Heredity in Anthropometric Traits

Author(s): Franz Boas

Reviewed work(s):
Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1907), pp. 453-469
Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association
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American

Anthropologist
NEW SERIES

VOL.

JULY--SEPTEMBER,

HEREDITY

No. 3

1907

IN ANTHROPOMETRIC

TRAITS

By FRANZ BOAS
A number of years ago I published the results of a study of
heredity in head form which was based on material that Dr Maurice
Fishberg had the great kindness to collect for me among the Russian
Jews of New-York City.' The results seemed sufficiently interesting to justify a continuation of the work. This has been made possible by a grant from the Esther Herrman Fund of the Scientific
Alliance of New York. While my first report was based on observations on 48 families, I have been able, through the kind assistance
of Dr Fishberg and Mr Joseph Fish, to collect data relating to 192
families. The extended calculations were made by Dr A. B. Lewis.
All the families from which measurements were collected were
East European Jews, and almost all of them Russian Jews. I have
confined myself to gathering measurements of length and width of
head. Only in the first series of 48 families was the width of face
also observed. The principal question that I have had to investigate
is, whether there is a tendency in offspring to group themselves
around the middle value of the parents (Galton's midparent), or
whether they rather tend to revert to either the paternal or the
maternal type. I have shown in a previous paper that in regard to
some head measurements the latter tendency is found in the mixture
of American Indian and of White blood,2 and the preliminary investigation tended to show that in the intraracial marriages of Russian
Jews the same tendency prevailed. It seemed, however, necessary
to base this conclusion on more extensive material.
1
Heredity in Head Form, American Anthropologist, N. s., 1903, V, PP- 530-538.
2 Verhandlungen der Berliner
anthropologischen Gesellschaft, 1895, pp. 406-409;
Popular Science Monthly, October, 1894, pp. 761-770o.
AM. ANTH., N. S., 9-30.

453

ANTHROPOLOGIST

AMERICAN

454

[N. s.,

9, 1907

The series at my disposal has been measured partly by Dr Fishberg (I), partly by Mr Fish (II), partly - for the sake of obtaining
uniformity - by the two observers jointly (III). It seems, therefore, necessary to show in how far the three series are comparable.
The following table gives the results of these comparisons :
21

Males,

years and more

Females, Ip years and more

LENGTH OF HEAD

Series Average Variability No. of Cases

? 6.4
I
188.7
57
82

188.6
188.9

5.7

4- 6.0
? 6.o

80
219

153.0o

5.3
- 4.7

57
82

154.5

4- 5.0

219,

81.3
82.2

?- 3.0

III

82.0

Total

- 3.5

81.9

- 3. I

II

III
Total

189-.2

155.5

154-4

- 4-7

II

182.6
181.7

No. of Cases

-- 6.2

54

84

-4-6. I

79
217

?- 4.5

? 5.7

5.0

54

- 5.5

84

150.I

150.3

- 4.7
-- 5.1

149.8

80

150.0

79
217

INDEX

82.6

57
82

4- 2.5

Variability

OF HEAD

CEPHALIC

181.9
180.5

WIDTH

I
II
III
Total

Average

82.0

80

83.3
82.7

219

? 3.2

54

84

- 3-3

-4- 2.6
4- 3.1

79
217

It will be seen that none of these results shows individual differences that are not adequately explained by accidental variation of
the group investigated.
I have examined the same question by having the calculation
made of the correlation of length and width of head in individuals,
and of correlation of cephalic index of parents and children
and of brothers and sisters. The following table gives the results
of this calculation
Index of Correlation of Length and UWidth/
of Head
Females, 19 years and more
Males, 21 years and more
Series

0.40

II

0.52

Total

0.03
o. 31

III

8o

r
0.36
0.37
0.45

219

0.39

Error

4- 0. Io

57

82

o.o08

0o11I
- o.o6

n
54
84
79
217

Error
-4-o.12
0 to
o.
? 0.09
-- 0.06

Index of Correlation of Cephalic Index of

Brothers and Sisters
and
Mothers and Children
Children
Fathers
Series r
I
II
III
Total

0.29

0.19
0.15
0.20

Error. n
- 0.07
-0o.o6
? 0.07
? 0.o4

158
266
201

625

Error

0.27

4- 0.06
- 0o.o6
- 0.07
?- 0.04

o.6
0o.34
0.25

n
158
266
209
633

Error

0.23

4-o0.o6
-4- 0.05
t4-.05
- 0.03

0.46
0o.50
0.42

n
157
258
199
614

HEREDITY

130AS]

IN

ANTHIROPOAIE

TRIC TRAITS

455

On the whole the differences of these values do not exceed

chance deviations. There might be some doubt regarding the correlation of length and width of head of males in series III, but the
peculiar anomaly that occurs in this case does not recur in other
measurements of the same kind.
In order to make sure that preconceived notions of the observers
had no effect upon the results, I had all the head measurements
reduced to adult values. Since the total amount of growth of the
diameter of the head after the first few years of life is slight, it
seemed justifiable to make this reduction, for which I have utilized
the averages given by G. M. West.'
Index of Correlationof Length of Head of
Fathers and
Sons
n
Series r
I
o.io
80
II
98
0.33
III
91
0.27
Total 0.24
269

