Reading passage 1

A. SCURRYING around the corridors of the business school at the National University of Singapore (NUS) in his white lab coat last year, Michael Zyphur must have made an incongruous sight. Visitors to management schools usually expect the staff to sport suits and ties. Dr Zyphurs garb was, however, no provocative fashion statement. It is de rigueur for anyone dealing with biological samples, and he routinely collects such samples as part of his research on, of all things, organisational hierarchies. He uses them to look for biological markers, in the form of hormones, that might either cause or reflect patterns of behaviour that are relevant to business. B. Since its inception in the early 20th century, management science has been dominated by what Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, two evolutionary psychologists, refer to disparagingly as the standard social science model (SSSM). This assumes that most behavioural differences between individuals are explicable by culture and socialisation, with biology playing at best the softest of second fiddles. Dr Zyphur is part of an insurgency against this idea. What Dr Cosmides and Dr Tooby have done to psychology and sociology, and others have done to economics, he wants to do to management. Consultants often talk of the idea of scientific management. He, and others like him, want to make that term meaningful, by applying the rigour of biology. C. To do so, they will need to weave together several disparate strands of the subjectgenetics, endocrinology, molecular biology and even psychology. If that works, the resulting mixture may provide a new set of tools for the hard-pressed business manager. D. Say biology and behaviour in the same sentence, and most minds think of genetics and the vexed question of nature and nurture. In a business context such questions of heredity and environment are the realm of Scott Shane, a professor of management at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio. In a recent book, Dr Shane proffers a review of the field. Many of his data come from studies of twinsa traditional tool of human geneticists, who are denied the possibility of experimental breeding enjoyed by their confrres who study other species, such as flies and mice. E. Identical twins share all of their DNA. Non-identical twins share only half (like all other siblings). Despite a murky past involving the probable fabrication of data by one of the fields pioneers, Sir Cyril Burt, the science of comparing identical with non-identical twins is still seen as a good way of distinguishing the effects of genes from those of upbringing. F. The consensus from twin studies is that genes really do account for a substantial proportion of the differences between individualsand that applies to business as much as it does to the rest of life. Dr Shane observes genetic influence over which jobs people choose (see chart), how satisfied they are with those jobs, how frequently they change jobs, how important work is to them and how well they perform (or strictly speaking, how poorly: genes account for over a third of variation between individuals in censured job performance, a measure that incorporates reprimands, probation and performance-related firings). Salary also depends on DNA. Around 40% of the variation between peoples incomes is attributable to genetics. Genes do not, however, operate in isolation. Environment is important, too. Part of the mistake made by supporters of the SSSM was to treat the two as independent variables when, in reality, they interact in subtle ways.

G. Richard Arvey, the head of the NUS business schools department of management and organisation, has been looking into precisely how genes interact with different types of environment to create such things as entrepreneurial zeal and the ability to lead others. Previous research had shown that people exhibiting personality traits like sensation-seeking are more likely to become entrepreneurs than their less outgoing and more level-headed peers. Dr Arvey and his colleagues found the same effect for extroversion (of which sensation-seeking is but one facet). There was, however, an interesting twist. Their studyof 1,285 pairs of identical twins and 849 pairs of same-sex fraternal onessuggests that genes help explain extroversion only in women. In men, this trait is instilled environmentally. Businesswomen, it seems, are born. But businessmen are made. Source: Time Questions You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 to 14 which are based on Reading Passage 1 Questions 1 to 7 Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A G. From the list of headings below, choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph. Write the appropriate numbers I ix in boxes 1 7 on your answer sheet.

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.

The hard-pressed business manager. Biology and behaviour. The management science. Dr Zyphurs garb. Richard Arveys research. Richard Arvey. The difference between twins. The identical twins. The twin studies.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Paragraph A Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F Paragraph G

Questions 8 10 Choose the correct letters, A, B, C or D Write your answers in boxes 8 10 on your answer sheet. 8 Genes really do account for a substantial proportion of A. B. C. D. 9 A. B. C. D. 10 A. B. C. D. The difference between siblings. The differences between individuals. The semblance between individuals. The semblance between twins. The management science has been dominated by The standard social science model. The standard science model. The political model. The business and entrepreneur model. biology and behaviour in the same sentence confuses with Nature and nurture. Bringing up of children. Nature and civilisation. Nurture only.

Questions 11 14 Complete each of the following statements (questions 11 14) with the best endings A G from the box below Write the appropriate letters A G in boxes 11 14 on your answer sheet. 11 Dr Shane observes genetic influence 12 Dr Arvey and his colleagues found 13 Non-identical twins share only half 14 The science of comparing identical with non-identical twins is still seen as

A B C D E F

Some differences among triplets. Their DNAs. The same effect for extroversion. Like all other siblings. The same effect of introversion. A good way of distinguishing the effects of genes from those of upbringing. G Over which jobs people choose.

