PLUMBING SYSTEMS(Plumbing Fixtures)-1

Introduction:
Plumbing, in general, refers to the system as well as the material fixtures and the apparatus used inside a building. For supplying water, Removing the used water with different stacks (as liquid and water-borne wastes along with ventilating system). It also includes the system of storm water or roof drainage. The exterior system components connecting to a source, such as a public or a private water system or a point of disposal of waste or used water, a public sewer system or an individual disposal system, namely, a domestic septic tank with arrangement for disposal of its effluent through a leaching cesspool or a collecting well with arrangements for removal of its contents by means of a vacuum car.

The plumbing systems include:

Water Supply System: - Distribution Of Water from the Source.

Plumbing fixtures: - Used for the water supply as well as the collection and disposal of used waters.
Sanitary Drainage System: - This system is to carry the wastes from the plumbing fixtures to the public or private disposal system. Anti-siphonage System: - This system is to carry only the air for the purpose of ventilation and preventing the failure of the water seals in traps thereby preventing the entry of foul air from the public or private drainage system into the building. Storm water Drainage System: - This system is to collect and carry rain water or water not used by occupants of the building to a public storm water drain or to a local garden or a pond.

Principles of Plumbing:
Proper Design Acceptable Installation Adequate Maintenance

The principles of plumbing shall be achieved by following or adapting to the standard codes and practices. The essentials of good plumbing necessitate the observance of the principles detailed below. These relate to the plumbing fixtures, the plumbing pipes and the plumbing systems as a whole.

The plumbing fixtures are to be: a. Made of smooth and non-absorbent material b. Located in well ventilated enclosures c. Free from concealed fouling spaces d. Easily accessible for the intended use e. Able to withstand adequate pressure f. Connected to a drainage system with water seal traps g. Tested for leaks, defects, etc, and rectified promptly, where necessary h. Storage water cisterns are to be proofed against contamination

Plumbing Fixtures:
A plumbing fixture is supplied with water, discharges water and/or waste, and performs a function for the user. Each fixture is designed for a specific activity to maintain public health and sanitation. As such, plumbing fixtures are often referred to as sanitaryware. The standard plumbing fixtures used in a plumbing system include: Water Closets Urinals Wash Basins Kitchen Sinks Service Sinks Sinks Showers Bathtubs Bidets Floor Drains Emergency fixtures

PLUMBING

Plumbing Fixtures:
In addition, there are fixture fittings used in connection with these plumbing fixtures, include: Faucets and Fixture fittings Shower valves Tub fillers Fixture Material: - The surface of any plumbing fixture must be smooth, impervious, and readily cleanable to maintain a high level of sanitation. Common plumbing fixture materials include: Vitreous china Non-Vitreous china Enameled cast iron Porcelain enameled steel Stainless steel Plastic.

Water Closets
A water closet is designed for the removal of soil waste of users. It is provided with cold water connection. Water closets are currently placed into one of three categories:

A close coupled water closet It is one with a two piece tank and bowl fixture
A one piece water closet It is one with the tank and bowl as one piece A flushometer style water closet It a bowl with a spud connection that receives the connection from a flushometer valve.

There are also three distinct means for identifying the flushing of a water closet: In a gravity flush, used with tank type water closets, the water is not under pressure and flushes by gravity. With a flushometer tank, also for tank type water closets, however, the water is stored in a pressurized vessel and flushed under a pressure ranging between 25 to 35 psi A flushometer valve type of flush uses the water supply line pressure to flush the water closet. Because of the demand for a flush of a large volume of water in a short period of time, the water supply pipe must be larger in diameter that that for a gravity or flushometer tank type of flush.

Another distinction used to identify a water closet is the manner of mounting and connection. Floor Mounted Water Closet It is supported by the floor and connected directly to the piping through the floor. Wall Hung Water Closet It is supported by a wall hanger and never comes in contact with the floor. Wall hung water closets are considered for maintaining a clean floor in the toilet room since the water closet doesnt interfere with the cleaning of the floor.