Fathers and
Daughters
r
0.06
0.54
0.23
0.34

n
53
113
82
248

Alothers and
Sons
r
n
80
-0.01
98
0.37
95
0.20"
0.20
273

1Mothersand

Daughtiers
r
0.53
0.39

n
53
113

0.52
0.46

252

86

Index of Correlation of Width of Head of

Fathers and
Sons
n
Series r
I
0.32
80

II

III
Total

0.30

98

0.o01

91
269

0.21

Fathers and

Daugh ters
r

0.31
0.18
0.24

II3
82

0.23

248

53

Mothers and
Sons
r
n
0.50
80
0.40
98
0.12

0.33

95

273

Alothers and
Daugkhters
r
n
0.22
53
0.24
0.33

0.27

113

86
252

The average of the index of correlation for length of head of

parents and children is 0.31 , for width of head of parents and children 0.26; values comparable to those found for the cephalic
index. The differences of the individual values seem rather large,
but they are distributed quite irregularly.
These values may also be compared with the correlations
obtained from the measurements of 150 pairs of brothers and sisters
measured in the public schools of Worcester, Mass,2 The deviations
1Antropometrische Untersuchungen iiber die Schulkinder in
Worcester, Mass.,

Archiv fiir Anthropologie, 1893, XXII, 13-18.

2 Franz Boas and Clark Wissler Statistics of

sioner of Education for i904,

Washington,

Growth, Report of the U. S. Commnis-

1905, pp. 125-128.

AMERICAN

456

ANTHROPOLOGIST

[N. s., 9, 1907

of stature and weight were determined as multiples of standard

deviations. This made it possible to compare children of different
ages.
Index of Correlationof Brothers and Sisters
Worcester,Mass.
Stature....................42
Weight ............0.... .3
Length of Head......o.54
Width of Head ......o.55
Cephalic Index ....... o.50

Russian Jews

0.37
0.36
0.42

All these indices are somewhat smaller for the Russian Jews
than for the children in Worcester. If these differences are significant they must not necessarily be explained by greater errors in the
series of Jews, but they may perhaps be due to the greater dishomogeneity of the Worcester material. Provided a considerable number of distinct types are represented in this series, brothers and sisters
of each type would be more likely to differ in the same direction
from the general average than in a homogeneous series. For correlations in each individual the Worcester series of 300 individuals,
constituting all the brothers and sisters, gives
for stature and length of head
0.42
O.21
for stature and width of head
for length and width of head
0.25
For the last of these values the Russian Jews give a coefficient of
a value that seems rather high, but which is quite in accord
0o.35,
with the uniformity of the series.
It seems remarkable that in the series of Worcester children the
correlation of stature is as great as that obtained by Galton in his
series of adult brothers and sisters.
The general traits of the series of Russian Jews are contained
in the table on next page.
In discussing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of alternating
heredity, the same method must be followed which I developed in
my previous paper, but a few additions to the theory seem desirable.
In my former communication I calculated the variability of the
children in each family. It seems possible to determine this value
If the deviation of
with greater accuracy than I had done before
1

Average : 79.3 ?- 3.3

IN ANTHROPOME TRIC TRAITS

HEREDITY

BOAS]

Width of Head
Female
lMale

Length of Head
Female
Male
n

mm

Age

mm

mm

3
140o.1 13
140.2 16

169.9

19

161.8 14
164.1 21
I68.1 i8

142.8

19

171.2

168.2
168.5
170.3
172-4
169.9

14
26
22
26
19

143.6
144.1
145.5
145.2
145 5

24
26
22

174.4
176.5

24
26
22
18
15

179.5
177.1
178.3
178.7
182.3

18
22
18
20
9

174.2
175.4
176.5
179.8
178.7

19
II
21
12
17

147.4
146.5
148.4
150.o
149.2

15

182.3

178.9
177.2
177-7

149-3

185.0
186.9
190.4

9
14
11
5

16

10

152.0

9
13

153.1
153.6

9
14
II
5

156.7

5
6
7
8
9

172.0
170.8

Io
II
12
13
14

17
18
19

186.6

20
21+

182.7

9
181.7 217

19o.1

mm

128.6

158.3 3
164.6 13
168.6 16

3
4

457

155.3

188.9 219

154.5

14
135.4 21
135.0
141.8
S8

18

141.o
143.0
142.1
143.2

15
18
22
19
20
II

144.5
145-3
1.44.6
146.4
147.8
147.0

19
II
21
12
17

148.6

150.2

IO
9
13

148.3
148.9
150.0

14
26
22
26
19

217

219

The cephalic index decreases slightly with age:

Males

Age

Females

1-4

83.6

83.6

5-9

83.8

84.0

10-14
15-19

83.1
82.6
81.9

82.7
83.4
82.7

20+

any particular child from the general average of children be called

x, the deviations of the children of a family of z children x,, x2,
? ?xn
the coefficient of correlation between children of the same family
re; and the variability of children of a family around their mean
2
2

Ix
1JX2

(n -

nSn
nn

I)l,2

IX,.;r,

On the average, the variability of a family of n children will be,

therefore, if a designates the standard variability of the whole series,
)-1

[S2J
IS

=0-n(r

2
I)--'(/n

I)r
=

C"2(1

- 1)

n--I
nz

AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST

458

[N. S., 9, 1907

It seems also desirable to determine the coefficient of correlation of children of each family of n children, each family being
taken as a separate unit.
The product P of the deviations of brothers and sisters of the
same family,
x

(
I

n-

- I)
- n(n

I)
I))(7 -

X2 X
2--

Xq
n -

-2

S"

It follows that the coefficient of correlation of children of families

of n children, each family treated as a unit, will be
P

S"

7I1

Provided the parentsshow no differenceamong themselves, so

that the separateinfluenceof fatherand mother may be neglected,
the value [s,2] representsthe variabilityof the childrenof a family
with n children. For the series of observationson the cephalic
index a2 = 9.61, re= 0.42, and the average number of children
observedin each family is about 3.5 ; therefore
2 -- I
02(I -

rc)

3.9.

