Kossa ContMech Problems 2012 Fall

BMEGEMMMW03 / Continuum Mechanics / Exercises 6 September 2012
EXERCISE 1
The following two vectors (a and b) are given in the Cartesian coordinate system {e
i
}:
a = 7e
1
+ 2e
2
5e
3
, b = 3e
1
+ 6e
2
+ 4e
3
. (1)
Calculate the following quantities:
(a) a b,
(b) a b,
(c) a ,
(d) e
a
(unit vector in the direction of a),
(e) (the angle between a and b),
(f) a b.
SOLUTION
(a) The scalar (inner) product of a and b is
a b = a
i
b
i
= 7 (3) + 2 6 + (5) 4 = 29. (2)
(b) The cross product a b gives a new vector:
a b =
e
1
e
2
e
3
7 2 5
3 6 4
= a
i
b
j
ijk
e
k
= e
1
(2 4 (5) 6) e
2
(7 4 (5) (3)) +e
3
(7 6 2 (3))
= 38e
1
13e
2
+ 48e
3
. (3)
Thus the new vector in matrix notation has the form
[a b] =
_
_
38
13
48
_
_
. (4)
(c) The norm (lenght) of the given vectors:
a =
a a =
a
i
a
i
=
_
7
2
+ 2
2
+ (5)
2
=
78
= 8.832, (5)
b =
b b =
_
b
j
b
j
=
_
(3)
2
+ 6
2
+ 4
2
=
61
= 7.810. (6)
(d) The unit vector in the direction of a is computed by dividing a with its lenght a, i.e.
e
a
=
a
a
=
7
78
e
1
+
2
78
e
2
78
e
3
, [e
a
]
=
_
_
0.793
0.226
0.566
_
_
. (7)
(e) The angle dened between a and b is calculated by the relation
= arccos
_
a b
a b
_
= arccos
_
29
78
61
_
= 2.00471 rad
= 114.861
. (8)
1
(f) Dyadic product of a and b yields a 2nd-order tensor:
a b = a
i
b
j
e
i
e
j
(9)
= a
1
b
1
e
1
e
1
+ a
1
b
2
e
1
e
2
+ a
1
b
3
e
1
e
3
+a
2
b
1
e
2
e
1
+ a
2
b
2
e
2
e
2
+ a
2
b
3
e
2
e
3
+a
3
b
1
e
3
e
1
+ a
3
b
2
e
3
e
2
+ a
3
b
3
e
3
e
3
, (10)
where
[e
1
e
1
] =
_
_
1 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, [e
1
e
2
] =
_
_
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, [e
1
e
3
] =
_
_
0 0 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (11)
[e
2
e
1
] =
_
_
0 0 0
1 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
, [e
2
e
2
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
_
_
, [e
2
e
3
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
, (12)
[e
3
e
1
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
1 0 0
_
_
, [e
3
e
2
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
_
_
, [e
3
e
3
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (13)
The matrix representation of the dyad a b then
[a b] =
_
_
21 42 28
6 12 8
15 30 20
_
_
. (14)
2
EXERCISE 2
Two 2nd-order tensors (A and B) are given in matrix form as
[A] =
_
_
7 9 8
3 2 5
5 1 6
_
_
, [B] =
_
_
2 6 5
6 1 2
5 2 9
_
_
. (15)
Determine the following quantities:
(a) A : B,
(b) det(AB),
(c) B
1
,
(d) A,
(e) I
B
, II
B
, III
B
,
(f) symmetric and skewsymmetric parts of A,
(g) eigenvalues and eigenvectors of B,
(h) spectral representation of B.
SOLUTION
(a) The double-contraction between A and B is calculated by
A : B = A
ij
B
ij
(16)
= A
11
B
11
+ A
12
B
12
+ A
13
B
13
+A
21
B
21
+ A
22
B
22
+ A
23
B
23
+A
31
B
31
+ A
32
B
32
+ A
33
B
33
, (17)
= 7 2 + (9) (6) + 8 5
+3 (6) + (2) (1) + 5 2
+5 5 + 1 2 + 6 9, (18)
A : B = 183. (19)
The solution can be obtained using the identity:
A : B = tr
_
A
T
B
_
= tr
_
AB
T
_
= tr
_
_
108 17 89
43 6 56
34 19 81
_
_
= 108 + (6) + 81 = 183. (20)
(b)
det (AB) =
108 17 89
43 6 56
34 19 81
(21)
= 108 [(6) (81) (56) (19)] (17) [(43) (81) (56) (34)]
+(89) [(43) (19) (6) (34)] , (22)
det (AB) = 34710. (23)
(c) The inverse of B is computed by the fomrula
B
1
=
adjB
detB
, (24)
3
where the adjugate matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix:
[adjB] =
_
1 2
2 9
6 2
5 9
6 1
5 2
6 5
2 9
2 5
5 9
2 6
5 2
6 5
1 2
2 5
6 2
2 6
6 1
_
T
(25)
=
_
_
13 64 7
64 7 34
7 34 38
_
_
(26)
and
detB =
2 6 5
6 1 2
5 2 9
= 445. (27)
Therefore the invrese reads as
_
B
1
=
1
(445)
_
_
13 64 7
64 7 34
7 34 38
_
_
_
_
0.0292135 0.14382 0.0157303
0.14382 0.0157303 0.0764045
0.0157303 0.0764045 0.0853933
_
_
. (28)
(d) The norm of A is given by
A =
A : A =
_
tr
_
AA
T
=
_
tr
_
A
T
A
17.1464282. (29)
(e) The principal scalar invariants are:
I
B
= trB = 2 1 + 9 = 10, (30)
II
B
=
1
2
_
I
2
B
tr
_
B
2
__
=
1
2
_
_
10
2
tr
_
_
65 4 43
4 41 14
43 14 110
_
_
_
_
= 58, (31)
III
B
= detB =
2 6 5
6 1 2
5 2 9
= 445.
(f) The symmetric and skewsymmetric parts of tensor A are:
A
symm
=
1
2
_
A+A
T
_
, [A
symm
] =
_
_
7 3 6.5
3 2 3
6.5 3 6
_
_
, (32)
A
skew
=
1
2
_
AA
T
_
, [A
skew
] =
_
_
0 6 1.5
6 0 2
1.5 2 0
_
_
. (33)
4
(g) The Cardanos solution for the eigenvalues of real symmetric 3 3 matrix B can be deter-
mined with the following algorithm:
P =
1
3
_
(I
2
B
3II
B
) =
274
3
= 5.5176, (34)
D =
2
27
I
3
B
1
3
I
B
II
B
+ III
B
=
4795
27
= 177.593, (35)
i
= 2Pcos
_
1
3
arccos
_
D
2P
3
_
+ (i 1)
2
3
_
+
1
3
I
B
, i = 1...3. (36)
1

= 11.7075,
2

= 7.0778,
3

= 5.3703. (37)
Eigenvector corresponding to
1
is calculated by
(B
1
I) n
1
= 0, n
1
= n
11
e
1
+ n
12
e
2
+ n
13
e
3
, n
1
= 1, (38)
_
_
9.7075 6 5
6 12.7075 2
5 2 2.7075
_
_
_
_
n
11
n
12
n
13
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
0
_
_
, (39)
9.7075 n
11
6 n
12
+ 5 n
13
= 0, (40)
6 n
11
12.7075 n
12
+ 2 n
13
= 0, (41)
5 n
11
+ 2 n
12
2.7075 n
13
= 0. (42)
Let n
13
= 1, then
9.7075 n
11
6 n
12
= 5, (43)
6 n
11
12.7075 n
12
= 2, (44)
5 n
11
+ 2 n
12
= 2.7075. (45)
From the rst equation we can write
n
12
=
5
6

9.7075
6
n
11
. (46)
Substituting into the second equation we have
6 n
11
12.7075
_
5
6

9.7075
6
n
11
_
= 2 (47)
from which
n
11
= 0.5900, n
12
= 0.1212. (48)
Normalized eigenvector:
n
1
=
n
1
n
1
=
1
_
(0.5900)
2
+ (0.1212)
2
+ 1
1
(0.5900e
1
0.1212e
2
+ 1e
3
) , (49)
[n
1
] =
_
_
0.5054
0.1038
0.8566
_
_
. (50)
5
n
2
can be calculated similarly to n
1
, whereas n
3
have to be determined with n
3
= n
1
n
2
in
order to have right-handed coordinate system of n
1
, n
2
and n
3
.
Finally we have
[n
2
] =
_
_
0.6331
0.7192
0.2863
_
_
, [n
3
] =
_
_
0.5864
0.6870
0.4292
_
_
. (51)
(h) The spectral representation of B reads as
B =
1
n
1
n
1
+
2
n
2
n
2
+
3
n
3
n
3
, (52)
where the following dyads are dened:
[n
1
n
1
] =
_
_
0.255408 0.0524574 0.432924
0.0524574 0.010774 0.0889167
0.432924 0.0889167 0.733818
_
_
, (53)
[n
2
n
2
] =
_
_
0.400774 0.455296 0.181273
0.455296 0.517235 0.205933
0.181273 0.205933 0.0819908
_
_
, (54)
[n
3
n
3
] =
_
_
0.343818 0.402839 0.251651
0.402839 0.471991 0.29485
0.251651 0.29485 0.184191
_
_
. (55)
6
EXERCISE 3
Let C be a symmetric 3 3 matrix:
[C] =
_
_
33 17 10
17 22 5
10 5 38
_
_
(56)
with eigenvalues and eigenvectors
1
= 48.6329,
2
= 37.9255,
2
= 6.44156, (57)
[n
1
] =
_
_
0.755983
0.382872
0.530942
_
_
, [n
2
] =
_
_
0.278709
0.545642
0.790314
_
_
, [n
3
] =
_
_
0.592293
0.745442
0.305786
_
_
. (58)
Calculate the tensor U =
C.
SOLUTION
First, it must to note that
C =
_
_
33
17
10
17
22
10
38
_
_
. (59)
The matrix of C in the Cartesian basis formed by its unit eigenvectors is given by
_
C
_
=
_
Q
T
[C] [Q] =
_
_
1
0 0
0
2
0
0 0
3
_
_
, (60)
where the orthogonal rotation tensor Q is dened by
[Q] =
_
[n
1
] [n
2
] [n
3
]
=
_
_
0.755983 0.278709 0.592293
0.382872 0.545642 0.745442
0.530942 0.790314 0.305786
_
_
. (61)
Q is an orthogonal tensor, i.e. QQ
T
= I, Q
1
= Q
T
.
The matrix of the tensor U in the basis of unit eigenvectors of C (where C is represented by
a diagonal matrix) is computed by
_
U
_
=
__
C
_
=
_
_
1
0 0
0
2
0
0 0
3
_
_
=
_
_
6.97373 0 0
0 6.15837 0
0 0 2.53802
_
_
. (62)
U in the original basis is calculated with the formula
[U] = [Q]
_
U
_
_
Q
T
=
_
_
5.3543 1.83446 0.982972
1.83446 4.26613 0.659494
0.982972 0.659494 6.0497
_
_
. (63)
Verication:
[U] [U] =
_
_
33 17 10
17 22 5
10 5 38
_
_
[C] . (64)
7
EXERCISE 4
Let be the symmetric 2nd-order tensor represented in a coordinate frame by the matrix
[] =
_
_
50 30 40
30 100 20
40 20 10
_
_
. (65)
Determine its spherical and deviatoric parts, respectively.
SOLUTION
Spherical part is computed by
p =
1
3
(tr) I, (66)
[p] =
1
3
(60)
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
20 0 0
0 20 0
0 0 20
_
_
, (67)
whereas the deviatoric part is determined by the relation
s = p =
1
3
(tr) I, (68)
[s] =
_
_
50 30 40
30 100 20
40 20 10
_
_
_
_
20 0 0
0 20 0
0 0 20
_
_
=
_
_
70 30 40
30 80 20
40 20 10
_
_
. (69)
8
EXERCISE 5
Let a new right-handed Cartesian coordinate system be given by the set of basis vectors
e
1
= cose
1
+ sine
2
, (70)
e
2
= sine
1
+ cose
2
. (71)
(a) Find e
3
in terms of the old set of basis vectors.
(b) Find the othogonal matrix [Q] and express the new coordinates in terms of the old one for
the particular value = 30
.
(c) Express vector r = 5e
1
e
2
+ 2e
3
in the new coordinate system.
SOLUTION
(a) Since the coordinate system is right-handed, it follows that
e
3
= e
1
e
2
, (72)
e
3
=
e
1
e
2
e
3
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
= e
3
(73)
(b) The orthogonal tensor Q is constructed by
[Q] =
_
[ e
1
] [ e
2
] [ e
3
]
=
_
_
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
3
2

