Chapter 1 1

Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

Chapter 1
Factorisations of Algebraic Terms
Standard Competence:
4. Understand and doing the operation of algebraic ,function, linear equation, linear equation
system and using it in problems solving.
Base Competence:
4.1. Solving the operation of algebraic terms.
4.2. Determining the factors of algebraic expressions.
4.3. Solving the operation of algebraic fractions.
Indicators:
a. Explaining the definition of coefficient, variable constant, one term, two terms and three terms
in the same variable or not.
b. Solving the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and the power of one term or
two terms.
c. Solving the operation of division by the like terms or unlike terms.
d. Factorizing the terms of algebraic to three terms.
e. Simplifying the algebraic expressions.
f. Solving the power of constant and terms.
g. Solving the operation of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and the power of
algebraic fractions with the denominator one term or two terms.

A. SOLVING THE OPERATION OF ALGEBRAIC

1. The definition of coefficient, variable, constant and terms.

Coefficient is a multiplying factors.

Thus in 3x, 3 is the coefficient of x
in -4pq, -4q is the coefficient of q
Variable is a quantity whose value changes.
Constant is a quantity whose value constant.
Terms are parts of the expressions which are connected by plus or minus.

Example : In Algebraic expression :

6 bananas + 3 apples – 2 bananas – 5 apples – 5

We can write : 6b – 3a – 2b – 5a - 5

Note: 6 is coefficient of b,
3 is coefficient of a,
-2 is coefficient of b
a and b is variables
5 is constant
6b and -2b are like terms
6b and - 3a are unlike terms

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Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

2. Addition and subtraction of algebraic.

The algebraic expression can be simplified if only have the like terms.
Example:
Simplify : 3x + 7y –11x + 5y = 3x – 11x + 7y + 5y ( Grouping the like terms )
= - 8x + 12y

TASK 1
1. Simplify : 2 mangoes + 4 apples – 5 mangoes + 3 apples + Rp5,000
= …….. - ………. + ………+ ……… + ……….
= …………………

2. Add 5x + 7 and 3(4x – 4)

= ………. + ……………
= ………………………..
= ………………………...

3. Subtract 5x + 7 of 3(6x + 8)
= ………….. - .………….
= …………………………
= …………………………

4. Subtract 5x + 7 with 3(6x + 8)

= ………….. - …………..
= …………………………
= …………………………

5. Add 2p + 5 and 3(2p – 3)

= ……….… + ………….
= ………………………...
= ………………………..

TASK 2
1. Find the number of terms in the following algebraic expressions
a. 3x + 5y – 7 d. 4xy + 7x – 5y + 8
b. 5p2 – 8p + 3 e. 2x2y – x
c. 5x –2 f. –2m + 7n – 4

2. Find the coefficients and variables in the following algebraic expressions :

a. 2x + 5y – 11 c. 4m2 + 5mn - 7n
b. –5xy + 7x – 10y d. 15x2y – 5x2 – 10

3. Simplify :
a. 3m + 7n – 10m + 5 b. 2x + 11x – 5x – 7x
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Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

c. 4(k – 5) – 2(k + 11) e. 12p + 15q – 3q + 4p

d. –5(p2 + 7) + 2(3p2 – 15) f. 14m – 3(2m – 3)
4. Add :
a. 4m + 5 and 7 – 9m c. 5x – 11 and 2y – 11x + 7
b. 15k – 7 and 8k + 5m – 3 d. 2(3x + 3) and 4(3x – 5)

5. Subtract :
a. 5x – 8 of 7x + 10 c. 2x + 12 of 15x – 5
b. 5(2x + 2) of -2x + 1 d. 4m + 3 by 2(5x – 1)

3. Multiplication of one term, two terms and three terms

TASK 3
1. Expand :
a. 3(2x + 5y ) = …… + …… (distributive property)
b. –3k(5kl + 4) = …… ……

2. 5 (4a + 3b – 7c) = ……………………………..