Observations of the variability for 86 children whose parents differ

in regard to their cephalic index by less than io gives
02 = 3.8,

a very satisfactory agreement with the theoretical value.

When we take into consideration the influence of father and
mother, it can easily be shown that, according to the theory that
the children vary around the midparental value, no influence upon
the variability of one family should be exerted by the amount of
If the deviations of the parents are
difference of the parents.
x
each
child's
deviation
and
called
y,
may be represented by

S= r,,(+ 3') + ,

BOAS]

HEREDITY

IN ANTHROPOME

TRIC TRAITS

459

and each difference from the average of all the children of the family
+
z,

+
z2 nZ

+
+

1+

"

+,
+

so that the values x and y disappear. Hence, according to this

theory the variability of children of one family measured from the
family average will not be influenced by the difference of the parents.
If we assume that one half of the children resemble the father,
one-half the mother, the former group will be represented by the
type
r' x+

+ ,,c
_2c

+-r'2

y+

CY

+
2

=pc

and in the same way the latter group will be represented by the
value

+)

X
2

pc

The mean square variability of this value will therefore increase

for increasing values of (x - y) by the amounts
r2

(x-Y)2

PC

It has been shown in my previous paper 1 that

r' =
2rc.

In our series rp = 0.22.

Thus a series of theoretical values for
the variabilities of children can be calculated. The following table
gives the variabilities according to observations and according to
theory :
Difference of Parents,
x-y
0.0 - 0.9
1.0-1.9
2.0 - 2.9
3.0 - 39
4.0 - 4.9
5.05-9
6.0 - 6.9

Cases

7.07.9
8.0 - 8.9
>9.0

15
32
21

86
141
79
90
7I
43
28

1 Loc.. cit. 2, 2*, 2**, p. 534.

Observed Variability
3.80
3-38
5.II
3-30
4.20
3.81
4.54
6.26
8.45
16.86

Theoretical Variability
3.8
3.9
4- I

4.4
4.8
5-3
5.9
6.4
7.4
9.2

AMERICAN

460

ANTHROPOLOGIST

[N. S., 9, 1907

Unfortunately the number of observations for the greater differences being very few, no great accuracy for these variabilities can be
expected. Still, the very rapid increase with increasing differences
is obvious, so that it appears that the assumption of a midparental
type is not tenable. Apparently the increase in variability is first
slighter, then greater, than our theory demands; but the numerical
values are too uncertain to allow a further theoretical discussion that
might account for the characteristics of these values. It may, however, be pointed out that with the increase of differences of parents,
the frequency of considerable differences in the measurements of the
grandparents must materially increase. Hence, in case the same
alternative inheritance of grandparental traits exists, the variability
of the offspring of parents differing in type will be further increased.
It seemed desirable to test these results by a different arrangement of the material which will bring other individuals and families
near the extreme end of the series. This may be done by considering only the effect of the deviation of a single parent from the
average.
If we consider, as before, each child as correlated to its parents,
we have

= r~c(+ y) + (,

and

- 2rC).
[Z']= r'[(x+ y)']+ -2(1I

For a constant value of x and variable values of y, this variability assumed the value
[Z2] = Y2 (2

+ 02)
O2(I2r21

) =

2 X2 +

O.2(I

-2 Y).

If, on the other hand, we assume the case of alternating inheritance, we have
?Y2) o.2
+ 2)2+ _(Y'y + )2r'2(22
[Z'2]
-

1('=X

and for a constant value of x and variable values of y

= r(2 2+ e) + 2(i 12- r2x + o2(i

[E2]
and, since

r = 2rYp,[z = 2X2 2( - 2 ).
Pc

1Loc. cit. 7*, p. 536.

P_'

2c)

HEREDITY

BOAs]

IN ANTHROPOMETRIC

TRAITS

46 I

Applying these two formulas, we obtain the following observed

and theoretical results for variabilities of children of families in which
one parent has a definite deviation from the general average:
Variability
Deviation

of One

of Parents

fromn Average

Number
oj Caseseho
Observation

0.0-0.9
.o---I.9

335
232

9.2
11.4

2.0-2.9
3.0-3.9

225

11.2

131

8.I

4.0--4-9
5.0--5.9
6.0-6.9
7.0 and more

149
77

10.9
17.1

33
32

15.5
24.6

Theory
f A
rAlternating
Inheritance
MiAtparent
(r==o.4)

9.I
9.2
9.4
9.7
IO. I

lo.6
11.2
I 1.9

6.5
7.1

8.5

0.5

I1
13
16.5
20.5
26.2

Neither of these theories gives satisfactory results. For slight

differences the midparental theory gives the better results, for great
differences the alternating inheritance gives the better values. No
change in the value of r can make the theoretical values increase
with sufficient rapidity to give satisfactory results for great differences. On the other hand the theoretical values obtained for alternating inheritance are too small, when the differences of the parents
from the average are small. Provided we assume that there is also
a tendency of reversion to ancestral types more remote than the
parents, this difficulty may be overcome. In the extreme case of
some individuals reverting to the racial type as represented by the
whole ancestral series, their presence will increase the variabilities
for those families in which one parent is near the average, while in
those in which one parent is remote from the average, the variability
will be decreased.
Our series justifies, therefore, the conclusion that the cephalic
index shows alternating inheritance, largely reversion to the type
of father and mother, but also to more remote ancestral types.
It is important to note that this alternating inheritance appears
much less distinctly, if at all, in the absolute measurement of length
and width of head. Both have been tabulated in the same way as
the cephalic index.

