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: change in output;
i
: change in input
Example 1:
The resistance value of a Platinum Resistance
Thermometer changes when the temperature
increases. Therefore, the unit of sensitivity for this
equipment is Ohm/C.
Static Characteristics
Sensitivity
Variation of the physical variables
Most sensitive
Example 2:
Pressure sensor A with a value of 2 bar
caused a deviation of 10 degrees. Therefore,
the sensitivity of the equipment is 5
degrees/bar.
Sensitivity of the whole system is (k) = k
1
x k
2
x k
3
x .. x k
n
k
1
k
2
k
3
o
Static Characteristics
Consider a measuring system consisting of a
transducer, amplifier and a recorder, with sensitivity for
each equipment given below:
Transducer sensitivity 0.2 mV/C
Amplifier gain 2.0 V/mV
Recorder sensitivity 5.0 mV/V
Therefore, Sensitivity of the whole system:
(k) = k
1
x k
2
x k
3
k = 0.2 mV x 2.0 V x 5.0 mV
C mV V
k = 2.0 mV/C
Static Characteristics
Example
:
Example :
The output of a platinum resistance thermometer (RTD)
PT-100 is as follows:
Calculate the sensitivity of the equipment.
Answer :
Draw an input versus output graph. From that graph, the
sensitivity is the slope of the graph.
K =
i
(470-270) C @370 C
!nput(K) Output(Ohm)
270 98.763
370 137.310
+70 174.697
570 210.929
670 246.005
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
200 300 400 500 600 700
Series1
8. DEAD SPACE / DEAD BAND
Defined as the range of input reading when
there is no change in output (unresponsive
system, caused by friction, backlash).
Dead Space
Output
Reading
Measured
Variables
-
+
Static Characteristics
9. RESOLUTION
The smallest change in input reading that
produces a measurable change in the
output (smallest measurable input change).
Specified in the form % of full scale (% fs)
Static Characteristics
10. THRESHOLD
When the reading of an input is increased
from zero, the input reading will reach a
certain value before change occurs in the
output.
The minimum limit of the input reading is
threshold (smallest measurable input).
Static Characteristics
Dynamic Characteristics
Explain the behaviour of instruments
when the input signal is continuously
changing
May be demonstrated by employing
standard input functions such as step
input, ramp input and sine input.
Step Input
Sudden change in input signal from steady
state to an increased or decreased value
The output signal for this kind of input is
known as transient response of the
instrument
Input
Time
Dynamic Characteristics
Ramp Input
The input signal changes linearly with
time
The output signal for ramp input is a
delayed ramp response.
Input/
Normalized
output
Time
Dynamic Characteristics
Sine-wave Input
Input is a sine function e.g. H Sin(t)
The output signal is a generic (out of phase) sine
function a Cos(t) + b Sin(t)
Study of output amplitude and phase gives the
frequency response of the instrument
Input
Time
Dynamic Characteristics
Response time
One would like to have a
measurement system
with fast response.
In other words, the effect
of the measurement
system on the
measurement should be
as small as possible.
Example of dynamic characteristics
Response from a 2
nd
order instrument:
Output
100%
90%
10%
tr
Time
Dip effect
Another kind of dynamic error
How to use measured data
thermistor
Thermocouple
PRT
Thermocouple characteristics Thermistor & PT100 characteristics
Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Need to calibrate
Calibration table
Calibration curve
Need to calibrate
Linear sensors
Spring scale
LVDT
Need to calibrate
Linear calibration
curve
What did we actually measure
Radiation effect in thermocouple
installations. Thermocouple sees
furnace parts at high, low as well
as intermediate temperatures
Immersion effect. Thermal
mass of the thermometer
changes the system. Heat
dissipated by thermometer
What did we actually measure
Loading effect
Voltage
dropped
Cold junction compensation