Lesson plan . Subject: Maths.

Grade level: 1th Upper secondary school Author: Giulio Prevedello Time: 2 x 55 minutes

Title: Equation

Lesson Plan Type: Direct Instruction, Interactive Instruction, Drill and Practice ( repetitive practice: it refers to small tasks .) Content : Introduction to the meaning of the equation and the method of solving an equation. Teaching aims: Translate expressions in natural language in algebraic language and then in the form of equations, and vice versa. learn to use algebraic equations, how useful and effective tool for solving problems; Learning Outcomes Know and objectives what are equations; using inverses of operations They are writing on the board so that learners are clear about what they should achieve by the end of the lessons. Assessment Content and language: Summative (standard test) and formative (informal) assessment. Can the learners define an equation, define inverses of operations solve equations, solving problems with equations. Communication Pairs Check Solve and check with partner, simple problems proposed as: for example Find two natural numbers whose product is equal to 34; Find two natural numbers whose product is equal to 28; Find two positive decimal numbers whose sum is 8. Key words Brackets ( )
2 3 square root 9 or powers such as x or x . Divide Multiply Add + Subtract A number x plus two: x + 2

Be able to: solving complex equations Be aware: application of equations for solving problems.

( Vocabulary

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Three times a number : 3x Seven subtracted from a number: 7- x x A number divided by three: 3 Two different number added together: x+y A number multiplied by itself x 2 Term: each part of a line of algebra. E.g.: In 3x-5=7 3x, -5, and 7 are all terms. Like terms:: terms which involve the same letter and the same index. Brackets:: these tell you which part of the sum to do first. Cognition Thinking Skills Citizenship Meaning of a solution of an equation; meaning of equation determined, impossible, indeterminate Use mathematical concepts in real-life problems Diophantus "Father of algebra" 250 C.E. (C:ECommon Era or A.D anno domine.) (http://www.mathsisfun.com/puzzles/diophantus-solution.html) Introduce the meaning of equation with examples. Explain the significance of variable or unknown. Define what is the set of solutions of an equation.. Introduce the meaning of inverse operations for addition and multiplication. Give some examples. Historical reminders to the founder of algebra "Diophantus". Make a summative test, to assess the understanding of the topic. Use an online dictionary with an audio function to hear maths vocabulary pronounced, e.g. http://www.amathsdictionaryforkids.com/dictionary.html use a grammar reference book in order to practise producing complex sentences such as conditional forms, e.g. If you multiply x by 10, youll see that __________. Use easy words for the explanations and vocabulary Websites http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/math/HCPSAlgebra1/module3-1.html http://eliana-mate-fisica.wikispaces.com/1AL-CLILLINEAR+EQUATIONS http://www.mathsisfun.com/puzzles/diophantus-solution.html http://www.amathsdictionaryforkids.com/dictionary.html Mathematics C. Meyrick, J. Roberts Oxford (Content and Language support)

Procedure

Resources

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Subject : Maths

Title Equation

This morning Im going to talk about equations. Main points what are equations; using inverses solving equations application of equations for solving problems

Step-By-Step Procedures:

Lesson 1 A Puzzle
If we want the equality becomes true, what is the missing number?

The answer is 6, right? Because 6 - 2 = 4.

Well, in Algebra we don't use blank boxes, we use a letter (usually an x or y, but any letter is fine). So we would write:

x
And when you solve it you write:

It is really that simple. The letter (in this case an x) just means "we don't know this yet", and is often called the unknown or the variable.

x
Why Use a Letter?
Because:

it is easier to write "x" than drawing empty boxes (and easier to say "x" than "the empty box"). if there were several empty boxes (several "unknowns") we can use a different letter for each one. So x is simply better than having an empty box. We aren't trying to make words with it!

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And it doesn't have to be x, it could be y or w ... or any letter or symbol you like.

What are equations?