AMERICAN

462
Difference of
Parents

ANTHROPOLOGIST

[N. S., 9, 1907

Number of
Cases

Length of Head
[x2]

Number of
Cases

26
38
21
58
48
33
19
57
24
14
27
I8
I8
19
12
IS
26

14.2
9.3
18.3
14.6
14.7

24
41
6o
31
56
37
46
29
18
34
33
18
14
17
19

0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16-21

10.0

17.o
17.4
42.7
33.5
14-5
17.7
6.2
12.4
14.8
7.6
22.9

Width of Head
[x2]
17.9
5.0
6.9
14.5
I0.0
14-7
11.6
11.4
8.6
I6.o
II.9
8.o
12 8
15.5
5.0

It will be seen that these differences are so irregularly distributed

that they may very well be considered as representing the same
average.
When we group the same material in such a manner that we
select families with one parent having a certain deviation, the number
of cases becomes somewhat larger, and we find:
WIDTH OF HFAD

LENGTH OF HEAD

Variability

Variability

~c CCl00

Cd

>

Cd

I
oand
2 "
3
4 "
5
6 "
7
8 "
9
IO " II
12 "more

216
274
149
Iio
90
57
58

o
35.1
27.
35.6
38. I
39.0
33.4
50.5

34.0
34.5
35.6
37.0
39.0
41.0
45.0

31.8
32.8
34.8
37.8
40.5
46.1
54.I

e.-

CdC

243
217
218
I54
67
55

e
0

22.1
20.2
21.2
24.5
30.9
44.1

23.5
24.0
25.0
26.0
28.5
30.5

22.1
23.1
25.1
28.0
31.8
36.4

It is hardly possible to say in this case which theory gives the

better fit. For width of head the midparental theory seems to give
too slight an increase of variability. More material is required to
solve this problem. In the case of stature it has been found that
in mixed types the stature does not revert to the parental types.'
The following tables contain the material on which the preceding discussion is based.
1 Verhandlungen der Berliner

anthropologischen Gesellsclhaf, 1895, pp. 381-386.

HEREDITY

BOAS]

Age

I F 40
M 38
I) 14
D 12

189
179
184
I73

157
158
154
146

134

II8

136
131
128
Iro

II F 39
M 38

57
48

190
162.
199
166
176
179
175
174

148
145
154
145
141

131
119
136

S 17
D 15
D 12
8
S

141

112

145
146

113
110

20

17
14
9
7
5

120

Io8

153

136

157

I30

169

146

170

145

4 F 38
M 28
S 11
D
9
6
S

184
185
183
172
177

150

143

I50

I30

152
146
145

137
II4
1o8

153
146

147

I)

49

185

yi 48
S 19

182

S
I7
D 12

189

6 F 28
M 25
6
S
D
3
7 F 63
M 60
S 21
I) 29
S27

8 F
M
S
D
D

152
149
146
147

117

183

5 F

181

160 128

176

16
14
10
5

145

24

Age

I8x

27

3F

S
D
D
S

169

178 153
178

13I

136

138

144

126

177

145

183
179
168
169

151
150
145
144

139
132

192

157
154
I55
156
160

124

132
130
135

152

130

155.
155
153
156
161
145
151
143
145

135
136

118

158
152
155

141
134
135

179
193
196
192

187
193
190
182
183

34
M 31
S 13
S II
D
8

192
174
180

10 F 42
M 39
S I8

102

114

38
39
16
14
II

9 F

I53

98

192

T67
203

i86
192

124
102

135

125

109
148
133
129
122

463

ANTIIROPOMEYT7RIC

S Io
2 F
M
S
DI
D
S
S
S

142
129

TRAITS

IN

182

169
169

196 146 138

181 156 141
166
181
166
187
186
191
183
184

150
156
147
151

144
130
136

185
181
187
186
183

153
147
151
147
144

138
129
140
136
131

14 F 29
M 28
D
8
D
6
S
4

184
194
190
176
171

147
151
140
141
138

135

15 F
M
1)
D

63
53
19
17

179
185
170
181

S 14

154 136
141I 116
147 121
157
I8

(?)