1
2
0
1
2
3
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (74)
(c) The components of vector r in the new coordinate system is calculated according to
[ r] =
_
Q
T
[r] =
_
_
3
2
1
2
0
1
2
3
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
5
1
2
_
_
=
_
_
5
31
2
5
31
2
2
_
_
=
_
_
3.830
3.366
2
_
_
, (75)
r

= 3.83 e
1
3.366 e
2
+ 2 e
3
. (76)
9
EXERCISE 6
Simplify the expression a (b c) utilizing the rules of the Einsteins summation notation.
SOLUTION
The expression above can be written as
(a
i
e
i
)((b
j
e
j
) (c
k
e
k
)) = a
i
b
j
c
k
e
i
(e
j
e
k
) = a
i
b
j
c
k
jkm
e
i
e
m
= a
i
b
j
c
k
jkm
imp
e
p
. (77)
Thus the pth component (a (b c))
p
reads as
(a (b c))
p
= a
i
b
j
c
k
jkm
imp
= a
i
b
j
c
k
jkm
pim
, (78)
wher the identity
jkm
imp
=
jkm
pim
was employed.
Now we can use the identity
jkm
pim
=
jp
ki
ji
kp
, which yields
(a (b c))
p
= a
i
b
j
c
k
(
jp
ki
ji
kp
) (79)
= a
i
b
p
c
i
a
i
b
i
c
p
= (a
i
c
i
) b
p
(a
i
b
i
) c
p
. (80)
Thus, it follows that
a (b c) = (a c) b (a b) c. (81)
10
EXERCISE 7
Suppose that the scalar eld
(x) =
x
1
+ 4x
2
x
2
3
(1)
describes a physical quantity. Compute the gradient of the above scalar eld at point
P(4, 1, 3).
SOLUTION
The gradient of the scalar eld is given by
grad = =

x
a
e
a
=

x
1
e
1
+

x
2
e
2
+

x
3
e
3
. (2)
Using matrix notation we have
[grad] =
x
1
x
2
x
3
,1
,2
,2
1
2
x
1
4x
2
3
8x
2
x
3
. (3)
Its numerical value at point P(4, 1, 3) is
[grad
P
] =
1
2
4
4 (3)
2
8 (1) (3)
0.25
36
24
. (4)
1
EXERCISE 8
Determine the gradient of the scalar eld
= x
2
1
x
2
7x
3
x
1
(5)
at point P(1, 2, 1) along the direction dened by the unit vector
n =
1
14
(2e
1
+ 3e
2
e
3
) . (6)
SOLUTION
The gradient of the scalar eld at point P is determined by
[grad] =
x
1
x
2
x
3
2x
1
x
2
7x
3
x
2
1
7x
1
, [grad
P
] =
11
1
7
. (7)
Thus, the directional derivative along n is given by
(grad
P
) n = (11e
1
+ 1e
2
+ 7e
3
) (2e
1
+ 3e
2
e
3
)
1
14
=
26
14
6.9488. (8)
2
EXERCISE 9
Let the vector eld u in the rectangular Cartesian coordinate system be the following:
u = (1 + x
1
) e
1
+ x
1
x
2
e
2
+ (x
3
x
1
) e
3
, [u] =
u
1
u
2
u
3
1 + x
1
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
1
. (9)
Compute the gradient of the vector eld u.
SOLUTION
The gradient of u yields the 2nd-order tensor
gradu = u = (u
a
e
a
)

x
b
e
b
=
u
a
x
b
e
a
e
b
= u
a,b
e
a
e
b
, (10)
gradu =
u
1
x
1
e
1
e
1
+
u
1
x
2
e
1
e
2
+
u
1
x
3
e
1
e
3
(11)
+
u
2
x
1
e
2
e
1
+
u
2
x
2
e
2
e
2
+
u
2
x
3
e
2
e
3
(12)
+
u
3
x
1
e
3
e
1
+
u
3
x
2
e
3
e
2
+
u
3
x
3
e
3
e
3
, (13)
[gradu] =
u
1
x
1
u
1
x
2
u
1
x
3
u
2
x
1
u
2
x
2
u
2
x
3
u
3
x
1
u
3
x
2
u
3
x
3
1 0 0
x
2
x
1
0
1 0 1
. (14)
3
EXERCISE 10
Determine the divergence of the vector eld
v = x
1
x
2
x
3
(x
3
e
1
+ x
2
e
2
+ x
1
e
3
) . (15)
at point P(1, 2, 3).
SOLUTION
The divergence of the vector eld v is given by the relation
divv = v =
v
a
x
b
e
a
e
b
=
v
a
x
b
ab
=
v
a
x
a
= v
a,a
(16)
=
v
1
x
1
+
v
2
x
2
+
v
3
x
3
, (17)
divv =
x
2
x
2
3
+ (2x
1
x
2
x
3
) +
x
2
1
x
2
= x
2
(x
1
+ x
3
)
2
. (18)
At point P we have the numerical value
divv
P
= 2 (1 + 3)
2
= 32. (19)
4
EXERCISE 11
Calculate the divergence of the 2nd-order tensor eld
[A] =
x
2
1
x
2
2
7 4x
2
x
3
5
x
3
2
1 x
1
x
3
(20)
from the left at point P(2, 3, 4).
SOLUTION
The divergence of A is computed as
divA = A =
A
x
c
e
c
=
A
ab
x
c
e
a
(e
b
e
c
) =
A
ab
x
c
bc
e
a
= A
ab,c
bc
e
a
= A
ab,b
e
a
. (21)
Using matrix notation we arrive at
[divA] =
A
11
x
1
+
A
12
x
2
+
A
13
x
3
A
21
x
1
+
A
22
x
2
+
A
23
x
3
A
31
x
1
+
A
32
x
2
+
A
33
x
3
2x
1
1 + 0
0 + 4x
3
0 + 0 + x
1
2x
1
1
4x
3
x
1
. (22)
At point P:
[divA
P
] =
3
16
2
. (23)
5
EXERCISE 12
Determine the curl of the vector eld given by its matrix representation in the {x, y, z} coor-
dinate system
[v] =
xyz
y
2
+ xz
x y
. (24)
SOLUTION
The curl of the vector eld v yield the new vector
curlv = v = e
a
v
x
a
=
v
b
x
a
e
a
e
b
=
v
b
x
a
abc
e
c
= v
b,a
abc
e
c
. (25)
Using matrix notation:
[curlv] =
x 1
xy 1
z xz
. (26)
6
EXERCISE 13
Calculate the curl of the following 2nd-order tensor eld:
[A] =
xy y z
2
1 z 0
0 y y
. (27)
SOLUTION
The curl of A is dened by
curlA = A =

x
a
e
a
(A
bc
e
b
e
c
) =
A
bc
x
a
e
a
(e
b
e
c
) (28)
=
A
bc
x
a
abd
e
d
e
c
= A
bc,a
abd
e
d
e
c
. (29)
In matrix representation:
[curlA] =
A
b1,a
ab1
A
b2,a
ab1
A
b3,a
ab1
A
b1,a
ab2
A
b2,a
ab2
A
b3,a
ab2
A
b1,a
ab3
A
b2,a
ab3
A
b3,a
ab3
. (30)
Using the rule for the permutation symbol, we arrive at the matrix
[curlA] =
A
31,2
A
21,3
A
32,2
A
22,3
A
33,2
A
23,3
A
11,3
A
31,1
A
12,3
A
32,1
A
13,3
A
33,1
A
21,1
A
11,2
A
22,1
A
12,2
A
23,1
A
13,2
. (31)
[curlA] =
0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 2z 0
0 x 0 1 0 0
. (32)
Thus, the nal result is
[curlA] =
0 0 1
0 0 2z
x 1 0
. (33)
7
EXERCISE 14
Suppose that the motion of a continuous body is given by the mapping
(X, t) = (X
1
+ tX
2
) e
1
+
_
X
2
t
2
X
1
_
e
2
+ (X
3
) e
3
. (1)
The motion is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Illustration of the motion
Determine the inverse mapping X =
1
(x, t).
SOLUTION
The motion is described by linear combinations. Thus it can be written as
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
X
1
+ tX
2
X
2
t
2
X
1
X
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 t 0
t
2
1 0
0 0 1
_
_
_
_
X
1
X
2
X
3
_
_
. (2)
The inverse motion is derived by solving the following system of equations:
x
1
= X
1
+ tX
2
, (3)
x
2
= X
2
t
2
X
1
, (4)
x
3
= X
3
. (5)
Thus, the inverse mapping X =
1
(x, t) has the form
1
(x, t) =
1
1 + t
3
(x
1
tx
2
) E
1
+
1
1 + t
3
_
t
2
x
1
+ x
2
_
E
2
+ x
3
E
3
.
1
EXERCISE 15
Suppose that the deformation of a continuous body at a xed time is given by
(X) = (3 2X
1
X
2
) e
1
+
_
2 +
1
2
X
1
1
2
X
2
_
e
2
+ (X
3
) e
3
. (6)
Determine the matrix representation of the deformation gradient and its inverse.
SOLUTION
The denition for the deformation gradient is
F = Grad(X) =
X
=
_

X
a
E
a
_
. (7)
Thus, the matrix representation is given by
[F] =
_
_
x
1
X
1
x
1
X
2
x
1
X
3
x
2
X
1
x
2
X
2
x
2
X
3
x
3
X
1
x
3
X
2
x
3
X
3
_
_
=
_
_
2 1 0
0.5 0.5 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (8)
The inverse deformation gradient can be obtained from the inverse motion. The inverse mapping
for this case is
1
(x) =
_
1
3