An equation is an equality between two algebraic expression which is true for some numeric values given to their variables. The algebraic expression before the equal sign is called the left side or first side, the one after the equals sign is called the right side or second side. The solution set of an equations consists of all the values that satisfy the equation. If S R (S is contained in R, the solution set of equation is a subset of R) the equation is called determinate equation. If S (the solution set of equation is empty set) the equation is called impossible equation If S R (the solution set of the equation is R) then the equation is called an indeterminate equation. In the solving process of an equation: You can add or subtract the same quantity to both sides without altering the solution set of equation. You can multiply or divide both sides by the same non-zero quantity without altering the solution set of the equation. Formulae A formula is any equation involving the use of variables. To make a variable the subject of the formula means to isolate it on the left side of the formula. Example: Make y the subject of the formula x 2 y 4 Isolate y on left side (subtract x from both sides): x 2 y x x 4 2 y x 4 Divide both sides by -2: 2y 4 x x y 2 2 2 2

Using formulae A formula is a short and simple way to explain and remember a complicated idea. You can say: To find the circumference of a circle you must double the length of the radius, then multiply by pi ( ). You can also write this as formula: C 2 r

Example
'I think of a number, add four, and the answer is seven.' Written algebraically, this statement is 'x + 4 = 7', where 'x' represents the number you thought of. 4/11

'x + 4 = 7' is an example of an algebraic equation. 'x' represents an unknown number. The number you first thought of must be three (3 + 4 = 7). Therefore, x = 3 is the solution to the equation x + 4 = 7. How to solve using inverses The best way to solve an equation is by using 'inverses', or undoing what the equation is doing. To use this method to solve equations remember that:

adding and subtracting are the inverse - or opposite - of each other multiplying and dividing are the inverse of each other

When you use this method you must perform the same action on both sides. Solve the equation: x - 6 = 9 To get x on its own, we need to add 6. If you add 6 to one side of the equation, you need to add 6 to the other side of the equation.

x-6+6=9+6 x = 15 Solve the equation 2y = 6 to find the value of y.

Question

Answer To get y on its own, we need to divide it by 2. As you already know, you must always perform the same operation on both sides of the equation. 2y 6 2 2 y=3

The following is a typical question: Solve the equation: 2a + 3 = 7 Sometimes you need to use the inverses method more than once to solve an equation. Here is how to solve 2a + 3 = 7 using inverses.

2a + 3 = 7 Undo the + 3 by subtracting 3 2a + 3 - 3 = 7 - 3

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2a = 4 Then undo the multiply by 2 by dividing by 2 - again on both sides 2a 4 2 2

The answer is: a = 2

Unknowns on both sides of the equation

Sometimes you will be asked to solve an equation with unknowns on both sides of the equation. Remember that whatever you do to one side you must also do to the other. Question Solve the equation 3b + 4 = b + 12, and find the value of b.

Answer First, you need to get all the b terms on the same side of the equation. Subtract b from both sides. 3b - b + 4 = 12 Then simplify. 2b + 4 = 12 Subtract 4 from both sides. 2b = 8 To find the value of b, divide both sides by 2. b=4

Equations with brackets

If an equation has brackets in it, one method of solving it is to multiply out the brackets first, for example: Solve the equation: 3(b + 2) = 15

3(b + 2) = 15 Multiply out the brackets. Remember, everything inside the brackets gets multiplied by 3. 3 b + 3 2 = 15 When you have multiplied out the brackets you get: 3b + 6 = 15 Next, undo the + 6. In other words, do the inverse and subtract 6 from both sides. 6/11

3b + 6 - 6 = 15 - 6 So 3b = 9

Therefore, to find out what b is you need to do the inverse of multiplying by 3 which is dividing by 3. So b = 3 Comprension Diophantus

The Puzzle. We know very little about the life of the mathematician Diophantus (often known as the 'father of algebra') except that he was a Greek mathematician who worked at the library of Alexandria and he lived around the year 250 AD.. Before Diophantus everyone wrote out equations completely in words. He had the idea of using short forms of words and symbol for operations. Diophantus was also studied by Arab mathematicians such as Al-Khwarizmi who is also given the name the father of algebraby some scholars, because he used the ideas and improved them. However, there remains a riddle that describes the spans of Diophantus's life: "This tomb hold Diophantus. Ah, what a marvel! And the tomb tells scientifically the measure of his life. God vouchsafed that he should be a boy for the sixth part of his life; when a twelfth was added, his cheeks acquired a beard; He kindled for him the light of marriage after a seventh, and in the fifth year after his marriage He granted him a son. Alas! late-begotten and miserable child, when he had reached the measure of half his father's life, the chill grave took him. After consoling his grief by this science of numbers for four years, he reached the end of his life." In simpler English it says: Diophantus's youth lasted 1/6 of his life. He had the first beard in the next 1/12 of his life. At the end of the following 1/7 of his life Diophantus got married. Five years from then his son was born. His son lived exactly an half of Diophantus's life. Diophantus died 4 years after the death of his son. How long did Diophantus live?

