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Introduction Exposure to toxic metals is very serious problems in developed and developing country. Heavy Metal s such as mercury, lead arsenic, cadmium are dangerous to health because it interfere with number of physiological and biological process in human body(Sinicropi, Amantea et al. 2010) Among all toxic heavy metals, lead is one of the most hazardous environmental poison all over world. Lead is ubiquitous and found in air, soil, water, food, ceiling, paint, jewelry etc. Exposure of lead may be accidental or harmful. It may be environmental ,industrial or therapeutic. Environmental exposure is due to paint(wall, furniture), water, air(lead fumes).Industrial exposure is found in jewelry maker, painter, glass worker ,battery manufacturer etc. Exposure to lead in the home and in working area results in health hazards to many adults and children causing economic damage, which is due to the lack of awareness of the ill effects of lead.(Herman, Geraldine et al. 2007) lead is most common use for making cheap jewelry or imitations, so, jewelry maker because of occupational hazard and children due to accidental ingestion are highly vulnerable to develop lead toxicity. Children are most susceptible for lead poisoning because of their weaker immune response and rapid absorption from gut. Reference Herman, D. s., M. Geraldine, et al. (2007). "Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of lead poisoning in a patient with occupational lead exposure: a case presentation." Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 2(1): 7. Sinicropi, M. S., D. Amantea, et al. (2010). "Chemical and biological properties of toxic metals and use of chelating agents for the pharmacological treatment of metal poisoning." Arch Toxicol. 84(7): 501-520. Epub 2010 Apr 2013.

Hazard identification health hazard Any danger to human health because of environmental factors such as lead or radiation or life style factor such as smoking ,drinking called health hazard. Lead is a pervasive environmental contaminant. The side effects of lead exposure in children and adults are well reported, and no safe blood lead threshold in children has been identified. Lead can be expose by inhalation, ingestion or contamination through skin. Lead can expose from various sources, including lead paint and house dust contaminated by lead paint, as well as soil, drinking water, and food(Brown and Margolis 2012). There are various sources of lead which can produce lead toxicity or poisoning. Occupational Lead smelters Painter/decorators Battery manufacturers Stain-glass workers Jewellery makers Bronze workers etc... Environmental paint (walls, furniture, toys) water food air (petrol, industry), dust/soil Other traditional remedies surma & kohl cosmetics lead shot lead glazed ceramics foreign body ingestion High metal such as lead contamination in toys and low-cost jewelry is a very well known problem. This cheap imitation of jewelry contain high amount of lead .Because of high content of lead ,ingestion of jewelry cause serious lead toxicity and pica like syndrome in children.(Guney and Zagury 2012).According to CDC,ABLES reported a total of 9,871 cases of occupational lead poisoning for 2007 either due to occupational exposure or environmental exposure was noted(Halperin and Howard 2011). safety hazards Safety hazard means anything surrounding you can have adverse effect on your health either in your home or workplace is called safety hazards. There are many thing in your home or work place have been content lead or contaminated by lead. Such as paint in the wall, old furniture, batteries, glassware, imitation, ceiling, guns, tap, lead pipe for hot water etc . can lead to lead toxicity. Reference Brown, M. J. and S. Margolis (2012). "Lead in drinking water and human blood lead levels in the United States." MMWR Surveill Summ. 61: 1-9. Guney, M. and G. J. Zagury (2012). "Heavy metals in toys and low-cost jewelry: critical review of U.S. and Canadian legislations and recommendations for testing." Environ Sci Technol. 46(8): 4265-4274. Epub 2012 Apr 4264. Halperin, W. and J. Howard (2011). "Occupational epidemiology and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health." MMWR Surveill Summ. 60(Suppl 4): 97-103.