3. 4 (-3x + 4y – 6y) = ……………………………..

4. (3a + 7)(2a – 8) = …… - …. + …. - …..

= ………………………………

2
5. (4m + 7) = …… + ……+ …… + ….…
= …………………………….

Special Product :
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2

4. The power of one term, two terms and three terms.

The power of one term can use the properties of the power / indices.
ab c)2 == a ac 2bbc 2
((ab)

then, the power of two terms and three terms and the next can use the Pascal`s Triangle
for finding its coefficient

1
1 1
12 1 second power…..(a +b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
1 3 3 1 3-th power…… (a – b) 3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
1 4 6 4 1 4-th power

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Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

1 5 10 10 5 1

TASK 4
Expand :
1. (2x + 3) 3 = …….. + ………. + ……… + ………
= …….. + ………. + ……… + ………
= ……... + ……… + ……… + ………

2. (3p – 2) 4 = ……. …….. ……… ………

= ……. …….. ……… ………
= ……. ……. ……… ………
2
3. ( m + 3 ) 3 = ……. ……. ……… ………
3
= ……. ……. ……… ………
= ……. ……. ……… ………
4. (5p + 7) 2 = ……. …….. ……… ………
= ……. …….. ……… ………
= ……. ……. ……… ………
2
5. ( k - 2 ) 3 = ……. ……. ……… ………
5
= ……. ……. ……… ………
= ……. ……. ……… ………

TASK 5
1. State as addition of terms :
a. (x +2)(x – 4) d. 2p(4p – 3)(p + 5 )
b. (x + 7)(2x – 8) e. 4k(2k + 7m – 11)
c. (2m – 5)(3m + 7) f (2n + 4)(4n – 5m + 6)

2. Expand and simplify :

a. (2x + 7)2 – (x – 3) 2 d. (5x + 2y – 3)2
b. 2(4m – 8) 2 e. (3x + 7) 3
2
1 2
c. (15n - 3n )2 f. (x + )
x

3. Find the area of rectangle ( in x, y or y), if its length and width are :
a. (3x + 7) cm and 2x cm c. 5z cm and (4z – 2) cm
b. (2y – 3) cm and (2y + 3) cm d. (2x – y) cm and (2x + 8) cm

4. Find the volume of cube if its edges are :

a. (5x – 2)cm c. (-3y + 4) cm
b. 2x cm d. (4x – 5y) cm

5. Simplify :
a.16a2b : 12ab2 d. 32m2n X 3m4n2
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Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

b. –4x2y : -2xy e. (2m3n2 X 4mn ) : m2n

c. 5x2y3 : xy2 f. 4mn X 8mn2 : 2mn

B. FACTORISATIONS.

When a number or an expression is the product of two or more numbers on expression, then
each of latter is called Its factors

Example :
15 = 5X3 then 5 and 3 are factors of 15
x2 – 4 = (x – 2)(x + 2) then (x – 2) and (x + 2) are factors of x2 – 4

There are 4 forms of factorizations :

1. Form 1
ab + ac = a(b + c)
ab – ac = a(b – c)

2. Form 2. a2 – b2 = (a –b)(a + b)

3. Form 3
ax2 + bx + c , a = 1
x2 + bx + c = (x +p)(x +q) Note : p . q = c
p+ q = b

Example :

Factorize : x2 + 7x + 12
Solution :
x2 + 7x + 12 = (x + … )(x + … ) 12 = 1 x 12
= (x + 3)(x + 4) = 2x6
= 3x4
3+4 = 7
4. Form 4
ax2 + bx + c , a ≠ 1
(ax + p)(ax + q)
ax2 + bx + c = Note : p . q = a . c
a
p+ q = b

Example :

Factorize : 3x2 + 10x - 8

Solution :
(3x + … )( 3x + …)
3x2 + 10x – 8 = 24 = 1 x -24
3

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 Chapter 1 6
Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

(3x - 2)(3x + 12)