146

123

12
10
8

170
188
178

144
143
134

119
113

16 F 36
M 34
S 10
8
S
D
6

197
182
181
167
178

161
153
147
149
143

180

145

181
165

145 122
136 io6

12 F

M
D
S
13 F
M
S
S
D

D
S
S

33
32
15
11
68
65
28
23
19

17 F 38

M 37
D 12

S 10
S
9
D
6
D
4
18 F 40
Ml 36
S 13
D io
19 F 65
M 58
I) 33

145
141
142
143

139
129

139
129

146
123
120

1o8
98
128

182
175
170
177

149
140
137
142

120
102

200
180
181
178

161
147

132
126
132
lo8

187
183
189

155
152

1 F = Father.
Mother.
S -- Son.
A-=
IWV==Width of Head.
F--- Width of Face.

159

141

152

21

158
159
152
151

134
130

56
40
17
16
13

191
179
182
174
172

149
154
157
143

F 32
M 30
8
S
S_4

196

38
M 37

S
D
S

14
8
4

23 F

143
143

181

150

136

185

148

175

148
144
141

173

168

7
5
3

F 30
M 28
D
3
D
I

181
192
151
153

142

205

M 36

182

184

10
52
7
S2 7
S
3
26 F 37
M 40
S 13
S II

189
I74
176
171

F 34
M 33
S 12

27

153
I49
147

192

II

135
130
132
118
122

153
155
146
141

178
178
169
174

25 F 53

126
122

181
172
173

33

D
S
D
24

--

32

110
103

133
128
138

190
188
181
185

22 F

131

112

30
26
19
1.7

20 F
M
S
D
S

142

118
115
110

Age
S
S
S
S

142

120

114
126
119
112

113
139
I28
115
114

140
161

138
137

120

101

121

91

153
151
148
144
150
147
148

141
142
121

118
118
119
121

144

122

182

152
141
144

128
118
121

178

148

116

174

142

115

184
188
179

153
151
148

138
123

177
177
179

131

181

D
D

138

7
3

172
171

138
141

Io6
--

28 F
M
S
S
S

30
28
13
II
10

193
186

149
150
146
142
139

120

D
Daughter.
2 Twins.

182

179
175

I16

107

98
95

L.= Length of Head.

AMERICAN

464

F
W
Age
29 F 37 192 151 137
M 31 179 145 128
D 12 178 141 161
S 9
i8i 146 115
D 8 161I
136 io
S 5 172 148 118
30 F 50 194 142 121
M 36 179 139 118
L

186
182

18

S
I4
31 F 35
M 30
D

119

192 157 138

176 145 129
174 142 117
164 139 114
196 158 136
177 145 123

M 36
S 8
D 7
33 F 6o
M 38
D 12
S 9
34 F 29
M 30
S 6
35 F 40
M 45
S 17
36 F
M
S
D
D

115

139

188 153 139

I80 144 130
172
141
115
16o 133 1o7

32 F 54

140

181

151

121

ANTIZROPOLOGIST
I - Continued
F
L
W
183 155 120
171 149 102
169 143 119
165 143 115
I66 143 II8
184 163 141

Age
37 F 38
M 32
D 9
D 6
S 4
38 F 36
M 40
S 10
S
7
D 5

181
171
166

154
148
142

131
119
114

173

142

115

39 F 32 191
M 30 190
S 5 176
D 2 161
40 F 29 181
M 29 175
S 7 170
D 5 168
S 3 169

159 134
159 129
152
io6
137 116

41 F 40
M 32

155

187

153 139
145 133
141 112
142 104
141 96

185 151
183 148 115
S 16 186 153
S II 176 140
189 153 141
D 7 169 139
187 156 131
2 163 134
S
179 51 I130
F
39 184 152
176 144 129 42
M 36 180 142
184 155 136
S 14 183 149
I85 158 144
S 12 184 154
10 178 157 132
D 9 163 I40
45 188 162 130
D 7 175 141
38 170 153 123
D 4 173 140
6 i6o 134 117
S 2 172 143
4 158 138 97
3 161 132 105 43 F 34 196 150
M 33 186 144
I
98
130
159

130

134
134
II8
104
98
137
131
122
124

103
105
99

[N. S., 9, 1907

F
Age L W
D 12 177 139 Io6
S 10 176 136 99
S 6 168 135 101
D 3 161 125 97
44 F 46 197 163 140
M 41 179 149 124
D 19 181 148 125
S 13 183 150 122D II 177 143 -D 7 169 138 -2

45 F
M
S
D

151

189
24 179
6 174
4 139
46 F 48 196
M 34 174
S 16 182
S 14 179
D o 171
S 8 165
47 F 37 187
M 39 181
D 13 176
D II 175
S 7 169
48 F 73 i88
M 69 182
S 35 192
S 32 182
D 25 184
S 21 185
25

130

157 136
158 138
151 118
124 -154 144
144 128
142 142
147 121
148 99
141 97
158 128
154 133
151 115
149 101
141 92
145
147
156
146
153
149

139
133
141

137
134
140

132

122

II
49 F
M
S
D
D
D

D
D
S
50 F
M
S
S
S

189

W
153
151
157
151
154

183

150

180
176
178

145
146
145

55

186

152

40

183
181

159

192
180

160
150

Age
40
40
19
18
16
12

8
6
4

21

19
16

190
190
191
192

152

Age
D 13

L
173

W
148

12

178

150

S
S
S

9
6
2

180
165
165

145
145
138

51 F 48
M 40
D 20
D 14

190
171
176
177

150
140
147
147

177

149

12

S
52 F

169

141

80

152

--

176

148

S
S
S
S
53 F
M
S

Age
II
9
8
7

IL
163
167
171

W
137
145
145

175

152

37
36

186
186

154

15

171

S
7
54 F 45
M 42
D I8
S

16

D
D

13
II

167
186
180

178

182
177

174

151
138
140

150
156
146
151

138
145

HEREDITY

BOAS]