1
3
x
1
+
2
3
x
2
_
E
1
+
_
11
3

1
3
x
1
4
3
x
2
_
E
2
+ (x
3
) E
3
. (9)
The inverse deformation gardient is computed by
F
1
= grad
1
(x) =
1
x
=
1
_

x
a
e
a
_
. (10)
Thus
_
F
1
=
_
_
X
1
x
1
X
1
x
2
X
1
x
3
X
2
x
1
X
2
x
2
X
2
x
3
X
3
x
1
X
3
x
2
X
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
1/3 2/3 0
1/3 4/3 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (11)
2
EXERCISE 16
Let the deformation described by the following mapping:
(X) = (1 + X
1
+ X
2
) e
1
+ (X
2
2X
1
) e
2
+ (X
3
) e
3
. (12)
Calculate the stretch corresponding to the material line element (bre), which is oriented in
the reference conguration along the unit vector
[N
1
] =
1
5
_
_
2
1
0
_
_
. (13)
Calculate the stretch corresponding to the material line element (bre), which is oriented in
the spatial conguration along the unit vector
[n
2
] =
1
5
_
_
2
1
0
_
_
. (14)
SOLUTION
The deformation gradient and its inverse for this homogeneous deformation are
[F] =
_
_
1 1 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
,
_
F
1
=
1
3
_
_
1 1 0
2 1 0
0 0 3
_
_
. (15)
The material bre along N
1
is transformed to the spatial conguration according to
FN
1
. (16)
Its length divided by the length of N
1
gives the stretch
N
1
=
|FN
1
|
|N
1
|
=
_
N
1
F
T
F N
1
= 3
_
2
5
1.89737,
The material bre along n
2
is located in the reference conguration along the line element
F
1
n
2
. (17)
The stretch is dened by
n
2
=
|n
2
|
F
1
n
2
=
1
_
n
2
F
T
F
1
n
2
= 3
_
5
26
1.31559. (18)
The streches are illustrated in Figure 2.
It must be noted, that this example is a homogeneous deformation. Consequently material
bre with nite length deform (similarly to the innitesimal material line element) with the
deformation gradient.
3
Referenceconfiguration:
Spatialconfiguration:
Figure 2: Illustration of the stretches
4
EXERCISE 17
Let a 2D motion given by the mapping
(X) = (X
1
X
2
) e
1
+
_
X
1
+ X
2
2
_
e
2
. (19)
Determine the region, where the material points cannot correspond to a real physical deforma-
tion.
SOLUTION
The deformation of a point can correspond to a real physical deformation if J > 0. The
deformation gradient for this non-homogenous deformation is
[F] =
_
X
2
X
1
1 2X
2
_
. (20)
Its determinant
J = detF = 2X
2
2
X
1
. (21)
The non-admissible region is plotted in Figure 3, where the deformation of a square with
dimension of 2x2 is also illustrated.
Figure 3: Illustration of the physically non-admissible region
5
EXERCISE 18
Suppose that the motion of a continuous body is given by
(X) =
_
X
1
1
3
(X
2
X
1
)
_
e
1
+
_
X
2
+
2
3
(X
1
+ X
2
)
_
e
2
+ (X
3
) e
3
. (22)
Determine the following deformation and strain measures: left and right CaucyGreen defor-
mation tensors; Piola deformation tensor; Cauchy deformation tensor; GreenLagrange strain
tensor; EulerAlmansi strain tensor.
SOLUTION
The deformation gardient and its inverse are
[F] =
1
3
_
_
4 1 0
2 5 0
0 0 3
_
_
,
_
F
1
=
1
11
_
_
7.5 1.5 0
3 6 0
0 0 11
_
_
. (23)
Right CauchyGreen deformation tensor:
C = F
T
F, C = C
IJ
E
I
E
J
(24)
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
1
9
_
_
20 6 0
6 26 0
0 0 9
_
_
_
_
2.222 0.667 0
0.667 2.889 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (25)
Piola deformation tensor:
B = C
1
= F
1
F
T
, B = B
IJ
E
I
E
J
(26)
[B] =
_
C
1
=
1
242
_
_
117 27 0
27 90 0
0 0 242
_
_
_
_
0.483 0.112 0
0.112 0.372 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (27)
Left CauchyGreen deformation tensor:
b = FF
T
, b = b
ij
e
i
e
j
(28)
[b] =
_
FF
T
=
1
9
_
_
17 3 0
3 29 0
0 0 9
_
_
_
_
1.889 0.333 0
0.333 3.222 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (29)
Cauchy deformation tensor
c = b
1
= F
T
F
1
, c = c
ij
e
i
e
j
(30)
[c] =
_
b
1
=
1
484
_
_
261 27 0
27 153 0
0 0 484
_
_
_
_
0.539 0.056 0
0.056 0.316 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (31)
GreenLagrange strain
E =
1
2
(C I) = E
IJ
E
I
E
J
(32)
6
[E] =
_
1
2
(C I)
_
=
1
18
_
_
11 6 0
6 17 0
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
0.611 0.333 0
0.333 0.944 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (33)
EulerAlmansi strain
e =
1
2
(i c) = e
ij
e
i
e
j
(34)
[e] =
_
1
2
(i c)
_
=
1
968
_
_
223 27 0
27 331 0
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
0.231 0.028 0
0.028 0.342 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (35)
7
EXERCISE 19
Let a non-homogeneous 2D deformation of a square with dimension 1 1 be given by the
following mapping:
x
1
=
3
2
+ X
1
+
3
2
_
1
5
X
1
+
3
2
X
2
_
2
, x
2
=
3
2
+ X
2
3
2
X
2
1
. (36)
The deformation is illustrated in Figure 4.
Determine the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the left CauchyGreen deformation tensor at
material point P
0
(0.8, 0.2).
Figure 4: Illustration of the motion
SOLUTION
After the deformation, the material point corresponding to P
0
has the following spatial coor-
dinates:
x
1
=
3
2
+ 0.8 +
3
2
_
1
5
0.8 +
3
2
0.2
_
2
= 2.6174, (37)
x
2
=
3
2
+ 0.2
3
2
0.8
2
= 0.74. (38)
P(2.6174, 0.74)
The deformation gradient is
[F] =
_
_
x
1
X
1
x
1
X
2
x
2
X
1
x
2
X
2
_
_
=
_
(1 + 0.12X
1
+ 0.9X
2
) (0.9X
1
+ 6.75X
2
)
3X
1
1
_
. (39)
Its value corresponding to the material point P
0
is
[F] =
_
1.276 2.07
2.4 1
_
. (40)
8
The matrix representation of the left CauchyGreen deformation tensor is given by
[b] =
_
FF
T
=
_
5.91308 0.9924
0.9924 6.76
_
. (41)
Calculating its eigenvalues:
(5.91308 ) (6.76 ) (0.9924)
2
= 0, (42)
1
= 7.4155,
2
= 5.2575. (43)
Eigenvectors are:
[b
1
i] [n
1
] = [0] [n
1
] =
_
0.55115
0.8344
_
, (44)
[b
2
i] [n
2
] = [0] [n
2
] =
_
0.8344
0.55115
_
. (45)
The eigenvectors are illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Illustration of the eigenvectors of b
9
EXERCISE 20 Let a two-dimensional displacement eld be given in the reference congu-
ration as
U
1
= 2X
2
, U
2
= 2X
1
, [U] =
_
2X
2
2X
1
_
. (46)
Determine the displacement eld in the spatial conguration. Find the coordinates of the spatial
displacement vector for the material point, which located at point P
0
(1, 1) in the reference
conguration.
SOLUTION
The deformation mapping is
x
1
= X
1
+ U
1
= X
1
2X
2
, x
2
= X
2
+ U
2
= X
2
+ 2X
1
. (47)
Thus, the inverse deformation mapping is given by
X
1
=
1
5
(x
1
+ 2x
2
) , X
2
=
1
5
(x
2
2x
1
) . (48)
The coordinates of the displacement eld in the spatial conguration are computed as
u
1
= x
1
X
1
(x) =
1
5
(4x
1
2x
2
) , u
2
= x
2
X
2
(x) =
1
5
(4x
2
+ 2x
1
) . (49)
Thus, the spatial displacement eld in matrix form is
[u] =
1
5
_
4x
1
2x
2
4x
2
+ 2x
1
_
. (50)
The displacement vector U corresponding to the material point P
0
(1, 1) is
[U
P
0
] =
_
2
2
_
. (51)
The matrial point P
0
moves (according to the motion) to spatial location P(1, 3).
Thus, the displacement vector u at point P(1, 3) is
[u
P
] =
1
5
_
4 (1) 2 (3)
4 (3) + 2 (1)
_
=
1
5
_
10
10
_
=
_
2
2
_
. (52)
The motion is illustrated in Figure 6.
10
Figure 6: Illustration of the displacement vector
11
EXERCISE 21
Consider a deformation (X) dened in components by
x
1
= X
2
1
, x
2
= X
2
3
, x
3
= X
2
X
3
. (1)
Determine the area change and volume change corresponding to material point P
0
(2, 3, 1).
Compute the ratio da/dA at this point for innitesimal surface area with initial normal vector
E
3
.
SOLUTION
The deformation gradient is computed as
[F] =
_
_
x
1
X
1
x
1
X
2
x
1
X
3
x
2
X
1
x
2
X
2
x
2
X
3
x
3
X
1
x
3
X
2
x
3
X
3
_
_
=
_
_
2X
1
0 0
0 0 2X
3
0 X
3
X
2
_
_
. (2)
Its determinant is
J = detF = 4X
1
X
2
3
. (3)
The inverse deformation gradient has the form
_
F
1
=
_
_
1
2X
1
0 0
0
X
2
2X
2
3
1
X
3
0
1
2X
3
0
_
_
. (4)
The area change at point P
0
is determined according to the Nansons formula:
da = (detF) F
T
dA, (5)
[da] = 4X
1
X
2
3
_
_
1
2X
1
0 0
0
X
2
2X
2
3
1
2X
3
0
1
X
3
0
_
_
[dA] , (6)
[da] =
_
_
2X
2
3
0 0
0 2X
1
X
2
2X
1
X
3
0 4X
1
X
3
0
_
_
[dA] , (7)
[da
P
] =
_
_
2 0 0
0 12 4
0 8 0
_
_
[dA] . (8)
The ratio da/dA is given by
da
dA
= J
NBN, (9)
1
where N = E
3
and the Piola deformation tensor is given by
B = F
1
F
T
, [B] =
_
_
1
4X
2
1
0 0
0
X
2
2
4X
4
3
+
1
X
2
3
X
2
4X
2
3
0
X
2
4X
2
3
1
4X
2
3
_
_
. (10)
Thus it follows that
da
dA
= J
NBN = 4X
1
X
2
3
_
1
2X
3
_
= 2X
1
X
3
= 4. (11)
The volume change at P is
dv
P
dV
P
= detF
P
= J
P
= 8. (12)
2
EXERCISE 22
Consider the homogeneous deformation
x
1
= X
1
+ tX
2
, x
2
= X
2
tX
2
, x
3
= X
3
. (13)
Determine the angle of shear for the unit vector pair dened in the reference conguration by
N
I
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
, N
II
=
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
. (14)
SOLUTION
[F] =
_
_
1 t 0
0 1 t 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (15)
Its inverse transpose is
_
F
T
=
_
_
1 0 0
t
t 1
1
t 1
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (16)
The determinant of the deformation gradient is
J = detF = 1 t. (17)
Thus, t < 1 has to be satised.
The right CauchyGreen deformation tensor is given by
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
1 t 0
t (1 t)
2
+ t
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (18)
The GreenLagrange strain tensor is computed as
[E] =
_
1
2
(C I)
_
=
_
_
0
t
2
0
t
2
t (t 1) 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (19)
The Cauchy deformation tensor is
[c] =
_
b
1
=
_
F
T
F
1
=
_
_
1
t
t 1
0
t
t 1
t
2
+ 1
(t 1)
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (20)
3
The EulerAlmansi strain tensor is given by
[e] =
_
1
2
(i c)
_
=
_
_
0
t
2 2t
0
t
2 2t
t
(t 1)
2
0
0 0 0
_
_
. (21)
Stretch ratios along N
I
and N
II
are
N
I
=
_
N
I
C N
I
= 1, (22)
N
II
=
_
N
II
C N
II
=
_
(1 t)
2
+ t
2
. (23)
Unit vectors in the spatial conguration directed along material line element dX
I
= dS
0I
N
I
and dX
II
= dS
0II
N
II
, respecively are
n
I
=
1
N
I
FN
I
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
, n
II
=
1
N
II
FN
II
=
1
_
t
2
+ (1 t)
2
_
_
t
1 t
0
_
_
. (24)
The angle of shear can be computed with the following formulae:
sin = sin
_
2

_
= cos =
N
I
CN
II
N
I
N
I
I
=
2N
I
EN
II
N
I
N
I
I
= 2n
I
en
II
=
t
_
t
2
+ (1 t)
2
. (25)
Note that in this example the initial angle is
0
=

2
.
4
EXERCISE 23
Let a homogenous deformation be given by the following mapping:
x
1
= X
1
+ tX
2
, x
2
= X
2
2tX
1
, x
3
= X
3
. (26)
Determine the change of the angle dened by the material line elements dX
I
and dX
II
for
t = 1. The direction of these material elements are given by the following unit vectors
N
I
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
, N
II
=
1
2
_
_
1
1
0
_
_
. (27)
Determine the values of parameter t > 0, for which the angle between dx
I
and dx
II
is the
maximum.
SOLUTION
[F] =
_
_
1 t 0
2t 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (28)
The right CauchyGreen deformation tensor is
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
1 + 4t
2
t 0
t 1 + t
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (29)
Stretch ratios:
N
I
=
_
N
I
C N
I
=
1 + 4t
2
, (30)
N
II
=
_
N
II
C N
II
=
_
1 t +
5t
2
2
. (31)
The angle change is dened by
0
, where
cos
0
= N
I
N
II