= = 2 x -12
3
(3x - 2). 3 (x + 4)
= = -2x12 -2 + 12 =10
3
= (3x – 2)(x + 4)

TASK 6
1. Factorize : 4. Factorize :
a. 4x2 + 10x = ……………… a. 8m2 - 14m + 4 = ……………….
b. 12m2n – 15mn = ……………… b. 2q2 + 11q + 24 = ……………….
2. Factorize : 5. Factorize :
a. 4x2 – 25 = ……………… a. d2 + 4d – 21 = ……………….
b. 8p2 – 98 = ……………… b. 4k2 –13k + 6 = ……………….
3. Factorize :
a. x2 + 3x – 10 = ………………
b. p2 – 2p – 15 = ………………

TASK 7
1. Factorize :
a. 15x2 + 20 d. 38xy2 + 98x2y
b. 16m2n – 4m e. 4p(2x – 5) + p(2x – 5)
c. 20k2 – 4km + 14m f. 2(3x – 7) - (3x – 7)

2. Factorize :
a. x2 – 25y2 d. 9 – 25n2
b. 4m2 – (m+3) 2 e. x2 –16
c. 16k2 – 25 f. 8x2 – 162

3. Factorize :
a. x2 + 7x + 10 h. x2 + 3x – 4
b. x2 + 2x + 1 i. 60 – 7y – y2
c. p2 – 6p – 7 j. y2 + 9y + 14
d. q2 – q – 20 k. a2 – 10a + 25
e. m2 + 10m – 75 l. x2 + 12x + 36
f. m2 – 2.4m + 1.44 m. 21 + 4x – x2
g. k2 – 18k + 81 n. a2 – 3a – 28

4. Factorize :
a. 4m2 + 27m – 7 e. 8a2 + 10a – 3
b. 2x2 – 13x + 15 f. 2x2 – x - 3
c. 6p2 + 13p + 6 g. 36m2 – 13mn + n2
d. 9k2 – 6k + 1 h. 12- 43x + 10x2

5. Factorize :
a. x4 – 4y4 e. x3 – y3
b. x2 – (x – 2) 2 f. x3 + 27
c. 4m2n + 28mn2 g. 8k2 – 19k - 25
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Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

d. x2 – 9x – 36 e. 21 + 11x – 2x2

C. ALGEBRAIC FRACTION

The numerators and denominators of a algebraic fractions can be factorize.

Example :

x + 5 2x − 1
1. Simplify : +
3 2
Solution :
x + 5 2 x − 1 2 ( x + 5) 3 (2 x − 1)
+ = . + . (make the same denominators )
3 2 2 3 3 2

2 x + 10 6 x − 3
= +
6 6

8x + 3
=
6

TASK 8
4 x + 10
1. Simplify : = ………….
8
= ………….

2 1
2. Simplify : − = …………. - ……………
2x − 1 x + 3
= ………….. - ……………

= ………….. - ……………

= ………….. - ……………

4 x 2 − 20 x + 25
3. Simplify : = ………………….
5 − 2x
= ………………….
= ………………….

3 x 2 + 10 x − 8
4. Simplify : = ………………….
6 x 2 − 13 x + 6
= …………………
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 Chapter 1 8
Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

= …………………
2x − 4
5. Simplify : 3 + x + = …………………
2x − 2
= …………………

= …………………

TASK 9
Simplify :
5 x − 15 y 2a − 2b
1. 2.
2x − 6 y b−a

4 w2 − 25 a 2bc + ab 2c − abc 2
3. 4.
5 − 2w 4abc

5 x − 15 3 x + 12 x + 4
5. 6. :
x2 − 9 10 x 5x

P 4 − 16 x +1 x + 3
7. 8. −
( x + 2)( x − 2) x+2 x+4

1 1
+
4 3 x y
9. − 10.
x + 3 x +1 x y
−
y x

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 Chapter 1 9
Factorisation of Algebraic Terms

AL. Kristiyanto : SMPN 21 Semarang