a Where did Diophantus work?

e How long was he married before is son was 7/11

born? b Who is also called the father of algebra ? 1 1 or ? 6 12

f Which fraction is larger,

c Which mathematician worked on the idea of algebra first? d What do the words riddle and span?

g How else can you write a half?

h Can you work out how old Diophantus was when he died?

Guided Practice Guide students as you give them the following examples to solve. Solve for x. 1. x + 3 = 10 What's the value of x?

2.

/2 = 5 What's the value of x?

3.

x - 5 = 12 What's the value of x?

A number of examples for students to work on will give them opportunity to solve various problems with different degree of difficulty. You may ask students to summarize the lesson for the day, stating the important points to remember in solving equations

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Lesson 2 Guided Practice Extension: Guide students as you give them the following examples to solve. 2 Write an equation, and solve each problem.

Assessment Pairs Check: Pair students and provide them with problems similar to the guided practice. Have student complete one step of a problem and then pass the paper to their partner. The second student will complete the next step and return the problem to the first student. Have them continue this process until the problem is solved. Emphasize to each partner that before a student does his or her part, he/she needs to review the step done by the first student. This way theyd correct any errors they may have made in solving the problem. This activity provides increased interaction and helps English learners develop understanding and can provide one-to-one tutelage if needed. Examples Think of a number, add two, double that answer and subtract six. The answer is forty two. A rectangle has perimeter of forty-two centimetres. The rectangle is three centimetres longer than is wide. How wide ist it? . Three consecutive even numbers add up to forty-two. What is the first number?

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Graphic Organizer: Provide students with an organizer that is shaped like a T-chart. On the left column of the chart is where the students show their work, while the right column shows the reason for each step in students work. This process will help English learners clarify their understanding of the vocabulary and mechanics of solving equations. WORK EXPLANATION

Real life examples

Mt. Everest in Nepal is the world's tallest mountain, about 29,000 ft. high. It is twice as high as Mount Whitney in California. How high is Mount Whitney? We can write a multiplication equation to find the answer to problems like this. Our unknown number is the height of Mount Whitney. Let x represent this height. We know that 2x is the height of Mount Everest. We can write our equation like this: 2x = 29,000 ft To solve this equation, we can use the inverse of multiplying by 2, which is dividing by 2. If we divide the left side of the equation by 2, we will get x alone on the left. Remember, any operation done to one side must also be done to the other side, so we must also divide the right side by 2.

We divide, and find that x is equal to 14,500 ft. This is very close to the actual height of Mount Whitney, which is 14,494 ft.

The continental United States - the lower 48 states - has about 16,900 miles of shoreline. This is about the length of the shoreline of Alaska. About how many miles of shoreline does Alaska have? We can write a division equation to find the answer to problems like this. Our unknown number is the length of shoreline in Alaska. Let x represent this number. We know that x divided by 2 is the approximate length of shoreline in the lower 48 states. We can write the equation like this:

To solve this equation, we can use the inverse multiplying by 2. If we multiply the left side of the equation by 2, we will get x alone on the left. Remember, any operation done to one side must also be done to the other side, so we must also multiply the right side by 2.

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We multiply, and find that x, the length of the shoreline of Alaska, is equal to 33,800 miles. To check our answer, we substitute the value of 33,800 into the original equation, like this.

GLOSSARY a+b ab ab a:b a/b 1/3 3/ 4 1/ 2 -3 ( ) unknown variable left (hand) side right (hand) side to add to to subtract from to multiply by to divide by Solution set = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = a plus b a minus b a times b a divided by b a over b one third three quarters one half (a half) Minus (or negative) three ( the opposite of plus three ) bracket square bracket brace incognita variabile primo membro (membro a sinistra ) secondo membro ( membro a destra ) addizionare a sottrarre a moltiplicare per dividere per All the values that satisfy the equations

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