Phytochemical Screening Extracted From Five Fingers (Schefflera odorata) Leaves

BY: STEPHANIE JOY A. ESCALA IV FERN

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of Regional Science High School, Region X In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research 2

Submitted to: Mrs. ERMA P. DAPIN Adviser

March 2014

APPROVAL SHEET The researcher paper here to attached, entitle Phytochemical Screening Extracted From Five Fingers (Schefflera Odorata)

Leaves prepared and submitted by STEPHANIE JOY A. ESCALA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Research 2 is hereby accepted.

ERMA S. DAPIN Adviser

Date signed Accepted with a rating of %

Accepted and approved as a partial fulfillment of the Requirements in Research 2.

MYRNA L. MANDAWE Principal II GUSA Regional Science High School Region X Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City

DATE SIGNED

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The September

researcher, 17, 1997.

Stephanie She was

Joy the

A.

Escala

was

born of

on Mr.

eldest

daughter

Apolinario Escala and Mrs. Guillerma Escala. She is currently living at Purok 13, Mindanawan St., Baloy, Cagayan de Oro City. The researcher finished her elementary days in Del Mar

S.D.A Elementary School and graduated as a gold medalist. She was enrolled at Gusa Regional Science High School in her

secondary education. The researcher likes to surf the internet, watch movies, read novels and eat different foods. She is also a talkative person. At her future college, she wants to accomplish any of the courses person. that she will choose. She wants to be a successful

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher wish to extend her sincerest gratitude and appreciation to the following; for his assistance, help, moral, and invaluable support. To her parents, Mr. And Mrs. Apolinario Escala for

extending their great financial and moral support. Mrs. Myrna L. Mandawe, the principal of Gusa Regional

Science High School, for her moral support. Mrs. Erma S. Dapin, their research adviser, for giving her full support and guidance in the proper conduct of the study and for the help in editing her study to come up with a good result. To her very dear classmates, for their help, consideration and encouragement. Above all, to our Almighty God, the merciful and the

passionate, for providing me the opportunity to step in the excellent world of science. Without Him, this work will never be done.

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ABSTRACT

Schefflera odorata is a species of genus Schefflera. It is a famous indoor plant. The crude ethanol extract of five
fingers leaves was tested for treat of coughs and antiscorbutic. The materials were gathered. The Five Fingers leaves was cut into small pieces. The leaves weighed 23.8 g. It was air dried for 5 days. Only 7.3 g were then left. The percent water evaporated was 31%. After it was air dried, it was soaked with 50 mL of 98% of ethanol for 5 days. After the five fingers leaves were soaked, it was sent for phytochemical screening. In the phytochemical screening, it was found out that five fingers leaves extract contains steroids and tannins which are to treat inflammatory of blood conditions vessels), such as systemic vasculitis (inflammation of

(inflammation

myositis

muscle), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and Sjgren's syndrome(or gout), antiviral, antibacterial and antiparasitic.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. TITLE PAGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i APPROVAL SHEET. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii BIOGRSPHICAL SKETC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iv ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Statement of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Statement of the hypothesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Significance of the study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Scopes and limitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Definition of terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

REVIEW OF RELATEED LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 Schematic Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 METHODOLOGY

Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Flow chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pictorials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 JOURNAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

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LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 1: Weight of the fresh samples before and after drying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Table 2: The percent of water evaporated from the sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Table 3: Phytochemical Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

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LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Schematic diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Flow chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

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INTRODUCTION

Schefflera odorata is a species of genus Schefflera. It is a famous indoor plant. The scientific name for the plant commonly used is Schefflera odorata. The herb is also

referred to as Five Fingers or in Philippines, lima-lima. Five Finger belongs to the same scientific genus,

Schefflera odorata. The origin of this plant's scientific name epithet (odorata) means 'fragrant'. Lima lima is a smooth vine, 2 to 6 meters high.

Petioles

are

longer

than

the

leaflets.

Leaves

are

palmately compound leaves, with 5 to 6 leaflets. Leaflets are smooth and shining, leathery, elliptic to broadly

ovate, of different sizes in the same leaf, 10 to 24 centimeters pointed in length, Flowers 3 are to 8 centimeters wide, 2 with to 3

tips.

greenish,

6-parted,

millimeters in diameter, borne on terminal, lax panicles 10 to 20 centimeters long. Fruit is globose and fleshy when fresh, 4 to 5 millimeters long with 6 prominent angles when dry.
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Statement of the Problem 1. Is there any chemical components found in five fingers leaves extract? 2. Is there any medical usage from five fingers leaves

extract? Statement of the hypothesis The researcher was guided by the hypothesis that was stated in null and alternative forms. Null Hypothesis Ho1. There are no chemical components found in five fingers leaves extract. Ho2. There is no medical usage found in five fingers leaves extract. Alternative Hypothesis Ha1. There are chemical components found in five fingers leaves extract. Ha2. There is medical usage found from five fingers leaves extract.