0
=

4
= 45
(32)
and
cos =
N
I
CN
II
N
I
N
I
I
=
1 + t (4t 1)
1 + 4t
2
_
2 t (2 5t)
. (33)
For t = 1, its value is
cos|
t=1
=
4
5
36.87
. (34)
Consequently
0
=

4

4
5
8.13
. (35)
5
Figure 1: The evolution of cos and
The evolution of cos and are illustrated in Figure 1.
The maximum angle is calculated according to
d
dt
(t) = 0 (36)
2
4t
2
+ 1

3
5t
2
2t + 2
= 0 (37)
t =
1
2
_
6 2
_
0.2247. (38)
6
EXERCISE 24
Consider a brick element with initial dimensions 2 3 1. Let the deformed body be given by
the following mapping:
x
1
= X
1
+ X
1
X
2
, x
2
= X
2
X
1
, x
3
= X
3
. (39)
The deformed conguration in the {x1, x2} plane is illustrated in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Illustration of the deformed conguration in the {x1, x2} plane
Determine the change of the angle dened by the material line elements dX
I
and dX
II
at
point P
0
(2, 3, 1), where
N
I
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
, N
II
=
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
. (40)
SOLUTION
[F] =
_
_
1 + X
2
X
1
0
1 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (41)
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
1 + (1 + X
2
)
2
X
1
(1 + X
2
) 1 0
X
1
(1 + X
2
) 1 1 + X
2
1
0
0 0 1
_
_
. (42)
7
Stretch ratios:
N
I
=
_
N
I
C N
I
=
_
1 + (1 + X
2
)
2
, (43)
N
II
=
_
N
II
C N
II
=
_
1 + X
2
1
. (44)
Since
0
= /2, the angle of shear is dened by
sin = sin
_
2

_
= cos =
N
I
CN
II
N
I
N
I
I
=
X
1
(1 + X
2
) 1
_
1 + (1 + X
2
)
2
_
1 + X
2
1
. (45)
At point P
0
(2, 3, 1):
cos|
P
0
=
7
85
40.6
. (46)
Consequently the angle change is
0
= 90
40.6
= 49.4
.
8
EXERCISE 25
A non-homogeneous deformation is given by the mapping
x
1
= X
2
, x
2
= X
2
X
3
, x
3
= X
3
X
1
. (47)
Determine the isochoric and volumetric parts of the deformation gradient at material point
P
0
(2, 8, 4).
SOLUTION
The deformation gradient has the form
[F] =
_
_
0 1 0
0 X
3
X
2
1 0 1
_
_
. (48)
The volume change is
J = detF = X
2
. (49)
The isochoric and volumetric parts of F are dened by
F
iso
= J
1
3
F, (50)
[F
iso
] =
1
3
X
2
_
_
0 1 0
0 X
3
X
2
1 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
0
1
3
X
2
0
0
X
3
3
X
2
3
_
X
2
2
1
3
X
2
0
1
3
X
2
_
_
, (51)
F
vol
= J
1
3
I, (52)
[F
vol
] =
3
_
X
2
_
_
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
=
_
_
3
X
2
0 0
0
3
X
2
0
0 0
3
X
2
_
_
. (53)
At P
0
(2, 8, 4):
[F
iso
] =
_
_
0 0.5 0
0 2 4
0.5 0 0.5
_
_
, [F
vol
] =
_
_
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 2
_
_
. (54)
9
BMEGEMMMW03 / Continuum Mechanics / Exercises 4 October 2012
EXERCISE 26
Let the deformation gradient be the following:
[F] =
_
_
1 1.5 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (1)
Determine the right stretch tensor U, the proper orthogonal tensor R and the left stretch
tensor V using the polar decomposition theorem.
SOLUTION
The right CauchyGreen deformation tensor is computed by
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
1 1.5 0
1.5 3.25 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (2)
Its eigenvalues are obtained as
det (C I) = 0
1
= 4,
2
= 1,
3
= 0.25. (3)
Consequently, the principal stretches are
1
=
1
= 2,
2
=
2
= 1
3
=
3
= 0.5. (4)
The unit eigenvectors of C (and U) are calculated according to
(C
i
I)

N
i
= 0 (5)
_

N
1
_
=
_
_
0.4472
0.8944
0
_
_
,
_

N
2
_
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
_

N
3
_
=
_
_
0.8944
0.4472
0
_
_
.
The following basis tensors can be dened:
[M
1
] =
_

N
1

N
1
_
=
_
_
0.2 0.4 0
0.4 0.8 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (6)
[M
2
] =
_

N
2

N
2
_
=
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
, (7)
[M
3
] =
_

N
3

N
3
_
=
_
_
0.8 0.4 0
0.4 0.2 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (8)
These basis tensors can be calculated in a dierent (but equivalent) way, using the following
formulae:
M
a
=
1
(
a
b
) (
a
c
)
(C
b
I) (C
c
I) , (9)
1
M
1
=
1
(
1
2
) (
1
3
)
(C
2
I) (C
3
I) (10)
=
1
(4 1) (4 0.25)
(C 1I) (C 0.25I) (11)
M
2
=
1
(
2
3
) (
2
1
)
(C
3
I) (C
1
I) (12)
=
1
(1 0.25) (1 4)
(C 0.25I) (C 4I) (13)
M
3
=
1
(
3
1
) (
3
2
)
(C
1
I) (C
2
I) (14)
=
1
(0.25 4) (0.25 1)
(C 4I) (C 1I) (15)
Then, the right stretch tensor can be computed using the spectral representation
U =
1
M
1
+
2
M
2
+
3
M
3
, (16)
[U] =
_
_
0.8 0.6 0
0.6 1.7 0
0 0 1
_
_
,
_
U
1
=
_
_
1.7 0.6 0
0.6 0.8 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (17)
The proper orthogonal tensor is given by
R = FU
1
, (18)
[R] =
_
_
0.8 0.6 0
0.6 0.8 0
0 0 1
_
_
, detR = 1, R
1
= R
T
. (19)
Finally, the left stretch tensor can be obtained as
V = FR
1
= FR
T
= RUR
T
, (20)
[V ] =
_
_
1.7 0.6 0
0.6 0.8 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (21)
Calculating V in a dierent way.
The unit eigenvectors of V are dened as
[ n
1
] =
_
R

N
1
_
=
_
_
0.8944
0.4472
0
_
_
, [ n
2
] =
_
R

N
2
_
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
, [ n
3
] =
_
R

N
3
_
=
_
_
0.4472
0.8944
0
_
_
. (22)
Tha basis tensors in the spatial conguration:
[m
1
] = [ n
1
n
1
] =
_
_
0.8 0.4 0
0.4 0.2 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (23)
[m
2
] = [ n
2
n
2
] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
_
_
, (24)
[m
3
] = [ n
3
n
3
] =
_
_
0.2 0.4 0
0.4 0.8 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (25)
2
V can be computed using the spectral representation
V =
1
m
1
+
2
m
2
+
3
m
3
, (26)
[V ] =
_
_
1.7 0.6 0
0.6 0.8 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (27)
3
EXERCISE 27
Let the deformation be given with the following mapping:
x
1
= X
1
+ X
2
, x
2
= X
1
+ X
2
, x
3
= X
3
. (28)
Determine: U, R, V using the polar decomposition theorem.
SOLUTION
Deformation gradient:
[F] =
_
_
0
0
0 0
_
_
, J = 2. (29)
Right CauchyGreen deformation tensor:
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
2
2
0 0
0 2
2
0
0 0
2
_
_
. (30)
Eigensystem of C:
1
= 2
2
,
1
= 2
2
,
3
=
2
, (31)
_

N
1
_
=
_
_
1
0
0
_
_
,
_

N
2
_
=
_
_
0
1
0
_
_
,
_

N
3
_
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
. (32)
Principal stretches are
1
=
1
=
2,
2
=
2
=
2
3
=
3
= . (33)
The right stretch tensor:
U =
1

N
1

N
1
+
2

N
2

N
2
+
3

N
3

N
3
, (34)
[U] =
_
_
2 0 0
0
2 0
0 0
_
_
. (35)
The proper orthogonal tensor:
[R] = [F]
_
U
1
=
_
_
0
0
0 0
_
_
_
_
1
2
0 0
0
1
2
0
0 0
1
_
=
1
2
_
_
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0
2
_
_
. (36)
Left stretch tensor:
[V ] = [R] [U]
_
R
T
=
1
2
_
_
+ + 0
+ + 0
0 0
2
_
_
. (37)
4
EXERCISE 28
Compute the Hencky strain tensor in the reference conguration for the homogeneous defor-
mation given by the deformation gradient
[F] =
_
_
1 1 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (38)
SOLUTION
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
5 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (39)
Eigenvalues of C are
det (C I) = 0
1
=
1
2
_
7 +
13
_
,
2
=
1
2
_
7
13
_
,
3
= 1. (40)
1
=
1
=
1
2
_
1 +
13
_
,
2
=
2
=
1
2
_
1
13
_

3
=
3
= 1. (41)
Unit eigenvectors of C (and U) are
_

N
1
_
=
_
3 +
13
_
26 + 6
13
_
2
13 + 3
13
0
_
_
,
_

N
2
_
=
_
_
_
1
2

3
2
13
_
1
2
+
3
2
13
0
_
_
_

N
3
_
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
. (42)
The right stretch tensor is then
U =
1

N
1

N
1
+
2

N
2

N
2
+
3

N
3

N
3
, (43)
[U] =
_
_
8
13
13
0
13
5
13
0
0 0 1
_
_
_
2.2188 0.2774 0
0.2774 1.3868 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (44)
The Hencky strain tensor in the reference conguration is
H = lnU = (ln
1
)

N
1

N
1
+ (ln
2
)

N
2

N
2
+ (ln
3
)

N
3

N
3
. (45)
[lnU] =
_
_
ArcTanh
_
5
2
13
_
13
+
ln3
2

2ArcCoth
_
13
_
13
0
2ArcCoth
_
13
_
13
ArcTanh
_
5
2
13
_
13
+
ln3
2
0
0 0 0
_
_
(46)
_
_
0.7863 0.1580 0
0.1580 0.3123 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (47)
5
EXERCISE 29
Compute the generalized material strain measures for the homogenous deformation
[F] =
_
_
1 1 0
2 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (48)
SOLUTION
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
5 1 0
1 2 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (49)
Eigenvalues of C are
det (C I) = 0 (50)
1
=
1
2
_
7 +
13
_
5.3028,
2
=
1
2
_
7
13
_
1.6972,
3
= 1.
1
=
1
2.3028,
2
=
2
1.3028
3
=
3
= 1. (51)
Unit eigenvectors of C are
_

N
1
_
_
_
0.9571
0.2898
0
_
_
,
_

N
2
_
_
_
0.2898
0.9571
0
_
_
_

N
3
_
=
_
_
0
0
1
_
_
. (52)
Generalized material strain measures:
E
(n)
=
3
=1
1
n
(
n
1)

N
. (53)
E
(2)
=
3
=1
1
2
_
1
1
_

N
,
_
E
(2)
_
=
_
_
0.3889 0.0556 0
0.0556 0.2222 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (54)
E
(1)
=
3
=1
_
1
1
_

N
,
_
E
(1)
_
=
_
_
0.5378 0.0925 0
0.0925 0.2604 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (55)
E
(0)
=
3
=1
(ln
)

N
,
_
E
(0)
_
=
_
_
0.7863 0.1580 0
0.1580 0.3123 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (56)
E
(1)
=
3
=1
(
1)