Floor Mounted, Back Outlet Water Closet It is supported by the floor yet connects to the piping through the wall. The advantage of this type of water closet is that the penetrations of the floor are reduced for the plumbing.

Floor Mounted Water Closet

Floor Mounted, Back Outlet Water Closet

Wall Hung Water Closet

SQUATTING TYPE

PEDESTAL TYPE

SQUATTING TYPE

PEDESTAL TYPE

Animated Video

Urinals
A urinal is designed for the removal of urine and quick exchange of users. The fixture must contain the urine, flush it down the drain, and wash the exposed surfaces. It is provided with cold water connection. Urinals have been considered a fixture for the male population. Urinals are identified as: Flushing style for urinals will be similar to the water closet. There are two types of flushing of urinals Manual operated flush valve. Sensor type.

Flat back-small

Flat back-Large

Wash Basins A wash basin is used for personal hygiene. It is provided with hot and cold water connection. Wash basins can be counter mounted, under counter mounted, or wall hung. It is intended to be used for washing ones hands and face. For many years, the fixture standards required wash basin to have an overflow. This requirement was based on the use of the fixture where by the basin was filled prior to cleaning. If a user left the room while the basin was being filled, the water would not overflow on to the floor. As a result, overflows became an optional item for basins. The fixture standard added a minimum size of overflow with a cross sectional area must be 18 in.

BRACKET MOUNTED

UNDER COUNTER RIM BELOW COUNTER

BRACKET MOUNTED

UNDER COUNTER RIM ABOVE COUNTER

ABOVE COUNTER

FULL PEDESTAL

HALF PEDESTAL

50. DRAIN 14. SINK RIM 52. RUBBER GASKET 12. SINK BASIN 16. SINK WALLS 18. BORE 10. SINK ASSEMBLY 24. COUPLER 20. COUNTER TOP 22. COUNTER TOP BORE 42. NUT 54. LIGHT SOURCE 46. WATER DRAIN PIPE

Kitchen Sink Sink It is used in kitchen and laboratory for the purpose of cleaning utensils/apparatus and also serves the purpose of providing water for general usage. The sink may be made with or without overflow arrangement. The sink shall be of one piece construction including combined over flow, where provided. The sink shall have a circular waste hole into which the interiors of the sink shall drain. Kitchen sink is used for culinary purposes. It is provided with hot and cold water connection. There are two distinct classifications of kitchen sink: Commercial Kitchen Sink These are designed for restaurant and food handling establishments. These are normally larger in size and have a deeper bowl than residential kitchen sinks. The more popular requirement is a three compartment sink. The first compartment is used for washing of dishes, the second compartment for the rinsing of dishes, and the third compartment for sanitizing the dishes. Residential Kitchen Sink These are single or double compartment (or bowl) sinks. The kitchen sink outlet contains a food waste grinder as optional fitting. These sinks mount either above the counter or below the counter.

Kitchen Sink

Showers A shower is designed to allow full body cleansing. It is provided with hot and cold water connection. The size and configuration of a shower must permit and individual to bend at the waist to clean the lower body extremities. Shower valves must be thermostatic mixing and pressure balancing type. The shower valves not only control the flow and temperature of the water, they also must control any variation in temperature of the water. A pressure balancing valve maintains a constant pressure of the shower water by constantly adjusting the pressure of the hot and cold water supply. If there is a change in pressure on the cold water supply, the hot water supply balances to the equivalent pressure setting. If the cold water shuts off completely, the hot water shuts off as well. Thermostatic mixing valves adjust the temperature of the water by maintaining a constant temperature once the water temperature is set. This is accomplished by thermally sensing controls that modify the quantity of hot and cold water to keep the set temperature.

Hand shower

Head shower

Side shower

SHOWER

Bathtubs The bathtub was the original fixture used to bathe or cleanse ones body. It is provided with hot and cold water connection. The standard installation was a combination of tub/shower. The bath tub shall be fitted with overflow and waste pipe of nominal diameter of not less than 32 mm and 40 mm respectively. This over flow drain is necessary since the bathtub is often filled while the bather is not present. Shower valves will be TMV & PBV type as said earlier.