Reading passage 2 A. When I relocated from New York City to Seoul, South Korea's capital, in 1996, I found the city vibrant and fascinating, but also surprisingly provincial. Koreans preferred their fermented kimchi over any other food, and though I grew to enjoy the spicy staple, a longing for familiarity and the feebleness of my digestive system occasionally demanded a respite from the chili-laden cabbage. That proved challenging. Aside from some fast-food joints and wallet-straining restaurants at five-star hotels, foreign cuisine was hard to come by. It's why I have such fond memories of Lee Je Chun. While studying and working in Germany, Lee acquired a taste for things European, so in 1992, he opened the Jell, a shop that sold wine, cheese, pasta, sausages and other imported delicacies. The occasional chunk of cheddar I'd buy was a cherished reminder of a home far away. B. A few weeks ago, I returned to my old neighborhood in Seoul for the first time in 10 years, and much to my surprise, Lee and the Jell are still there. But it wasn't the same place where I shopped in the 1990s. Lee no longer sells food: foreign goodies can now readily be found at supermarkets and Costco outlets. Instead, Lee has built a private club for wine lovers, where he hosts tastings for members who pay a $900 annual fee. In its earlier form, the Jell catered largely to expatriates; today the wine club's members are nearly all locals. Koreans have caught on to the pleasures of a good wine. "Korea has changed a lot," Lee says. "Koreans are opening their minds." C. The results are striking. Thirty years ago, Korea was poorer than Malaysia and Mexico. Since then, its GDP per capita has surged by a factor of 10 to $17,000, more than double the levels in those countries. GDP growth was 0.2% in 2009, when much of the rest of the world was contracting, and is estimated to be 6% this year. Yet when I left Korea in 2000, it was an open question whether its success could continue. The embarrassing memories of the 1997 Asian financial crisis were still fresh, and Koreans were worrying that they would lose out to a rising China. D. Over the past decade, however, Korea has reinvented itself it's an Asian miracle again. Korea has become an innovator, an economy that doesn't just make stuff, but designs and develops products, infuses them with the latest technology, and then brands and markets them worldwide, with style and smarts. Samsung and LG, not the Japanese electronics giants, are dominating the hot new LCD-TV business. In 4G phone technology, Samsung is poised to become a leading force, while Hyundai Motor, an industry joke a decade ago, is a top-five automaker, its rising market share fueled by quality cars and nifty marketing. E. "'Made in Korea' used to be synonymous with cheap and imitative," says Bernie Cho, president of DFSB Kollective, a start-up that markets Korean pop music internationally. "Now it's become premium and innovative." New industries, from online games to pop music, have emerged as powerhouses. Politically as well, Korea is stepping out of Washington's shadow and becoming an influential voice in its own right. Symbolic of that new role, Seoul is hosting the G-20 summit on Nov. 11 and 12, the first Asian country to do so. This nation is a global leader-in-waiting. F. Part of Korea's success is simple commitment. Koreans spend some 3.5% of their GDP on R&D, compared with 1.5% in China and less than 1% in Malaysia and India. Innovation, however, isn't

something that can be conjured up in government offices or corporate boardrooms. You can tell people to work harder or build a more modern factory, but you can't order them to think better or be more creative. That change has to take place inside people's heads. In Korea, it has. G. Koreans have become more accepting of diversity and outside influences and quicker to shed old prejudices. Such an outlook was brought about by a fundamental (and continuing) reformation of Korean society. Koreans are breaking down the barriers that held the nation back, a process fostered by political freedom and a passionate embrace of the forces of globalization. Says Cho: "Korea has gone from being a hermit kingdom, from a closed door, to open arms." Source: Time Questions You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15 27 which are based on Reading Passage 2 Questions 15 19 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 15 -19 in your answer sheet write TRUE FALSE NOT GIVEN 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. if the statement agrees with the information if the statement contradicts the information if there is no information on this

The narrator liked the city of Seoul. Koreans have overcome their crisis in the last few years quite prominently. People like to purchase things with a made in Korea stamp. The narrator relocated himself from Korea to the US. Thirty years ago, Korea was poorer than Malaysia and Mexico.

Question 20 23 Look at the following topics (questions 20 23) and the list of statements below. Match each topic to the correct statement. Write the correct letter A G in boxes 1 4 on your answer sheet. 20. 21. 22. 23. LCD-TV business Bernie Cho Costco outlets Lee Je Chun

A B C D E F G

He is helping people across the country to build outlets. Foreign goodies can now readily be found. These are booming heavily. Is a consulting firm. He found a new Korea. LG and Samsung are the leaders. He is the president of DFSB Kollective.

Questions 24 27 Complete the following statements with the correct alternative from the box. Write the correct letter A F in boxes 24 27 on your answer sheet. 24. 25. 26. 27. Korea has reinvented itself 'Made in Korea' used to be synonymous Koreans have become more accepting of diversity and Seoul is hosting the G-20 summit on Nov. 11 and 12,

A With cheap and imitative. B The first Asian country to do so. C It's an Asian miracle again. D The first south Asian country to do so. E Innovations. F High market shares may be more resilient.