S
D

D
55 F
M
S
D

Age

io
9

18o
170

147
145

165

138

190
186
187
176

180

34
30
15
Io

D
D
S

6
3

56 F

52

M
S
S
D

D
57 F
M
D
S
S
D

49

175

146

170

151

161
145
153
145

170

150

65 F
M
S

25
6

182
172
170

151
145
141

I43

66 F

27

189

159

25

i74

140

S
S

5
3

169
156

140
134

139
130
129

188

157

155

19
15
12

186
176
179

160
155
152

166

146

52

182

153

49

187

159

16
13
II
6

174
178
173
158

156
158
157
145

50

200

49
24
20
12

18o
190
195
184

153
154
155
164
151

59 F

35

193

165

28

181

146

D
D

9
8

175
172

147
141

60 F

32

185

156

174
160

138
140

M
D

S'

26
7

166

Si

175

148

61 F

45

187

155

42

157
157

M
D

136

20

190
183

16

18o

S
S
D

10
8
4

154

183
181
169

151
149
155

62 F
M
D
S

32
29
5
3

190
193
172
171

16o
153
141
139

63 F
M
S

27
28
5

195
18o
174

165
141
140

1Twins.

W
158

27
7
4

58 F
M
D
S
D

II- Continued
L
Age
186
64 F 31
M
D
S

175
170
161

181

IV AN7HROPOMETRIC

67 F

20

M
S
D
D

39

18o

145

41
II

185
181
172
165

154
148
146
140

68 F
M
S
S

27
25
5
3

195
182
170
170

16o
150
146
142

69 F
M
D
D
D

24
22

194

6
4
2

168
161
16o

158
156
145
145
142

70 F

43
38
6
3

181
172
168
162

154
155
135
130

D
D
71 F

192

40

190

38

184

161

12
II
9
5

175
170
172
175

145
135
148
145

40
40
21
18
15
13
12
10

203
186
198
190
185
190
181
184

16o
143
155
145
153
151
146
148

178

146

169

137

D
D
D
S
72 F
M
S
D
D
D
S
D

73 F

M
S

152

31

188

148

30

185

147

II

177

143

175

134

TRA[ TS

465

Age

74 F
M
S

27
26
5

188
175
167

154
146
147

75 F
M
S

25

191

28
2

186
16o

149
152
140

76 F

M
S

S
S
D
77 F
M
DI

35

193

165

34

188

148

14
12
7
2

190
185
165
168

162
153
147
140

40
36
15

189
180
165

150
140
140

S1 15
12

S
S

78 F

34

M
S
S

79 F

26
5
3

173

144

175
165

142
143

184

145

175
156
164

145
130
134

M
S
D
D
S

38

188

154

36
19
14
13
II

181
186
175
180
170

141
151
138
146
142

163

138

165

141

167

138

80 F
M
S
D
S
S

33
30
Io
8
8
3

179
187
177
170
171
162

155
147
141
142
141
140

81 F
M
S
D
S
D

37
36
13
8
6
2

201
190
185
182
178
173

16o
16o
161
154
150
140

82 F

42

M
S
D
D

153

187

7
6
2

160

190

152
141
140

27
83 F
M2 25
D
2
S

185

33

2 Eldest daughter of 84 M.

165
171
182
I85
155
155

153
146
131
127

AMERICAN

466

ANTHeROPOLOGIST

[N. s.,

9, 1907

II - Conltinued

Age

40
M1 38
D2 25
D
19
D
18
S
14
S
11
D
iI

200
179

185
190
181
178
18o
175

16o
150
146
145
140
138
140
139

84 F

85

178

138

169

132

64
38
35
17
14
IO
9
7
5

192

190
187
181
18o
178
175
175
161

156
153
153
145
150
146
140
146
137

8
F
M
D
D
D

D
S
D
86 F
M

D
D
S

152

27

183
191

178

138

30

I47

6
3

182
162

157

141
129

Age

D
D

6
4

170
170

147
137

93 F

34

188

155

M
D
D
S

35
14
II
6

94 F
M
D
D
D

40
37
14
12
11

174
174
184
175
182
182
185
170
173

155
145
146
146
143

37
26
4

190
190
170

16o
155
146

33
29
8
4
2

182
176
170
166
177

152
145
134
I39
156

95 F
M
S
96 F
M
D
S
S

97 F

32
29
6
3

196
I8o
172
168

140

119

98 F
M
D
D
S

38
36
8
7
3

197
191
182
176
183

156
146
148
140
141

38
31
13
7
6
4
2

186
176
163
157
170
159

146
144
140

88 F
M
S

28
25
7

182

191
162

151
145
151

89 F
M
D
D

35
28
6
4

193
183
167
165

16o
155
151
140

100 F

90 F
M
D
S
S

35
29
8
6
5

190
170

91 F
M
S
D
D
S

36
30
9
8
6
2

169
165
182
190
171
171
171
165

157
142
140
144
142

92 F
M

37
28

199
180

172

140

140
136

157
155
147
145
I43
145
166
153

1 Mother of 83 M.
3 Mother's father.

152

M
S
S

M
S
D
D
S
S

99 F
M
D

12

Io
6
5

150
164
151
148
151
142

25
23

186
188

S
D

150
145

170
160

142
135

106 F
M
D

42

188
187
175
177

150
155
150
153

32

I)

16
14

12

182

153

168

142

107 F

49

190

158

M 47

150

17
16
13

182
178
18o
182

148
153
156

?
S
S

164

136

io8 F
M
S
D
D

33
30
7
4

150
151
148
140

182
181
174
166
152

109 F
M

50
46

193
189

161
154

130

181

156

177

153

148

200
177
179
169

160
145

IIo F

50
48
17
13
9

184
175
I82
178
175

148
147
148
150
141

29
25

187
I88
177

151
157
141

40

188

153

S
D
101 F
M
D
D
D
F
M
S

S
D

159

17

31
26
5
4

185
185
183
172
164
168
166

16

165

103 F

42
38
14

Io

102

Age

30
28

159
146
145

105 F

155.