Significance of the Study Nowadays, medicines price is increasing. People are buying the cheap ones even though they are less effective. Because of this, the researcher decided to find ways to solve this problem. She used the leaves of five fingers and its extract undergo phytochemical screening. The study aims to find out the medical components of five fingers leaves that can cure disease. It aims to discover a medicine that is much cheaper but more effective. Scope and Limitation The research only limits to look the effectiveness of five fingers leaves extract as medicine. The research study was started last June 2013 and was

conducted in Regional Science High School research laboratory room. This study is limited only for the usage of five fingers leaves for the study.

Definition of terms Tannins - any of various soluble astringent complex phenolic substances of plant origin used especially in tanning leather and dyeing fabric, manufacturing ink, clarifying wine and beer, and in medicine. Alkanoids are a group of naturally occurring chemical

compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. Steroids any of a large group of fat soluble organic

compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most which have specific physiological action. Phytochemical Analysis - Phytochemical screening is the study of plants to discover medicinal benefits.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Schefflera odorata Blanco, commonly known as five fingers is a famous indoor plant. The biological activities of the

plant include treatment of asthma, liver diseases, rheumatism, arthritis, sprains, fracture, stomach pain, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, migraine, and general tonic (Quisumbing 1978). A saponin was reported to be potential modulator of the (De one Castro-Bernas reported study & on ramos S. 2001). a

cell-signalling Although there

pathway is only

odorata,

number of studies have been reported on the congener of the plant. A betulinic acid glycoside was isolated from S. Venulosa. Oleanolic acid, a bidesmosidic isolated from triterpene S. saponin, S. and a

trisaccharide

were

octophylla.

Lucantha

afforded triterpenoid glycosides (Pancharoen et al. 1994). The aerial parts of S. divaricata produced triterpenoid Triterpenoid saponins, along with oleanolic acid saponins. and a new

triterpene (Shrivastava 1992) were obtained from S. impressa. The leaves of S. Bodinieri afforded triterpenoids and a

triterpene glycoside (Zho et al. 1996), while the roots of the plant afforded and triterpene full glycosides. We by now 1D report and 2D the NMr

isolation,

structure

elucidation

spectroscopy of oleanolic acid (1) from S. odorata. 5

Lutein

(2), fatty alcohols, and hydrocarbons were also obtained from the dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of the

plant.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Independent Variables Five Fingers (Schefflera odorata) leaves extract Dependent Variables Phytochemical Screening

Extraneous Variables Temperature , type of extract

The schematic diagram showing the relationship between the independent, dependent and the extraneous variables.

METHODOLOGY This chapter represents materials, procedure and

statistical tool used in the study. MATERIALS The materials that were used during the experiment are the following: 23.8 g of five fingers leaves 50 mL of ethanol,

beaker, scissors and electronic beam balance. PROCEDURE Gathered all the naterials needed for the experiment. 23.8 g of five fingers leaves were prepared. The leaves were cut into small pieces. The leaves were then air dried for 5 days to get the moisture content. Only 7.3 g of five fingers leaves were left. Then the extract was soaked with 50 mL of 98% ethanol for 5 days. Then the crude extract were sent for phytochemical

analysis.

FLOW CHART Gathering of all materials

Cutting the leaves for air drying

Weighing of

the air dried leaves

Soaking the air dried leaves to ethanol

sss Phytochemical Screening to leaves and ethanol solution extract

RESULTS and DISCUSSION Table drying Sample Weight Fingers of Five Weight leaves Fingers after drying (g) of Five leaves 1: weight in grams of fresh samples before and after

before drying (g)

1 Total

23.8 23.8

7.3 7.3

Table 1 shows that the small pieces of five fingers leaves were air dried. A total of 23.8 of five fingers leaves yielded only 7.3 g after air drying for 5 days. Table 2: the % of water evaporated from the sample after 5 days of air drying. Sample Initial Weight (g) 1 Total 23.8 23.8 11 7.3 7.3 Final Weight (g) Water Evaporated (%) 31 31

Table 2 shows the percent of water evaporated. To find the percentage of water evaporated, use the formula below:

% water =

x 100

Table 3: Phytochemical Screening Sample Code Five Fingers leaves Alkaloids ++ Tannins ++ Steroids +++

The

table

shows

that

the

five

fingers

leaves

contains

chemical constituents: alkaloids, tannins and steroids.

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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion In the phytochemical screening test, it was found out that five fingers leaves contains a highly positive Steroids which are used for medicine that can treat inflammatory conditions such as systemic vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels),

myositis (inflammation of muscle), rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and Sjgren's syndrome(or gout). Recommendation The researcher recommends that the study be improved. It is also recommended to find its significant effects compared to the commercial ones.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY http://stuartxchange.com/Lima-lima.html http://www.medicinenet.com/steroids_to_treat_arthritis/page2.htm l http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/vol134no1/PDFs/secondary%20met abolites%20from%20Schefflera%20odorata%20Blanco.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20013102504.html;jsessionid=D 8E13703F52ED1337BAF32CD5E222D55 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid

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