning that the slab feels a force pushing it out.


24.78: a) For a normal spherical capacitor: ( ). 4
0 0
a b
b a
r r
r r
C

= Here we have, in effect, two
parallel capacitors,
L
C and
U
C .

|
|

\
|

= =
a b
b a
L
r r
r r
K
KC
C
0
0
2
2
and . 2
2
0
0
|
|

\
|

= =
a b
b a
U
r r
r r C
C
b) Using a hemispherical Gaussian surface for each respective half:

2
0 0
2
2 2
4
r K
Q
E
K
Q r
E
L
L
L
L
= = and .
2 2
4
2
0 0
2
r
Q
E

Q r
E
U
U
U
U
= =
But
L L
VC Q = and . , Q Q Q VC Q
U L U U
= + =
So:
K
Q
Q Q K Q KQ
K VC
Q
U U U L
+
= = + = =
1
) 1 (
2
0
and

+
=
K
KQ
Q
L
1
.
2
0
2
0
4 1
2
2
1
1 r
Q
K r K K
KQ
E
L
+
=
+
= and .
4 1
2
2
1
1
2
0
2
0
r K
Q
K r K K
Q
E
U
+
=
+
=
c) The free charge density on upper and lower hemispheres are:
) 1 ( 4 4
) (
2 2
K r
Q
r
Q

a a
U
U f
a
r
+
= = and .
) 1 ( 4 4
) (
2 2
K r
Q
r
Q

b b
u
U f
a
r
+
= =

) 1 ( 4 4
) (
2 2
K r
KQ
r
Q

a a
L
L f
s
r
+
= = and .
) 1 ( 4 4
) (
2 2
K r
KQ
r
Q

b b
L
L f
a
r
+
= =
d) .
4 1
1
1 4
) 1 (
) 1 1 (
2 2
a a
f i
r
Q
K
K
K
K
r
Q
K
K
K
a
r
a
r
+

=
+

= =
.
4 1
1
1 4
) 1 (
) 1 1 (
2 2
b a
f r i
r
Q
K
K
K
K
r
Q
K
K
K
b
r b
+

=
+

= =
e) There is zero bound charge on the flat surface of the dielectric-air interface, or else
that would imply a circumferential electric field, or that the electric field changed as we
went around the sphere.


24.79: a)


b) F. 10 38 . 2
m 10 5 . 4
) m 120 . 0 ( ) 2 . 4 ( 2
2
9
4
2
0

= |

\
|
= C

d
A
C




24.80: a) The capacitors are in parallel so:

eff
eff
K
L
h
L
Kh
d
WL
d
Wh K
d
h L W
d
WL
C
|

\
|
+ = +

= = 1
) (
0 0 0

. 1
|

\
|
+ =
L
h
L
Kh

b) For gasoline, with : 95 . 1 = K

4
1
full:
2
1
; 24 . 1
4
=
|

\
|
=
L
h K
eff
full: ; 48 . 1
2
= |

\
|
=
L
h K
eff


4
3
full: . 71 . 1
4
3
= |

\
|
=
L
h K
eff

c) For methanol, with : 33 = K

4
1
full:
2
1
; 9
4
=
|

\
|
=
L
h K
eff
full: ; 17
2
=
|

\
|
=
L
h K
eff


4
3
full: . 25
4
3
= |

\
|
=
L
h K
eff

d) This kind of fuel tank sensor will work best for methanol since it has the greater
range of
eff
K values.