191
170
178

S
S
D
D
1)

145
146
148

16o

18o

87 F

Io4 F

152

140

38

185

148

13
8

183
170

147
143

III

150

150

40

202

156

39

152

S
D
D
D
S
D

12
Io
8
6
4
2

180
18o
177
168
165
173
16o

F
M
S
D

39
38
20
II

190
18o
187
172

158
147
150
145

112

I178

182

18o

149
150
145
143
150

130

151

S
D

6
5

175
175

148
151

F
M

37
35

193
183

150
147

The ages in this family are improbable. 2Same as 83 M.

HEREDITY

BOAS]

ZI

ANTHROPOAE

467

7TRIC 7RAILS

I I-Continued
Age

173

140

169

136

113 F
M
D

D
D
S

58
55

18

156
158
147

116 F

21

190
190
180

185

148

17

200

160

55
50
23

189
181
187

142

114 F
M
S
115 F
M
S

153
146

55
40
13

193
180
176

16o
155
149

M
S
S
117 F
M
D

Age

10
6
3

172
171
166

145
140
144

32

186

155

28
5
3

174
170
168

155
147
142

40
40

196
192
I86

155
150
149

12

D
S

io
6

118 F

67

i8o
185

148
148

183

155

M
S
D
119 F

S
S
D

D
120 F

Age

50

185
183
167

150
150
145

40

199

161

38

185

146

13
II
3

185
176
170

155
148
144

165

138

28

193

156

178
176

158
148

173
175

141
147

12

M
S

28
6

S
S

4
2

W*

III
Age

121 F
M
D
S

38
35
II
8

185
174
171
174

161
155
145
155

163

141

3
2

16o
16o

140
135

122 F
M
S
S

29
32
9
8

193
186
175
175

178

155
155
146
150
150

38
35
16
13

190
179
173
172

164
148
155
150

II

170

143

D
S

123 F
M
D
S
S

S
124 F
M
D
S
D
D
125

F
M
D
S

4
50
45
18
15
13
0o
45
40
12
II

126 F

57

M
D

56

172

145

197
185
192
196
181

162
155
157
155
155
140

188
176
179
177,

153
146
145
145

176

146

174

144

195

16o

200

18o

145

20

18o

18

18o

148

16

179

148

145

S
D
S

S
127 F

S
D

128 F
M
S
D
S
129

Age

15
Io
7

185
174
165

157
145
143

178

146

40
38
16
7

195
18
185
170

155

188

12

I81
179

159
155
149

152

133 F
M
D

26
21
3

186
177
175

151
143
139

157
143

134 F
M

186
182

152

D
D

45
34

182

155

31
12
8

18o
165
165
173

148
137
140
155

48

188

155

44

176

156

S
D
D
S

20

14
II
9

18o
175
175
175

F
13o
M
S
S
D
S
D
D

46
44
26
23
18
16
12
8

191
184
196
188
I~O
181
176
179

150
150
152
I51
148
149
148
146

131 F
M
S
D

28
26
6
4

198
183
177
174

149
153
143
148

132 F
M
D

42

183
18o
182

152

40
18

19

36
lo

Age
S
S
D

151
146
145
143

156
151

15

181

150

149

D
S

12
10
6

181
178
171

150
143
140

135 F
M
S
S
D
D

48
41
20
17
14
12

181
185
186
189
174
189

148
144
158
158
137
149
154
147
139
145

136 F
M
D
S
137 F
M
D

34

172

25

6
4

I8I
166
161

72
68
38

195
179
181

144
152

145

137*M Same as 137 D.

S
D
S

138 F
M
S
S
S

17
14
12

190
174
171

150
145
147

38
33

188
18o

155
148

13

lo
7

181
18o
I65

141
145
144

AMERICAN

468

III
139 F
M
S
S
D
S
S

Age

64
54
36
32
30
28

186
184
181
188
183
183
182

149
155
147
144
153
151
154

21

ANTHROPOLOGIST
-

Continued
Age

175

145

170

146

36
30
12

187
179
175

154
151
153

168

146

167

143

151 F
M
S

28

190
18o
158

159

16o F

49

188

147

150

150
145
147

46
24
21
18
16
14
9
5

191
195
192
182
185
18o
178
176

151

145

M
S
S
D
S
D
D
D

150
152
146
152
144
148
141

161 F
M
D
S
S

50
50
17
16
Io

186
176
176
186
169

153
145
143
152
150

141 F
M
D

28
26
6

182
176
161

155
141
140

161

138

I62

135

142 F

34

26

185

16o

18o

151

16o
27
152*F
192
M Same as 2d D of.
last family
181
S
3
140

S
D

7
4

168
168

135
145

153 F
M

36
26

155
16o

143 F
M
S

48
42
21

187
184
188

166

151

S
D

7
3

175
166

146
140

156
148
154

185
187

18

194

158

16

191

149

144 F
M
S
D
D

35
33
II
9
5

186
185
177
174
166

153
150
141
139
134

145 F
M
D

28
24
3

178
175
155

158
151
138

146 F

40

193

154

35

185

156

13
9
7

182
172
177

152
145
150

147 F
M
D
D

30
28
8
4

192
183
169
166

155
156
146
145

148 F
M
S
D

31
30
II
6

196
183
183
168

I1I
157
151
147

149 F
M

36
34
13

190
181
166

146
147
140

1)