Fiberglass/Gelcoat (FRP) : Fiberglass is probably one of the more cost-effective materials used in the construction of bathtubs. It is light weight, easy to install, and inexpensive. The gelcoat surface is thinner and less durable than acrylic. As a result, the finish tends to lack the depth and resilience found in acrylic and porcelain tubs and, over time, the color may also fade. Additionally, fiberglass tends to scratch easily.

Acrylic : Acrylic is similar to fiberglass, but tends to cost a little more because the color is embedded throughout the substance rather than just the surface coat like fiberglass. Thus, the color has a nice high gloss finish and lasts longer. Acrylic is also a good insulator so your water stays warmer longer. It is also easy to clean and more durable than fiberglass. Some manufacturers actually use a grade of acrylic that is so durable you can hit it with a hammer and it won't crack. In most cases, if the surface becomes scratched, you will be able to buff it out.

Cast Iron : Cast iron can last for years but is quite expensive. It can resist damage, dents and dings with ease. Because of their sheer weight (two to three hundred pounds), they are effective at reducing vibration and noise. Another added bonus is that water tends to stay warmer longer. Most manufacturers of cast irons will also issue a warranty for as long as the original purchaser owns the tub. Outside of the tremendous weight factor of a cast iron bathtub, they do have their limitations. Few models are longer than 5 feet. They are usually not large enough to accommodate two people, and whirlpool jets are not an option.

Marble : Marble bathtubs are extremely attractive and come in a variety of unique shapes. They are great if you are looking for a bathtub that will leave a distinct impression. Marble is, however, more costly and can scratch easily. Another drawback is that marble is very brittle and will crack from thermal shock if the water temperature is too hot or the temperature of the marble changes suddenly.

Floor Drains A floor drain is a plumbing fixture that is the exception to the definition of a plumbing fixture. Floor drains are typically provided as an emergency fixture in the event of a leak or overflow of water. They are also used to assist in the cleaning of a toilet or bathroom. A trench drain is considered a type of floor drain. Trench drains are continuous drains that can extend for a number of feet in length. Trench drains are popular in indoor parking structures. When floor drains are installed for emergency purposes, the lack of use can result in the evaporation of the trap seal and the escape of bad odor. To avoid that , the trap need to be selected with higher depth of trap. A floor drain should always have a stainless steel strainer secured over it to prevent injury, entry of foreign objects, or introduction of unwanted pests into the facility.

A Trench Drain

Floor Drain

TRENCH DRAIN

Emergency Fixtures The two types of emergency fixture are the emergency shower and the eyewash station. It is provided with cold water connection. These fixtures are designed to wash a victim with large volumes of water when there is a chemical spill or burn or another hazardous material is spilled on an individual.
Emergency fixtures are provided in industrial buildings and chemical laboratories. An emergency shower is also called a drench shower because of the large volume of water discharged through the emergency shower.

Eyewash stations are for washing the eyes.

Drinking fountain It is a bowl fitted with a push button tap and a water bubbler or a tap with a swan neck outlet fitting. It has a waste fitting, a trap and is connected to the waste pipe.

TAP
A Tap is a valve for controlling the release of a liquid or gas. In the British Isles and most of the Commonwealth the word is used for any everyday type of valve, particularly the fittings that control water supply to bathtubs and sinks. In the U.S. the usage is sometimes more specialized, with the term "tap" and the word Faucet being used for water outlets.

An LED light turns water blue when its cold and red when its hot! No more trying to remember if hot water is on the left or the right! And fear not, the nightmares of blood coming from your sink will disappear in time.

VALVES

Animated Video

ANIMATED VIDEO

BALL VALVE

ANIMATED VIDEO

ANIMATED VIDEO

------------------------ SALAMAT ---------------------