N
,
_
E
(1)
_
=
_
_
1.2189 0.2774 0
0.2774 0.3868 0
0 0 0
_
_
, (57)
E
(2)
=
3
=1
1
2
_
1
_

N
,
_
E
(2)
_
=
_
_
2 0.5 0
0.5 0.5 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (58)
6
EXERCISE 30
Determine the Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity and acceleration elds, respectively, for the
2D deformation
x
1
= X
1
+ (sint) X
2
, x
2
= X
2
+ tX
2
. (1)
At instant time t = 1, compute the velocity and acceleration of the material particle, which
initially occupies the position P
0
(1, 1).
SOLUTION
The material velocity eld is computed by
V (X, t) =
(X, t)
t
X xed
=
_
_
(X
1
+ (sint) X
2
)
t
(X
2
+ tX
2
)
t
_
_
=
_
X
2
cost
X
2
_
. (2)
The material acceleration eld is
A(X, t) =

2
(X, t)
t
2
X xed
=
V (X, t)
t
X xed
=
_
_
(X
2
cost)
t
(X
2
)
t
_
_
=
_
X
2
sint
0
_
. (3)
The inverse motion has the form
X
1
= x
1
x
2
sint
1 + t
, X
2
=
x
2
1 + t
. (4)
The Eulerian velocity eld is then given by
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
_
x
2
1 + t
cost
x
2
1 + t
_
_
. (5)
The spatial acceleration eld is determined by
a(x, t) = A
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [a(x, t)] =
_

x
2
1 + t
sint
0
_
. (6)
The velocity and acceleration of material point at t = 1 corresponding to P
0
(1, 1) are
[V (X
P
0
, 1)] =
_
1cos1
1
_
_
0.5403
1
_
, (7)
[A(X
P
0
, 1)] =
_
1sin1
0
_
_
0.8415
0
_
. (8)
These vector components can be determined using the spatial description. For this reason rst
we need to obtain the spatial coordinates of material point P
0
at t = 1:
[x
P
] =
_
1 + (sin1) 1
1 + 1 1
_
=
_
1 + sin1
2
_
_
1.8415
2
_
. (9)
1
[v (x
P
, 1)] =
_
_
2
1 + 1
cos1
2
1 + 1
_
_
0.5403
1
_
, (10)
[a(x
P
, 1)] =
_

2
1 + 1
sin1
0
_
_
0.8415
0
_
. (11)
2
EXERCISE 31
Compute the Eulerian and Lagrangian velocity and acceleration elds, respectively, for the 2D
deformation
x
1
= X
1
ln (e + t) , x
2
= X
2
e
2t
. (12)
Compute the velocity and acceleration of material point P
0
(100, 2) at instant time t = 1.
SOLUTION
The material velocity eld is computed by
V (X, t) =
(X, t)
t
X xed
=
_
_
(X
1
ln (e + t))
t
(X
2
e
t
)
t
_
_
=
_
_
X
1
e + t
2X
2
e
2t
_
_
. (13)
The material acceleration eld is
A(X, t) =

2
(X, t)
t
2
X xed
=
V (X, t)
t
X xed
(14)
=
_
_
X
1
e + t
_
t
(2X
2
e
2t
)
t
_
_
=
_
_
X
1
(e + t)
2
4X
2
e
2t
_
_
. (15)
X
1
=
x
1
ln (e + t)
, X
2
= x
2
e
2t
(16)
The Eulerian velocity eld is then given by
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
x
1
(e + t) ln (e + t)
2x
2
_
. (17)
The spatial acceleration eld is determined by
a(x, t) = A
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [a(x, t)] =
_
_
x
1
(e + t)
2
ln (e + t)
4x
2
_
_
. (18)
The velocity and acceleration vector of material point P
0
(100, 2) at t = 1 are
[V (X
P
0
, 1)] =
_
100
e + 1
2 2e
21
_
_
26.894
29.556
_
, (19)
[A(X
P
0
, 1)] =
_
_
100
(e + 1)
2
4 2e
21
_
_
_
7.233
59.112
_
. (20)
3
These vector components can be determined using the spatial description. For this reason rst
we need to compute the spatial coordinates of material point P
0
at t = 1.
[x
P
] =
_
100ln(e + 1)
2e
21
_
_
131.326
14.778
_
. (21)
[v (x
P
, 1)] =
_
_
131.326
(e + 1) ln (e + 1)
2 14.778
_
_
_
26.894
29.556
_
, (22)
[a(x
P
, 1)] =
_
_
131.326
(e + 1)
2
ln (e + 1)
4 14.778
_
_
_
7.233
59.112
_
. (23)
4
EXERCISE 32
Suppose that the motion of a continuous medium is given by the 1D mapping
x = (1 + t) X (24)
and the temperature distribution along X in the reference description is described by the
function
(X, t) = Xt
2
(25)
Compute the material time derivative of the temperature eld (x, t) written in the spatial
conguration.
SOLUTION
The inverse motion for this deformation is
X =
x
1 + t
. (26)
Thus, the temperature eld (x, t) written in the spatial conguration is given by
(x, t) =
xt
2
1 + t
. (27)
The velocity eld in the material description is simply
V (X, t) =

t
( (1 + t) X ) = X. (28)
The Eulerian velocity led is computed as
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
=
x
1 + t
(29)
The material time derivative of (x, t) is calculated according to the chain rule
(x, t) =
d (x, t)
dt
(30)
=
(x, t)
t
+ grad (x, t) v (x, t) (31)
=
(2 + t) xt
(1 + t)
2
+
t
2
1 + t

x
1 + t
=
2xt
1 + t
. (32)
5
EXERCISE 33
Consider the following 2D deformation
x
1
= (1 + t) X
1
, x
2
= X
2
tX
1
. (33)
Let the distribution of a physical quantity in the reference conguration is given by
Q(X, t) = t
2
X
1
. (34)
Denote q (x, t) the distribution of this eld written in the spatial conguration. Detrmine the
material time derivative of the eld q (x, t).
SOLUTION
X
1
=
x
1
1 + t
, X
2
=
tx
1
1 + t
+ x
2
. (35)
The velocity eld in the material description is then
[V (X, t)] =
_
_
((1 + t) X
1
)
t
(X
2
tX
1
)
t
_
_
=
_
X
1
X
1
_
. (36)
The eld under consideration in the current conguration is computed as
q (x, t) = Q
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
=
t
2
x
1
1 + t
. (37)
The velocity eld in the spatial description is given by
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
_
x
1
1 + t
x
1
1 + t
_
_
. (38)
The gradient of q with respect to the current coordinates is
[gradq (x, t)] =
_
_
t
2
1 + t
0
_
_
. (39)
The material time derivative of q is then
q =
q
t
+ gradq v =
t
2
x
1
(1 + t)
2
+
2tx
1
1 + t
+
t
2
1 + t
x
1
1 + t
, (40)
q =
2tx
1
1 + t
. (41)
The material time derivative of Q has the simple form
Q =
Q
t
= 2tX
1
. (42)
6
EXERCISE 34
Let the deformation be given by
x
1
= X
1
+ t, x
2
= X
2
tX
1
, x
3
= X
3
. (43)
Compute the material time derivative of spatial vector eld
[k] =
_
_
x
2
t
2
x
1
t
0
_
_
. (44)
SOLUTION
The inverse motion is
X
1
= x
1
t, X
2
= x
2
+ x
1
t t
2
, X
3
= x
3
. (45)
The material (Lagrangian) velocity eld is
[V ] =
_
_
1
X
1
0
_
_
. (46)
The spatial (Eulerian) velocity eld is
[v] =
_
_
1
t x
1
0
_
_
. (47)
The material time derivative of k is computed by
k (x, t) =
dk(x, t)
dt
=
k (x, t)
t
+ gradk v, (48)
where
[gradk] =
_
_
k
1
x
1
k
1
x
2
k
1
x
3
k
2
x
1
k
2
x
2
k
2
x
3
k
3
x
1
k
3
x
2
k
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
0 t
2
0
t 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (49)
Therefore
_
k (x, t)
_
=
_
_
2x
2
t
x
1
0
_
_
+
_
_
0 t
2
0
t 0 0
0 0 0
_
_
_
_
1
t x
1
0
_
_
=
_
_
t
3
x
1
t
2
+ 2x
2
t
t + x
1
0
_
_
. (50)
7
EXERCISE 35
Let the deformation be given by
x
1
= (1 + t) X
1
, x
2
= X
2
tX
3
, x
3
= X
3
. (51)
Compute the material time derivative of spatial vector eld
[f] =
_
_
x
1
+ x
2
t
x
2
x
3
x
1
_
_
. (52)
SOLUTION
X
1
=
x
1
(1 + t)
, X
2
= x
2
+ tx
3
, X
3
= x
3
. (53)
The material (Lagrangian) velocity eld is
[V ] =
_
_
X
1
X
3
0
_
_
. (54)
The spatial (Eulerian) velocity eld is
[v] =
_
_
x
1
(1 + t)
x
3
0
_
_
. (55)
The material time derivative of f is computed by
f (x, t) =
df (x, t)
dt
=
f (x, t)
t
+ gradf v, (56)
where
[gradf] =
_
_
f
1
x
1
f
1
x
2
f
1
x
3
f
2
x
1
f
2
x
2
f
2
x
3
f
3
x
1
f
3
x
2
f
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
1 t 0
0 x
3
x
2
1 0 0
_
_
. (57)
Therefore
_
f (x, t)
_
=
_
_
x
2
0
0
_
_
+
_
_
1 t 0
0 x
3
x
2
1 0 0
_
_
_
x
1
(1 + t)
x
3
0
_
_
=
_
_
x
1
(1 + t)
+ x
2
tx
3
x
2
3
x
1
(1 + t)
_
_
. (58)
8
EXERCISE 36
The Lagrangian velocity eld is given by
V (X, t) = X
2
E
2
+ 2tX
1
E
2
. (59)
Determine the motion, inverse motion, Eulerian velocity eld and the Eulerian acceleration
eld.
SOLUTION
The Lagrangian displacement eld is obtained by
U (X, t) =
t
_
0
V
_
X,
t
_
d
t = tX
2
E
2
+ t
2
X
1
E
2
. (60)
Thus, the motion is computed as
(X, t) = X +U (X, t) , [(X, t)] =
_
_
X
1
tX
2
X
2
+ t
2
X
1
X
3
_
_
. (61)
The deformation gradient and the volume change are
[F] =
_
_
1 t 0
t
2
1 0
0 0 1
_
_
, J = 1 + t
3
. (62)
X
1
=
x
1
+ tx
2
1 + t
3
, X
2
=
x
2
t
2
x
1
1 + t
3
, X
3
= x
3
. (63)
Therefore, the Eulerian velocity eld is given by
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
_
t
2
x
1
x
2
1 + t
3
2t
x
1
+ tx
2
1 + t
3
0
_
_
. (64)
The Lagrangian acceleration eld is
A(X, t) =
V (X, t)
t
= 2X
1
E
2
. (65)
The Eulerian acceleration eld by denition is
a(x, t) = A
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
= 2
x
1
+ tx
2
1 + t
3
e
2
. (66)
9
EXERCISE 37
The spatial displacement eld for a 2D motion is given by
u
1
= tx
1
, u
2
= tx
1
(1 + t) . (67)
Determine the Eulerian velocity eld.
SOLUTION
The Eulerian velocity eld is the material time derivative of the spatial displacement eld.
Thus we can write that
v = u =
u
t
+ gradu v. (68)
Using matrix notation:
_
v
1
v
2
_
=
_
u
1
/t
u
2
/t
_
+
_
u
1
/x
1
u
1
/x
2
u
2
/x
1
u
2
/x
2
_ _
v
1
v
2
_
. (69)
Therefore, with regard to the unknown components v
1
and v
2
, the above expression forms a
system of linear equations:
_
v
1
v
2
_
=
_
x
1
x
1
(1 + 2t)
_
+
_
t 0
(t + t
2
) 0
_ _
v
1
v
2
_
. (70)
v
1
= x
1
tv
1
, (71)
v
2
= x
1
(1 + 2t)
_
t + t
2
_
v
1
. (72)
The solutions are
v
1
=
x
1
1 + t
, v
2
= (1 + t) x
1
. (73)
Remark: from (68), one can obtain the solution for v as
v = (I gradu)
1
u
t
. (74)
Thus
[v] =
_
1 + t 0
t + t
2
1
_
1
_
x
1
x
1
(1 + 2t)
_
, (75)
[v] =
_
1
1 + t
0
t 1
_
_
x
1
x
1
(1 + 2t)
_
=
_