Twins.

W
162
144
143
144
145
144
141
130

185
187
182
175
164
167

D
D
S

S
150 F
M
S

36
36
14
11
7
3

Age
34
14
12
9
7
5

159 F
M
S
D
D
S
S
D

140 F
M
D
S
S
S

161
150
145
151
140
133

[N. s., 9, 1907

23

152 M

D'

6o
23

D'

23

18

187
185
I85

191

158

16

193

153

162 F

34

188

M
S
D

163

33
5

152
144
142

179
163
153

163 F

65

186

156

M
S
D
D
S
S

55
33
31
24
22
19

184
179
175
181
186

153
158
153
151
154
151

142
146

164 M
D

68
40

192
18o

155
151

195
184
176
166

161
153
145
145

164*F

45

192

150

195
18o
186

42
40
24
22
15
13
10
10

16o
165
168
152
156
152
153
145

20
16
10

162
149

182
182
184
176
170
174
171
16o

S
D
S
165 F
M
D
D

28
21
5
3

182
178
158
155

148
150
133
136

31
30
6
4
2

196

32
28
IO
9

200
179
177
174

159
152
146
150

186
166
166
156

151

166 F
M
D
D
167 F
M
D
S

33
27
7
5

190
181
177
176

16o
147
145
145

154 F
M
S
S

53
50
24
22

185
182
186
182

153
152
156
149

155 F
M

46
36

200

155
157

17

202

150

S
D

15
9

185
174

156 F
M
D
D

25
26
4
2

157 F
M
S
D
D
S
D
D

158 F

M
D
D
S

185
176
178
172
167
166
161
164

18o

157
147
147
149

192

M Same as 164 D

150

HEREDITY

BOAS]

IN ANTHROPOMETRIC
III -

Continued
L
W

Age

168 F

56

184

151

170

145

28

155

156

128

D
S

22
19

192
182

M 45

169 F

182
177

158

178
183

146
16i

191
i8i

157
151

182

151

185
175

147
144

45

M
D
S
S

43
17
14
8

168

141

F
M
S
D

32

202

26
7
5

165
151

171 F
M
D

37
35
3

174
171
172
188
183
177

170

150
150
150
145
141

172 F
M
D
S
S
D

40
35
15
13
II
7

200

173 F
M
S

21
23

184
186
162

162

174 F

191

157

23
20
2

18i

148

175 F
M

40
38

187
180

15

186

S
S
S

176 F

M
S
S
D

177 F
M

13

174
172
182
172
165

166

I48
144
154
150
155
145
152
145

126

159
153

148

186

146

177

178

150
142

32
30
6
5
3

196

156

173
164
164
159

145
143
143
126

II

34
29

185
178

1Brother of

154
146

179 F.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY,
NEW YORK CITY.

AM. ANTH.,

N. S., 9-31.

TRAITS

Age

D
S

18
17

I85
185

152
155

155
155

I85 F

46

187

154

42

D
D
D
D
D

20
18
16
12
8

177
175
175
171
165
16o

148
144
151
140
143
140

136

Age

178 F'
M
D
S
S
179 F2
M
S

18o F

32
30

8
5
3

183
176
176

140
142
145

28
25
3

185
18o
169

154
152
136

49

187

16o

38
14
13
7
3

171
178
174
162
155

149
151
150
140
133

48
42

190
190o

147
153

17

183

155

D
S
S

15
13
io
8

i186
176
I8o
176

152
143
145
143

182 F
M
D
S
S
D
S

39
32
13
12
9
7
5

200
182
184
182
I86
171
177

158
149
145
150

183 F
M
D
S
D

42
40

202
175
I83
189
182

159
140
I56
157
155

Io

177

175

151
152

M
D
S
D
D
181 F
M
S

D
184 F

20

18
13

D
D

152

150
139

168

50

191

151

I86

151

M 46
25
20

I8o
187

469

146

152
145

165

186 F

34

188

155

M
D
D

28
9
8

170
16o0
16o

140
142
142

1-87 F

55

185

155

50
19
14

182
195
190

158
165
158
159
145

M
S
S
D
D
188 F
M
S
D
189 F

12

18o
178

42

199

34
12
Io

179

178
175

155
148
145
138

38

190

157

38

176

148

S
D
S
S
S

20

189
172

148
142
143
150
143

90o F
M
D
D

34
28
9
8

I88
170
16o
I6o

155
140
141
142

191 F
M
D
D
D

52
48
22
18
14

186
175
175
180
183

154
155
150
153
155

12

182

153

17
13
II
6

i68
178
173

2Brother of

178 F.