Toxicity assessment Lead toxicity is mainly two type. Acute lead toxicity and chronic lead toxicity. When you congest large amount of lead in short duration of time, it will lead to acute poisoning or toxicity depend on amount of lead consume .When children ingest contaminated jewelry ,it will lead to acute lead toxicity. It is because high amount of lead absorbed through gastrointestinal tract and go to blood and from there it will go to different system of body and produce acute sign and symptom of poisoning(Merritt 2005). . According to California department of toxic substance control symptom due to lead toxicity are Behavior or learning problems ,Tiredness or weakness ,Headaches Hearing problems ,Weight loss Hyperactivity ,Irritability. Chronic toxicity is mainly due to chronic exposure of lead. This chronic toxicity is particularly found in jewelry maker, battery manufacture ,painter or any occupation which expose lead constantly. According to California department of toxic substance control symptom due to chronic toxicity are decreased reaction time, weakness in fingers, wrists or ankles, and possible memory loss, reduce sperm count Heavy metals are considered potential human carcinogen. The mechanism of metal-induced carcinogenesis is still unknown, but it is due to interaction of metals with DNA, either directly or indirectly(Valverde, Trejo et al. 2001)According to American cancer society there is possibility that inorganic lead exposure in occupational work place produce cancer. Lung cancer and stomach cancer is most common cancer due to lead. Sensitive receptors mean people who are highly susceptible for producing disease or toxicity. Hospitalized patients, immune compromised, children, patient with organ failure,and old people are highly vulnerable for lead poisoning. Reference Merritt, T. A. (2005). "Lead poisoning from a toy necklace." Pediatrics. 116(4): 1050-1051; author reply 1051. Valverde, M., C. Trejo, et al. (2001). "Is the capacity of lead acetate and cadmium chloride to induce genotoxic damage due to direct DNA-metal interaction?" Mutagenesis. 16(3): 265-270.

Exposure assessment Human has used lead since long time ago. lead is used in glassware, plumbing, paints, gasoline, batteries, medicine and cosmetic. Use of lead in pluming and paints is reduced in last decade. According to American cancer society people are exposed to lead from inhalation (dust or fumes) or by ingestion of lead contaminated product. Exposure of lead from occupational place is more than lead from natural resources. According to California department of toxic substance control, lead is used in jewelry for many reason. Lead is heavy metal so it is used to give shape in jewelry and lead is cheaper than other metal. So, lead is mainly used in imitation jewelry and children jewelry. So, jewelry makers are contaminated of lead through inhalation due to use of lead fumes and dust in jewelry making process while children are contaminated through ingestion of jewelry piece(2011). Reference (2011) Lead In Jewelry. Retrieved from http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/leadinjewelry.cfm

Risk Characterization Lead is highly dangerous for human body because it accumulate in body marrow and nervous system. Most adult exposed to lead is mainly occupational such as manufacture, melting, painting and jewelry making and children are accidental. The probability of exposure is increased when worker inhales lead dust and fumes in their work place or eat food or drink water from contaminated source. Around 0.5 to 1.5 million people exposed to lead in their working area.(Rell 2011) Severity of outcome of lead toxicity is different in each age group. It is highly toxic and produce irreversible damage to children because it accumulate in bone marrow and nervous system. It produce acute and chronic symptom based on blood level of lead. A retrospective follow up study conducted in New York suggested that that early identification of lead-poisoned children and timely investigation and removal of hazards contribute to reducing blood lead levels and subsequent effect(Leighton, Klitzman et al. 2003). In a adult, lead toxicity mainly produce chronic toxicity due to chronic exposure of lead in occupational work place. The chronic effect may be permanent such as hair loss, hearing loss and other neurological effect. Particularly in pregnant women ,chronic exposure of lead could develop adverse effect in pregnancy and extremely harmful fetus and it may lead to spontaneous abortion or still birth(Vigeh, Saito et al. 2011) Because of this toxicity and poisoning ,we need special intervention steps to prevent such toxicity. We can use screening test and physical examination in workers who are highly susceptible for lead exposure to detect abnormal lead level. We can use household intervention such as dust control and removal of thing with lead level may be helpful to prevent lead toxicity in children. Reference Rell, M. J. (2011). Lead Hazards in the Workplace. c. d. o. p. health. connecticut, divison of enviormental health. Leighton, J., S. Klitzman, et al. (2003). "The effect of lead-based paint hazard

Risk management There are so many policies run by government to prevent lead toxicity in children and adults. Many policies will helpful to prevent lead toxicity while some will not helpful. There are many federal and state law that helpful to prevent lead toxicity. According to center for disease control and prevention center there is renovation, repair and painting law which give guideline to firms which do renovation and repair to maintain certain level of lead in material they use. This law is helpful to prevent household toxicity. Government have different guideline for home with or without children, so sometimes firms may not obey guideline and it will cause damage. According to California department of toxic substance control California state has lead containing jewelry law which is also known as metal containing law which limit the lead content in jewelry particularly children jewelry and body piercing jewelry. This type of law helpful to prevent lead toxicity in children but lead is cheap metal comparison to other metal use in jewelry and it is easily accessible. So, many jewelry maker use lead in jewelry and sell it illegally. Its government and law enforcement duty to prevent this kind of activity. Major challenge foe law enforcement is successive implementation of this policy. Government have to provide any thing which enforcer require for policy. Reference http://www.dtsc.ca.gov/PollutionPrevention/ToxicsInProducts/MetalJewelryLaw. cfm