Reading Passage 3 A. Taking the witness stand for a second day, Elizabeth Smart provided a riveting account of how she survived nine months as a prisoner of the man on trial, Brian David Mitchell. It was, she told the Salt Lake City jury, a seemingly hopeless life, as Mitchell took his first wife, Wanda Barzee, and his second "wife" Elizabeth whom he had married in a self-presided ceremony shortly after kidnapping her on June 5, 2002 on religious wanderings, partly to search for a potential third wife. They dressed in biblical robes, evaded the police, slipped in and out of Salt Lake City from their mountain hideaway and even relocated briefly to Southern California. B. During this time, Elizabeth said she was set free from the tether that anchored her to a tree when she was abducted (see Elizabeth Smart's previous testimony). The three took frequent trips to Salt Lake City together eating at restaurants, attending large house parties, spending time in public parks, staying at people's houses and traveling by public transportation, all done

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

while a massive search for the young girl was under way. Elizabeth's face was plastered on billboards and taped on flyers in shop windows across the Salt Lake valley. Elizabeth said Mitchell showed her articles on the massive search saying that "we were being protected by God [because] they weren't able to find us." For their trips to Salt Lake City, Mitchell instructed Elizabeth that she needed to stay next to him at all times, that she wasn't to speak to anyone or go anywhere without him. He had already threatened her with death for disobedience several times. Prior to the first trip to Salt Lake City, Elizabeth said, Mitchell told her to remove the remnants of blue toenail polish because there "couldn't be any sort of mark or sign that I was Elizabeth Smart." When people did try to speak with the teenager, Mitchell would step in. Once at a large keg party, a young man approached Elizabeth and tried to talk with her. "It felt very much like he was flirting with me, that he was hitting on me," Elizabeth told the jury. "The defendant came up and said, 'This is my daughter. She can't speak to you.'" Elizabeth was always introduced as the daughter of Barzee and Mitchell, not as his wife. But there was little that was fatherly in the way he treated her, allegedly raping her even while they were guests in the home of one hospitable stranger they met in Salt Lake City. In the fall of 2002, Mitchell and his wives were nearly discovered. During a visit to a Salt Lake City library, Elizabeth recalled, a homicide detective approached her and asked her to remove the veil that she and Barzee were forced to wear to cover the lower half of their face. Elizabeth and Barzee had just emerged from the restrooms, and Mitchell had not returned yet. "I remember a man approaching us as the defendant was walking back," Elizabeth told the jury. "He introduced himself as a homicide detective. He wanted me to remove the veil so he could see my face. [Barzee's] hand was clenching my leg. I interpreted it to mean 'Don't say anything, don't move.' [The detective] was looking for Elizabeth Smart." When Mitchell returned, he stood between Elizabeth and the detective and calmly explained that removing the veil was not allowed in their religion, that only the girl's husband would be able to see her face. "I felt helpless walking out the [library] door," Elizabeth said on the stand. "I was mad at myself that I didn't say anything. I felt upset with myself that I hadn't done anything." According to her, Mitchell said that the close encounter was a sign "that the Lord was really protecting us" but that also "it was a sign that it was time for [us] to leave." Mitchell decided the three had to relocate to the San Diego area to find another wife. He had already made a botched attempt to kidnap one of Elizabeth's cousins on July 24. He wanted a devout Mormon like Elizabeth who was young and thus "still malleable," she said. To prepare for the move to California, Mitchell spent time panhandling for money. "To me it felt fake, but I guess to whomever saw him, he seemed quiet, very genuine, very calm, very sincere in his panhandling," Elizabeth testified. "He wasn't serious. He knew how to manipulate people. That's what he was good at."

Source: Time Questions You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28 40 which are based on Reading Passage 3.

Questions 28 32 The passage has seven paragraphs labelled AG. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Elizabeth Smart survived nine months as a prisoner of the man on trial, Brian David Mitchell. Mitchell and his wives were nearly discovered. Mitchell instructed Elizabeth that she needed to stay next to him at all times. Elizabeth was always introduced as the daughter of Barzee and Mitchell. Elizabeth's face was plastered on billboards and taped on flyers in shop windows across the Salt Lake valley.

Questions 33 36 Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 3. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet. 33. 34. 35. 36. Mitchell told her to remove the remnants of blue . Elizabeth and Barzee were forced to wear to cover . approached her and asked her to remove the veil. The close encounter was a sign "that the Lord was .

Questions 37 40 Complete the summary of the paragraphs E G below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet. Elizabeth said on the stand that she was 37 Mitchell decided the three had to relocate to the San Diego area to 38 Mitchell spent time 39 . He knew how 40