x
1
1 + t
(1 + t) x
1
_
. (76)
10
EXERCISE 38
Suppose that the motion of a continuous body is described by the mapping
x
1
= (1 + t) X
1
, x
2
= X
2
+ tX
3
, x
3
= X
3
. (77)
Compute the quantities l, d and w.
SOLUTION
X
1
=
x
1
1 + t
, X
2
= x
2
tx
3
X
3
= x
3
. (78)
The Lagrangian velocity eld is computed as
V (X, t) =
(X, t)
t
X xed
[V (X, t)] =
_
_
X
1
X
3
0
_
_
. (79)
The Eulerian velocity eld is obtained as
v (x, t) = V
_
1
(x, t) , t
_
[v (x, t)] =
_
_
x
1
1 + t
x
3
0
_
_
. (80)
Thus, the Eulerian velocity gradient is given by
l = gradv, [l] =
_
_
v
1
x
1
v
1
x
2
v
1
x
3
v
2
x
1
v
2
x
2
v
2
x
3
v
3
x
1
v
3
x
2
v
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
1 + t
0 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
_
_
. (81)
The rate of deformation and the spin tensors are calculated as the symmetric and skew-
symmetric parts of l:
d =
1
2
_
l +l
T
_
, [d] =
_
_
1
1 + t
0 0
0 0
1
2
0
1
2
0
_
_
, (82)
w =
1
2
_
l l
T
_
, [w] =
_
_
0 0 0
0 0
1
2
0
1
2
0
_
_
. (83)
11
EXERCISE 39
The Eulerian velocity eld is given by its coordinates as
v
1
= 3t
2
, v
2
= x
1
+ tx
2
, x
3
= tx
3
. (84)
Determine the Eulerian acceleration eld.
SOLUTION
The Eulerian acceleration eld is computed as the material time derivative of v:
a = v =
v
t
+ (gradv) v =
v
t
+lv, (85)
where
[l] =
_
_
0 0 0
1 t 0
0 0 t
_
_
,
_
v
t
_
=
_
_
6t
x
2
x
3
_
_
. (86)
Therefore, the Eulerian acceleration led is given by
a =
_
_
6t
x
2
x
3
_
_
+
_
_
0 0 0
1 t 0
0 0 t
_
_
_
_
3t
2
x
1
+ tx
2
tx
3
_
_
=
_
_
6t
x
2
+ 3t
2
+ t (x
1
+ tx
2
)
x
3
+ t
2
x
3
_
_
. (87)
12
BMEGEMMMW03 / Continuum Mechanics / Exercises 8 November 2012
EXERCISE 40
Let a homogenous deformation be given by
x
1
= (1 + t) X
1
, x
2
= X
2
+ tX
1
, x
3
= X
3
. (1)
Compute the material time derivatives of stretch ratio corresponding to the material line ele-
ment, which has the initial orientation
[N] =
1
5
_
_
1
2
0
_
_
(2)
in the reference conguration.
SOLUTION
[F] =
_
_
1 + t 0 0
t 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (3)
Right CauchyGreen deformation tensor is computed as
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
t
2
+ (1 + t)
2
t 0
t 1 0
0 0 1
_
_
. (4)
The stretch ratio is calculated by the formula
n

N
=
NCN =
_
5 + 2t (3 + t)
5
. (5)
The spatial direction of material line element having oriantation N in the reference congura-
tion is obtained by
n =
1
n
FN, [n] =
1
_
5 + 2t (3 + t)
_
_
1 + t
2 + t
0
_
_
. (6)
X
1
=
x
1
1 + t
, X
2
= x
2
tx
1
1 + t
, X
3
= x
3
. (7)
Lagrangian and Eulerian velocity elds:
[V (X, t)] =
_
_
X
1
X
1
0
_
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
_
x
1
1 + t
x
1
1 + t
0
_
_
. (8)
1
Spatial (Eulerian) velocity gradient is computed as
[l] =
_
_
v
1
x
1
v
1
x
2
v
1
x
3
v
2
x
1
v
2
x
2
v
2
x
3
v
3
x
1
v
3
x
2
v
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
1
1 + t
0 0
1
1 + t
0 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (9)
The symmetric part is the rate of deformation:
[d] =
1
2
[l] +
1
2
_
l
T
=
_
_
1
1 + t
1
2 (1 + t)
0
1
2 (1 + t)
0 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (10)
Material time derivatives of stretch ratio:
n
=
n
(ndn) =
3 + 2t
5
_
5 + 2t (3 + t)
. (11)
2
EXERCISE 41
A certain motion is described with the following mapping:
x
1
= 2X
1
+ tX
2
, x
2
= X
2
X
1
, x
3
= 3tX
3
. (12)
Determine

J.
SOLUTION
The material time derivative of J is computed as
J = Jtrd = Jtrl. (13)

The deformation gardient and the volume change are:
[F] =
_
_
2 t 0
1 1 0
0 0 3t
_
_
, J = detF = 3t
2
+ 6t. (14)
X
1
=
x
1
tx
2
2 + t
, X
2
=
x
1
+ 2x
2
2 + t
, X
3
=
x
3
3t
. (15)
The Lagrangian and the Eulerian velocity elds are
[V ] =
_
_
X
2
0
3X
3
_
_
, [v] =
_
_
x
1
+ 2x
2
2 + t
0
x
3
t
_
_
. (16)
The spatial velocity gradient:
[l] =
_
_
1
2 + t
2
2 + t
0
0 0 0
0 0
1
t
_
_
, trl =
1
t
+
1
2 + t
. (17)
Therefore
J = Jtrl =
_
3t
2
+ 6t
_
_
1
t
+
1
2 + t
_
= 6 (1 + t) . (18)
3
EXERCISE 42
Prove that the rate of deformation tensor corresponding to the motion
x
1
= (t) X
1
, x
2
= (t) X
2
, x
3
= (t) X
3
(19)
has the form
d =

i. (20)
SOLUTION
X
1
=
x
1
(t)
, X
2
=
x
2
(t)
, X
3
=
x
3
(t)
. (21)
The velocity elds are
[V (X, t)] =
_
_
X
1
X
2
X
3
_
_
, [v (x, t)] =
_
x
1

x
2

x
3
_
_
. (22)
Spatial velocity gradient is computed as
[l] =
_
_
v
1
x
1
v
1
x
2
v
1
x
3
v
2
x
1
v
2
x
2
v
2
x
3
v
3
x
1
v
3
x
2
v
3
x
3
_
_
=
_
0 0
0

0
0 0

_
. (23)
Its symmetric part is the rate of deformation:
d =
1
2
_
l +l
T
_
, [d] =
_
0 0
0

0
0 0

_
. (24)
4
EXERCISE 43
A 2D motion of a continuum medium is given by
(X, t) =
_
X
1
t
2
_
e
1
+
_
e
X
2
t
_
e
2
. (25)
Determine the material time derivative of the left CauchyGreen deformation tensor.
SOLUTION
Using the rule l =

FF
1
we can write
b =
_
FF
T
_
=

FF
T
+F

F
T
= lFF
T
+FF
T
l
T
= lb +bl
T
. (26)
X
1
=
x
1
t
2
, X
2
= ln
x
2
t
. (27)
The Lagrangian and Eulerian velocity elds, respectively:
[V ] =
_
2tX
1
e
X
2
_
, [v] =
_
_
2x
1
t
x
2
t
_
_
. (28)
[l] =
_
_
2
t
0
0
1
t
_
_
. (29)
The deformation gradient and the left CauchyGreen deformation tensor:
[F] =
_
t
2
0
0 e
X
2
t
_
, [b] =
_
t
4
0
0 x
2
2
_
. (30)
Substituting (29) and (30) into (26) we have
_
b
_
=
_
_
4t
3
0
0
2x
2
2
t
_
_
. (31)
This result can be obtained by taking the material time derivative of b such as
b =
b
t
+ gradb v, (32)
where the third-order tensor gradb is lled out with 0 elements, except the (gradb)
222
=
b
22
x
2
=
2x
2
. Therefore
_
b
_
=
_
4t
3
0
0 0
_
+
_
_
4t
3
0
0
2x
2
2
t
_
_
=
_
_
4t
3
0
0
2x
2
2
t
_
_
. (33)
5
EXERCISE 44
The Eulerian velocity eld is dened by the equations,
v
1
= tx
1
sinx
3
, v
2
= 4tx
2
cosx
3
, v
3
= 0. (34)
At spatial point P(2, 1, 0), at time t = 1, determine d, w, the stretch rate per unit length
(stretching) along the direction [n] =
1
3
[1, 1, 1] and the maximum stretching and the direc-
tion in which it occurs.
SOLUTION
The spatial velocity gradient and its values at spatial point P at t = 1:
[l] =
_
_
tsinx
3
0 tx
1
cosx
3
0 4tcosx
3
4tx
2
sinx
3
0 0 0
_
_
, [l] =
_
_
0 0 2
0 4 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (35)
The rate of deformation tensor and the vorticity (spin) tensor are
[d] =
_
_
0 0 1
0 4 0
1 0 0
_
_
, [w] =
_
_
0 0 1
0 0 0
1 0 0
_
_
. (36)
The stretch rate per unit length in the direction n denes the stretching
n
=
n
(ndn) =
n
= ndn =
2
3
. (37)
The maximum values of
n
is the largest eigenvalue of d. The direction in which it occurs is
the corresponding (unit) eigenvector. The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of d are
1
= 4,
2
= 1,
3
= 1,
n
1
= e
2
, n
2
=
1
2
(e
1
+e
3
) , n
3
=
1
2
(e
1
+e
3
) .
Consequently, the direction of e
2
designates the particular direction in which the stretching is
the maximum.
6
EXERCISE 45
Prove that the spatial velocity eld
[v] =
_
_
3x
3
6x
2
6x
1
2x
3
2x
2
3x
1
_
_
(38)
corresponds to a rigid body rotation. Determine the direction of the axis of spin.
SOLUTION
[l] =
_
_
0 6 3
6 0 2
3 2 0
_
_
. (39)
Since it is a skew-symmetric tensor, it follows that w = l and d = 0. The axis of spin is dened
by the corresponding axial vector
[] =
_
_
w
32
w
13
w
21
_
_
=
_
_
2
3
6
_
_
. (40)
7
EXERCISE 46
A steady spatial velocity eld is given by
[v] =
_
_
2x
2
2x
2
2
x
1
x
2
x
3
_
_
. (41)
Determine the stretching at P(2, 2, 2) along the direction n =
1
2
(e
1
+e
2
).
SOLUTION
The velocity gradient and its values at point P:
[l] =
_
_
0 2 0
0 4x
2
0
x
2
x
3
x
1
x
3
x
1
x
2
_
_
, [l] =
_
_
0 2 0
0 8 0
4 4 4
_
_
. (42)
The rate of deformation tensor:
d =
1
2
_
l +l
T
_
, [d] =
_
_
0 1 2
1 8 2
2 2 4
_
_
. (43)
Thus, the stretching is
n
= ndn = 5. (44)
8
EXERCISE 47
Let the components of the Cauchy stress tensor at a certain point be given in matrix form by
[] =
200 300 100

