Group 1

DIESEL ENGINE
"The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic cycle which approximates the pressure and volume of the combustion chamber of the Diesel engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. It is assumed to have constant pressure during the first part of the "combustion" phase (Princeton, n.d.)." The Diesel engine is a compression-ignition engine, which means that it uses air compression to ignite the fuel instead of using a spark plug (spark plugs light the fuel to ignite it). The Diesel engine undergoes spontaneous combustion, which means it is a self-heating process. This means that you heat something using an increase in temperature. So the Diesel Engine can work with 2 strokes or 4 strokes. We'll be discussing the 4-stroke diesel engine.

So this is what a diesel engine looks like. The key points are: - Piston: The piston will be used to compress the air. The piston moves up and down. - Crank: The crank is the one responsible in controlling the motion of the piston. It moves in a rotary motion (in a circle) and is connected to the piston. - Intake Port (D): This is the entrance of air. The intake port starts the whole process because it lets in air; the port usually has a cover but that cover opens when air enters the cylinder. - Exhaust Port (L): This is where the exhaust will exit. This is the last part of the process; when the process is in the final stage, exhaust will be produced (gas) and this is where is goes out. The port usually has a cover but the cover opens when the exhaust exits the cylinder. - Cylinder Wall: Of course we'd need a closed space to properly
The Diesel Engine

compress the air (if it was an open space, we wouldn't be able to compress the air because the air will escape)

isentropic process is a (adiabatic process means there is no heat change) reversible adiabatic process (this is what the first stroke is), which means that 1) there is no heat change -adiabatic, (2) there is no change in

The 4-stroke diesel cycle

This is the actual process of the diesel engine. We can divide that into 4 groups/strokes: Intake, Compression, Combustion and Exhaust 1. INTAKE STROKE: The first stroke is the isentropic compression. The piston moves downward and the intake port is open, LETTING IN AIR inside the cylinder. 2. COMPRESSION STROKE: Then, the piston moves UPWARD to compress the air. The piston pushes the air in a small space thus compressing it. THE COMPRESSION IS AN ISENTROPIC PROCESS. An Isentropic process means there is NO CHANGE IN ENTROPY. One type of an

entropy -- isentropic, (3) the process can be done with the same energy except in the reverse or opposite direction -- reversible. An example of a reversible process would be an elastic collision. This is because KE is conserved therefore the process can be done towards both directions. An example of an irreversible process would be an inelastic collision. This is because some/all of the KE is lost therefore energy is not conserved and the process cannot be done again in the opposite direction. 3. FUEL INJECTION/COMBUSTION PROCESS: As the piston reaches the top, the fuel is injected through the fuel injector. The fuel is ignited through the high

temperature. When the piston moves back down, this motion is called CONSTANT PRESSURE HEAT ADDITION. As the piston moves to the body of the cylinder (the space between the top and the bottom -somewhere in between), heat is added to the air. Air is expanded to keep the pressure constant during the heat addition. 4. EXHAUST STROKE: As the piston moves from the body of the cylinder to the bottom, the motion is called ISENTROPIC EXPANSION. It has the same definition as the isentropic process in the Compression Stroke, except that here, the piston moves DOWNWARD AND THE AIR EXPANDS. When the piston is finally at the bottom CONSTANT VOLUME HEAT REJECTION takes place. This is where the exhaust that was produced exits through the exhaust port. This process has constant volume. Pros and Cons of Diesel Engines PROS - Great mileage CONS - Diesel used to be cheaper than gas, but now it often costs the same amount or more - Slower than gaspowered engine

ups - Durable

- Neglecting maintenance and fuel injection system = a lot of money to pay

- Provides more torque to the driveshaft Diesel vs Steam Diesels were far cheaper to operate. Fuel costs were less. Gas vs Diesel There are some advantages and disadvantages wtih switching to diesel. Because diesel is thicker than gasoline, it is more energydense and yields a higher MPG rating. Diesel fuel also emits far less carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other emissions that contribute to global warming. However, diesel fuel requires high compression engines which are more expensive to build than gasoline engines. They also emit more particulate matter (soot) than gasoline engines. Still, diesel refining has come a long way and diesel engines are much cleaner than the black smoke belching models of yesteryear. References: 1) HyperPhysics. (n.d.). The diesel engine. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/diesel .html 2) Huang, M., Gramoll, K. (n.d.). Four-stroke compression-ignition (ci) engine. Retrieved on October

- One of the most efficient and energy dense fuels today. Contains more usable energy than gas - They don't have spark plugs so they don't need ignition tune-

- Still need regular maintenance. Changing oil, air, fuel filters.

8, 2013 from https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgibin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=th&cha p_sec=08.2&page=theory 3) Sclar, D. (n.d.). The pros and cons of diesel engines. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://www.dummies.com/howto/content/the-pros-and-cons-ofdiesel-engines.navId-323640.html 4) Princeton. (n.d.). Diesel cycle. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://www.princeton.edu/~acha ney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Diesel_c ycle.html 5) Shet, U. S. P., Sundararajan, T., Mallikarjuna, J.M. (n.d.). Comparison of otto, diesel and dual cycles. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/cour ses/IITMADRAS/Applied_Thermodynamics /Module_4/8_Comparison_of_Otto ,Diesel,dual_cycles.pdf 6) Editors of Publications International, Ltd. (n.d.). Steam versus diesel. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://history.howstuffworks.com /american-history/steam-versusdiesel.htm 7) N.A. (n.d.). Differences between gasoline and diesel. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://www.thetirechoice.com/bl og/post/2011/12/06/TheDifferences-between-Gasolineand-Diesel.aspx 8) Shane, P. (n.d.). Diesel engine. Retrieved on October 8, 2013 from http://www.motorade.net/wpcontent/uploads/2013/03/4stroke-cycle-diesel-s.jpg