300 0 0
100 0 100
. (1)
Determine the components of the Cauchy traction vector t
n
and the length of the vector along
the normal to the plane that passes through this point and that is parallel to the plane dened
by (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) x
1
3x
2
+2x
3
= 1. Calculate |t
n
| and the angle between t
n
and the normal
of the plane.
SOLUTION
The unit normal vector of the plane is computed as
n =
grad
|grad|
=

||
, (2)
where
[] =
x
1
x
2
x
3
1
3
2
, || =
14. (3)
Therefore the unit normal of the plane is
[n] =
1
14
1
3
2
. (4)
The Cauchy traction vector by denition is computed according to
t
n
= n, [t
n
] =
1
14
900
300
100
240.535
80.1784
26.7261
. (5)
The length of the traction vector and its normal component are the following:
|t
n
| =
t
n
t
n
=
65000 254.951,
n
= t
n
n =
800
7
114.2857. (6)
The length of the component parallel to the plane is
n
=
|t
n
|
2
2
n
=
50
7
1018 227.901. (7)

The angle between t
n
and the normal of the plane is calculated by
t
n
n = |t
n
| |n| cos = |t
n
| cos. (8)
Thus
= arccos
t
n
n
|t
n
|
= arccos

n
|t
n
|
= arccos (0.448265) = 2.03562 = 116.632
.
1
EXERCISE 48
Let a non-homogenous stress eld be given by the components of the Cauchy stress tensor:
[] =
2x
2
x
3
4x
2
2
0
4x
2
2
0 2x
1
0 2x
1
0
. (9)
Determine the traction vector corresponding to the plane (x
1
, x
2
, x
3
) x
2
1
+x
2
2
+x
3
= 1.5 at
point P(0.5, 1.5, 1).
SOLUTION
The components of the stress tensor at point P are
[] =
3 9 0
9 0 1
0 1 0
. (10)
The unit normal vector of the plane at point P is computed as
n =
grad
|grad|
=

||
, (11)
where
[] =
x
1
x
2
x
3
2x
1
2x
2
1
, []
P
=
1
3
1
. (12)
Therefore
[n] =
1
11
1
3
1
. (13)
The Cauchy traction vector at this point is
t
n
= n, [t
n
] =
1
11
24
8
3
7.23
2.41
0.90
. (14)
2
EXERCISE 49
Let the components of the Cauchy stress tensor at a certain point be given in matrix form by
[] =
4 3 0
3 4 0
0 0 9
. (15)
Compute the spherical and deviatoric components of the stress tensor. Determine the principal
stresses. Compute the components of the stress tensor in the Cartesian coordinate system given
by the (unit) basis vectors
e
1
= e
3
, e
2
=
1
10
(3e
1
+e
2
) , e
3
=
1
10
(e
1
+ 3e
2
) . (16)
SOLUTION
The spherical (or hydrostatic) component is computed by
p =
1
3
(tr) i = 3i, (17)
whereas the deviatoric part is determined as
s = p, [s] =
4 3 0
3 4 0
0 0 9
3 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 3
1 3 0
3 7 0
0 0 6
. (18)
One of the principal stresses is 9 because the traction vector on the plane with normal vector
e
3
is normal to the plane. The two remaining principal stresses are obtained by solving the
following quadratic equation
det
4 3
3 4
1 0
0 1
= 0, (19)
2
25 = 0. (20)
Therefore the principal stresses are
1
= 9,
2
= 5,
3
= 5. (21)
In order to obtain the components of in the new coordinate system, rst we consruct the
orthogonal transformation matrix as
[Q] = [ e
1
, e
2
, e
3
] =
1
10
0 3 1
0 1 3
10 0 0
. (22)
The components of the stress tensor in the new coordinate system is calculated by
[ ] =
Q
T
[] [Q] =
1
10
0 0
10
3 1 0
1 3 0
4 3 0
3 4 0
0 0 9
0 3 1
0 1 3
10 0 0
, (23)
3
[ ] =
1
10
0 0 9
10
15 5 0
5 15 0
0 3 1
0 1 3
10 0 0
9 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 5
. (24)
Since [ ] is diagonal, it follows that e
1
, e
2
and e
3
are the unit eigenvectors of .
4
EXERCISE 50
Let a homogenouos deformation be given by the mapping
x
1
= X
2
, x
2
= 2X
1
, x
3
= 2X
3
. (25)
Determine the rst and the second Piola-Kirchho stress tensors, respectively, if the Cauchy
stress is given by
[] =
0 10 0
10 20 0
0 0 10
. (26)
Determine the rst Piola-Kirchho traction vector for the plane which has the normal vector
[n] =
1
0
0
(27)
in the current conguration.
SOLUTION
[F] =
0 1 0
2 0 0
0 0 2
, J = detF = 4. (28)
Its inverse is
F
1
0 0.5 0
1 0 0
0 0 0.5
. (29)
The rst and the second Piola-Kirchho tensors are
P = JF
T
, S = JF
1
F
T
(30)
[P] =
20 0 0
40 40 0
0 0 20
, [S] =
20 20 0
20 0 0
0 0 10
. (31)
The normal vector of the plane in the reference conguration is obtained by
da = JF
T
dA (32)
dan = JdAF
T
N (33)
dAN = da
1
J
F
T
n N =
1
J
F
T
n
1
J
F
T
n
=
F
T
n
F
T
n
, (34)
where
F
T
n =
0
1
0
N =
0
1
0
. (35)
5
Therefore
T
N
= PN, [T
N
] =
0
40
0
. (36)
The Cauchy traction vector is
t
n
= n, [t
n
] =
0
10
0
. (37)
6
EXERCISE 51
Let the components of the rst Piola-Kirchho tensor be given by
[P] =
20 0 0
120 80 40
0 20 0
. (38)
The inverse motion is known as
X
1
= x
1
3x
3
, X
2
=
1
k
x
2
, X
3
= x
3
. (39)
Determine the value of parameter k if the rst scalar invariant of the Cauchy stress tensor is
70. Compute the components of the Cauchy stress tensor.
SOLUTION
The motion is
x
1
= X
1
+ 3X
3
, x
2
= kX
2
, x
3
= X
3
. (40)
The deformation gradient has the form
[F] =
1 0 3
0 k 0
0 0 1
, J = detF = k. (41)
The Cauchy stress tensor by denition is
=
1
J
PF
T
, [] =
20/k 0 0
0 80 40/k
0 20 0
. (42)
Its rst scalar invariant is
I
= tr = 80
20
k
k =
20
80
I
. (43)
If I
= 70 then
k =
20
80 70
= 2. (44)
The Cauchy stress tensor in this case is therefore
[] =
10 0 0
0 80 20
0 20 0
. (45)
7
EXERCISE 52
Prove that the JaumannZaremba rate of the Cauchy stress is an objective Eulerian second-
order tensor eld.
SOLUTION
The Jaumann-Zaremba rate of the Cauchy stress tensor is dened as
JZ
= w +w. (1)
The JZ-rate of is objective if the following condition is satised:

JZ
= Q
JZ
Q
T
. (2)
Expanding the left-hand side yields:

JZ
=

w + w, (3)
where
QQ
T
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
, (4)
w =

QQ
T
+QwQ
T
. (5)
Thus

JZ
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q

Q
T
(6)

QQ
T
+QwQ
T
QQ
T
+QQ
T

QQ
T
+QwQ
T
(7)
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q

Q
T
(8)
QQ
T
QQ
T
QwQ
T
QQ
T
+QQ
T
QQ
T
+QQ
T
QwQ
T
. (9)
Using the identity QQ
T
= I, we can simplify the result above as

JZ
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q

Q
T
(10)
QQ
T
QwQ
T
+QQ
T
QQ
T
+QwQ
T
(11)
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
QwQ
T
+QQ
T
QQ
T
+QwQ
T
. (12)
Since

QQ
T
= is a skew-symmetric tensor, it follows that
T
= . Thus,

QQ
T
T
=
Q
Q
T
=
QQ
T
. Using this relation in the fourth term yields

JZ
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
QwQ
T
QQ
T
Q
Q
T
+QwQ
T
(13)
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
QwQ
T
Q

Q
T
+QwQ
T
(14)
= Q Q
T
QwQ
T
+QwQ
T
(15)
Therefore

JZ
= Q( w +w) Q
T
. (16)
Thus, (2) is satised.
1
EXERCISE 53
Prove that the GreenNaghdi rate of the Cauchy stress is an objective Eulerian second-order
tensor eld.
SOLUTION
The GreenNaghdi rate of the Cauchy stress tensor is dened as
GN
=

RR
T

RR
T
. (17)
The GN-rate of is objective if the following condition is satised:

GN
= Q
GN
Q
T
. (18)
Expanding the left-hand side yields:

GN
=

R
T
R
T
, (19)
where
QQ
T
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
, (20)
R = QR, (21)
R =

QR+Q
R. (22)
Thus

GN
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
(23)

QR+Q
(QR)
T
QQ
T
(24)
+QQ
T

QR+Q
(QR)
T
(25)
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
(26)

QRR
T
Q
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
QQ
T
(27)
+QQ
T

QRR
T
Q
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
(28)
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
(29)

QQ
T
QQ
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
QQ
T
(30)
+
QQ
T
QQ
T
+QQ
T
Q
RR
T
Q
T
(31)
=

QQ
T
+Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
(32)

QQ
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
QQ
T
QQ
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
(33)
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
Q
RR
T
Q
T
+QQ
T
QQ
T
+Q

RR
T
Q
T
. (34)
Since

QQ
T
= is a skew-symmetric tensor, it follows that
T
= . Thus,

QQ
T
T
=
Q
Q
T
=
QQ
T
. Using this relation in the fourth term yields

GN
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
Q
RR
T
Q
T
QQ
T
Q
Q
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
(35)
= Q Q
T
+Q
Q
T
Q
RR
T
Q
T
Q

Q
T
+Q
RR
T
Q
T
(36)
= Q Q
T
Q
RR
T
Q
T
+Q

RR
T
Q
T
. (37)
2
Therefore

GN
= Q

RR
T

RR
T
Q
T
. (38)
Thus, (18) is satised.
3
EXERCISE 54
Let the deformation of a material body is described by the mapping
x
1
= X
1
+ tX
2
, x
2
= tX
2
, x
3
= X
3
. (1)
At a particular material point the Cauchy stress tensor is given by its matrix as
[] =
_
_
10 0 10
0 30 0
10 0 0
_
_
. (2)
Prove the identity P :

F =
1
2
S :

C.
SOLUTION
We can rewrite the stress power (per unit reference volume) as
P :

F = tr
_
P
T
F
_
= tr
_
P
T
F
T
F
T
F
_
= tr
_
_
F
1
P
_
T
_
F
T
F
__
(3)
= tr
_
S
T
_
F
T
F
__
= tr
_
S
_
F
T
F
__
. (4)
Since S is symmetric and

C =

F
T
F +F
T
F, we can simplify the result above as

P :

F = S :
_
F
T
F
_
=
1
2
S :

C. (5)
Proof with numerical calculations. The deformation gradient, its inverse and its determinant:
[F] =
_
_
1 t 0
0 t 0
0 0 1
_
_
,
_
F
1
=
_
_
1 1 0
0
1
t
0
0 0 1
_
_
, J = detF = t. (6)
The right CauchyGreen deformation tensor and its material time derivative:
[C] =
_
F
T
F
=
_
_
1 t 0
t 2t
2
0
0 0 1
_
_
,
_

C
_
=
_
C
t
_
=
_
_
1 1 0
1 4t 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (7)
The inverse motion:
X
1
= x
1
x
2
, X
2
=
x
2
t
, X
3
= x
3
. (8)
The Lagrangian and Eulerian velocity elds are
[V ] =
_
_
X
2
X
2
0
_
_
, [v] =
_
_
x
2
t
x
2
t
0
_
_
. (9)
1
The spatial velocity gradient and the material time derivative of the deformation gradient
(which is the material velocity gradient):
[l] =
_
_
0
1
t
0
0
1
t
0
0 0 0
_
_
,
_

F
_
= [lF] =
_
_
0 1 0
0 1 0
0 0 0
_
_
. (10)
The rst and the second PiolaKirchho stress tensors are
[P] =
_
JF
T
=
_
_
10t 0 10t
30t 30 0
10t 0 0
_
_
, (11)
[S] =
_
F
1
P
=
_
_
40t 30 10t
30
30
t
0
10t 0 0
_
_
. (12)
Therefore we can prove that
P :

F = 30, (13)
1
2
S :

C = 30. (14)
2
EXERCISE 55
Let the Cauchy stress distribution in a bricket domain with dimension
x
1
= 0 . . . 2, x
2
= 0 . . . 3, x
3
= 0 . . . 4 (15)
be given as
[] =
_
_
5x
2
1
4 3x
2
4 x
1
x
2
x
3
x
3
3x
2
x
3
0
_
_
. (16)
Prove the Gauss divergence theorem.
SOLUTION
The Gauss divergence theorem for this problem is written as
_
(a)
nda =
_
(v)
divdv, (17)
_
(a)
tda =
_
(v)
divdv, (18)
where n is the outward unit normal eld acting along the surface (a), while da and dv are
innitesimal spatial surface and volume elements at x, respectively, whereas t denotes the
surface Cauchy traction vector at x.
The whole surface is composed of six surfaces with domains and unit normals
a
1
: = {x
2
= 0 . . . 3; x
3
= 0 . . . 4} , (19)
a
2
: = {x
1
= 0 . . . 2; x
3
= 0 . . . 4} , (20)
a
3
: = {x
1
= 0 . . . 2; x
2
= 0 . . . 3} , (21)
a
4
= a
1
, a
5
= a
2
, a
6
= a
3
, (22)
n
1
= e
1
, n
2
= e
2,
n
3
= e
3,
n
4
= e
1
, n
5
= e
2,
n
6
= e
3
. (23)
The surface traction vectors corresponding to the surfaces of the bricket domain are
t
1
= (n
1
) |
x
1
=2
, [t
1
] =
_
_
20
4
3x
2
_
_
, t
2
= (n
2
) |
x
2
=3
, [t
2
] =
_
_
4
3x
1
x
3
x
3
_
_
, (24)
t
3
= (n
3
) |
x
3
=4
, [t
3
] =
_
_
3x
2
4
0
_
_
, t
4
= (n
4
) |
x
1
=0
, [t
4
] =
_
_
0
4
3x
2
_
_
, (25)
t
5
= (n
5
) |
x
2
=0
, [t
5
] =
_
_
4
0
x
3
_
_
, t
6
= (n
6
) |
x
3
=0
, [t
2
] =
_
_
3x
2
0
0
_
_
. (26)
3
With this in hand, we can compute the left-hand side of (17):
_
(a)
nda =
4
_
0
3
_
0
t
1
dx
2
dx
3
+
4
_
0
2
_
0
t
2
dx
1
dx
3
+
3
_
0
2
_
0
t
3
dx
1
dx
2
(27)
+
4
_
0
3
_
0
t
4
dx
2
dx
3
+
4
_
0
2
_
0
t
5
dx
1
dx
3
+
3
_
0
2
_
0
t
6
dx
1
dx
2
, (28)
_
_
_
(a)
nda
_
_
=
_
_
240
48
54
_
_
+
_
_
32
48
16
_
_
+
_
_
27
24
0
_
_
+
_
_
0
48
54
_
_
+
_
_
32
0
16
_
_
+
_
_
27
0
0
_
_
, (29)
_
(a)
nda = 240e
1
+ 72e
2
. (30)
In order to calculate the right-hand side in (17), rst the divergence of the Cauchy stress need
to be computed:
div = =

x
c
e
c
=

ab
x
c
e
a
(e
b
e
c
) =

ab
x
c
bc
e
a
=
ab,c
bc
e
a
=
ac,c
e
a
, (31)
[div] =
_
11
x
1
+

12
x
2
+

13
x
3
21
x
1
+

22
x
2
+

23
x
3
31
x
1
+

32
x
2
+

33
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
10x
1
1 + x
1
x
3
0
_
_
. (32)
The right-hand side of (17) thus becomes:
_
(v)
divdv =
4
_
0
3
_
0
2
_
0
divdx
1
dx
2
dx
3
, (33)
_
_
_
(v)
divdv
_
_
=
4
_
0
3
_
0
_
_
20
2 + 2x
3
0
_
_
dx
2
dx
3
=
4
_
0
_
_
60
6 + 6x
3
0
_
_
dx
3
=
_
_
240
72
0
_
_
, (34)
_
(v)
divdv = 240e
1
+ 72e
2
. (35)
Results (30) and (35) are equal, thus we have proven relation (17).
4
EXERCISE 56
Let a vector eld be given as u = x
1
x
2
(e
1
+e
2
+e
3
). Prove the Stokes theorem for the
rectangular plane surface dened as
a := {x
1
= 0 . . . 2; x
2
= 0 . . . 1} . (36)
SOLUTION
The Stokes theorem:
_
c
uds =
_
(a)
(curlu) nda. (37)
The closed curve c is consist of four line elements:
c
1
: = {x
1
= 0 . . . 2} , c
2
:= {x
2
= 0 . . . 1} , (38)
c
3
: = {x
1
= 0 . . . 2} , c
4
:= {x
2
= 0 . . . 1} (39)
with innitesimal tangent vectors:
ds
1
= dx
1
e
1
ds
2
= dx
2
e
2
ds
3
= dx
1
e
1
ds
4
= dx
2
e
2
. (40)
The left-hand side of (37) is computed with the help of the following four integrals:
_
c
uds =
2
_
0
(uds
1
)|
x
2
=0
+
1
_
0
(uds
2
)|
x
1
=2
+
2
_
0
(uds
3
)|
x
2
=1
+
1
_
0
(uds
4
)|
x
1
=0
, (41)
_
c
uds =
2
_
0
(0) dx
1
+
1
_
0
(2x
2
) dx
2
+
2
_
0
(x
1
) dx
1
+
1
_
0
(0) dx
2
, (42)
_
c
uds = 0 + 1 2 + 0, (43)
_
c
uds = 1 . (44)
In order to calculate the right-hand side in (37) rst we need to compute the curl of the vector
eld u:
curlu = u = e
a
u
x
a
=
u
b
x
a
e
a
e
b
=
u
b
x
a
abc
e
c
= u
b,a
abc
e
c
. (45)
[curlu] =
_
_
u
3
x
2
u
2
x
1
u
1
x
3
u
3
x
1
u
2
x
1
u
1
x
2
_
_
=
_
_
x
1
x
2
x
2
x
1
_
_
. (46)
5
The right-hand side of (37) thus becomes
_
(a)
(curlu) nda =
_
(a)
(x
2
x
1
) da. (47)
The normal of the surface is n = e
3
. Therefore
_
(a)
(curlu) nda =
1
_
0
2
_
0
(x
2
x
1
) dx
1
dx
2
=
1
_
0
(2x
2
2) dx
2
= 1, (48)
_
(a)
(curlu) nda = 1 . (49)
6
EXERCISE 57
Consider the motion
x
1
=
_
1 +
t
k
_
X
1
, x
2
= 2
_
1 +
t
k
_
X
2
, x
3
= 3
_
1 +
t
k
_
X
3
, (50)
where k is a constant. From the conservation of mass and the initial condition (t = 0) =
0
,
determine as a function of
0
, t, and k.
SOLUTION
[F] =
_
1 +
t
k
_
_
_
1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3
_
_
, J = detF = 6
(k + t)
3
k
3
. (51)
Since
0
= J it follows that
=

0
J
=

0
k
3
6 (k + t)
3
(52)
7
EXERCISE 58
Consider the motion of a body described by the mapping
x
1
= X
1
, x
2
=
X
2
1 tX
2
, x
3
= X
3
. (53)
Determine the material density as a function of spatial position vector x and time t without
direct use of F.
SOLUTION
The inverse mapping:
X
1
= x
1
, X
2
=
x
2
1 + tx
2
, X
3
= x
3
. (54)
The velocity eld is
V (X, t) =
X
2
2
(1 tX
2
)
2
E
2
, v (x, t) = x
2
2
e
2
. (55)
From the continuity equation we can write
+ divv = 0
d
dt
= divv = 2x
2
, (56)
1
d = 2x
2
dt = 2
X
2
1 tX
2
dt, (57)
0
1
d = 2
t
_
0
X
2
1 tX
2
dt, ln ln
0
= 2ln(1 tX
2
) 2ln1 (58)
ln

0
= ln(1 tX
2
)
2
(X, t) =
0
(1 tX
2
)
2
. (59)
Using the inverse mapping we have
(x, t) =

0
(1 + tx
2
)
2
. (60)
8
EXERCISE 59
The Eulerian velocity eld of a plane motion is given by the components
v
1
= (x
1
x
2
) t, v
2
= x
1
x
2
, v
3
= 0, (61)
where is a positive constant. Assume that the spatial mass density does not depend on
the current coordinates, so that grad = 0. Express so that the continuity mass equation is
satised.
SOLUTION
The continuity mass equation in the spatial description can be written as
+ trl =

t
+ (grad) v + trl = 0. (62)
In this example grad = 0, therefore equation (62) reduces to
t
+ trl = 0. (63)
The spatial velocity gradient and its trace:
[l] =
_
_
t t 0
1 0
0 0 0
_
_
, trl = (1 t) . (64)
By integrationg (63) we arrive at
0
1
d =
t
_
0
(1 t) dt, ln

0
=
_
t
t
2
2
_
, (65)
(t) =
0
e
t
t
2
2
. (66)
9
EXERCISE 60
The velocity eld of an incompressible ow be given as
v =
x
1
r
2
e
1
+
x
2
r
2
e
2
, (67)
where r
2
= x
2
1
+ x
2
2
. Does this velocity eld satisfy the continuity equation?
SOLUTION
The continuity equation for incompressible material reduces to
+ divv = 0 = constant
divv = 0. (68)
[divv] =
v
1
x
1
+
v
2
x
2
=
_
1
x
2
1
+ x
2
2
2x
2
1
(x
2
1
+ x
2
2
)
2
_
+
_
1
x
2
1
+ x
2
2
2x
2
2
(x
2
1
+ x
2
2
)
2
_
= 0. (69)
Therefore, it does.
10
EXERCISE 61
A dynamical process is given by the deformation mapping
x
1
= e
t
X
1
e
t
X
2
, x
2
= e
t
X
1
+ e
t
X
2
, x
3
= X
3
, (70)
with the Cauchy stress distribution
[] =
_
_
x
2
1
x
1
x
3
0
x
1
x
3
x
2
0
0 0 x
3
3
_
_
. (71)
Determine the body force vector q so that Cauchys rst equation of motion is satised.
SOLUTION
The Cauchys rst equation of motion:
div +q = a q = a div. (72)
In order to calculate q, we need to compute the quantities , a and div.
X
1
=
1
2
e
t
(x
2
+ x
1
) , X
2
=
1
2
e
t
(x
2
x
1
) , X
3
= x
3
. (73)
The deformation gradient:
[F] =
_
_
e
t
e
t
0
e
t
e
t
0
0 0 1
_
_
J = 2 =
1
2
0
. (74)
The Lagrangian velocity and acceleration elds:
[V (X, t)] =
_
_
e
t
X
1
+ e
t
X
2
e
t
X
1
e
t
X
2
0
_
_
[A(X, t)] =
_
_
e
t
X
1
e
t
X
2
e
t
X
1
+ e
t
X
2
0
_
_
. (75)
The Eulerian acceleration eld:
[a(x, t)] =
_
_
x
1
x
2
0
_
_
. (76)
The divergence of the Cauchy stress:
[div] =
_
11
x
1
+

12
x
2
+

13
x
3
21
x
1
+

22
x
2
+

23
x
3
31
x
1
+

32
x
2
+

33
x
3
_
_
=
_
_
2x
1
1 + x
3
3x
2
3
_
_
. (77)
Therefore the body force becomes
[q] =
1
2
0
_
_
x
1
x
2
0
_
_
_
_
2x
1
1 + x
3
3x
2
3
_
_
. (78)
11

Kossa ContMech Problems 2012 Fall

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BMEGEMMMW03 / Continuum Mechanics / Exercises 6 September 2012

J = Jtrd = Jtrl. (13)

200 300 100

1018 227.901. (7)

F, we can simplify the result above as

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