The University of Salford School of Built Environment

BSc (Hons) Quantity Surveying

What are the facilitating factors to the adoption of BIM in the UK quantity surveying profession?

David Banks 2013

Table of contents
Contents Page Numbers

Abstract Declaration List of figures List of tables Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Justification and rationale 1.3 Aim and objectives 1.4 Dissertation structure Chapter 2. Literature review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Definition of BIM 2.3 The nature of BIM as an innovation 2.4 Framework for BIM adoption 2.5 Barriers to the adoption of BIM 2.6 Facilitators to the adoption of BIM 2.7 Justification for further research Chapter 3. Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Outline of research the methodology 3.3 Data collection 3.4 Data analysis Chapter 4. Presentation and analysis of secondary data 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Current level of awareness and usage of BIM 4.3 Facilitators to BIM adoption in the quantity surveying profession

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Contents

Page Numbers

4.4 Increased client demand 4.5 The application of interfaces between BIM and 3 rd party applications 4.6 BIM training/education 4.7 BIM orientated standards 4.8 Summary Chapter 5. Conclusion and recommendations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Conclusion of the research objectives 5.3 Conclusion of the research aim and recommendations 5.4 Limitation of the research 5.5 Further research References Appendix A

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Abstract
The adoption of BIM in the UK construction industry has been accelerated due to a growing perception of the enhanced processes and services BIM can provide in addition to the emergence of increased client demand. It is detrimental to the UK quantity surveying profession 10% of practicing quantity surveyors frequently utilise BIM processes in contrast to the industry average of 31%. In light of the UK Government Construction Strategy 2011 specifying the requirements for Level 2 BIM on public sector projects by 2016, this research intended to determine the facilitating factors to BIM implementation that will transpose prevailing adoption barriers in the UK quantity surveying profession and facilitate greater levels of implementation. The research methodology initially utilised the analysis of secondary statistical data to establish the most prominent BIM adoption barriers are, a lack of client demand, lack of interfaces among BIM and 3rd party applications, a lack of training and a lack of standards. The analysis of secondary descriptive data revealed the facilitators and associated facilitating factors to transpose adoption barriers include, increased client demand through the UK Government Construction Strategy 2011. Interoperability of BIM outputs and 3rd party applications through buildingSMARTs IFC open BIM file standard. The provision of BIM guidance and training delivered by, private training providers, the RICS, higher education institutes and the UK Governments push strategy. BIM orientated standards consisting of BIM standard methods of measurement, national description library in addition to cost database and standard methods of BIM modelling.

Declaration
I confirm that this dissertation is my own work and I have not plagiarised any of its contents. Where other sources of information have been adopted, they have been cited and referenced in accordance with the standard Havard APA 6th system of referencing. The content of the dissertation main body is 9,993 words in length.

Name: ...

Signed: ..

Date: .

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List of figures
Figure 2.1 - Types of BIM Figure 2.2 BIM model interoperability Figure 2.3 BIM Roadmap Figure 2.4 Framework for BIM adoption Figure 2.5 Framework for analysing construction innovations Figure 2.6 Ranked barriers to innovation implementation Figure 2.7 Ranked enablers to innovation implementation Figure 4.1 - Percentages of quantity surveyor BIM usage Figure 4.2 - BIM estimating process Figure 4.3 - IFC interoperability Figure 4.4 - Quantity surveyors interest in BIM training Figure 4.5 - Adoption of BIM requires substantial investment responses Figure 4.6 - BIM skills implementation model Figure 4.7 - BIM adoption barriers, facilitators and facilitating factors

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List of tables
Table 4.1 - Characteristics of quantity surveyors BIM usage Table 4.2 - BIM activities frequency of use Table 4.3 - Ranked BIM adoption barriers Table 4.4 - Clients demand for BIM usage Table 4.5 - Quantity surveyors interest in BIM training Table 4.6 - : Support for possible RICS BIM actions

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Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction The purpose of this research is to identify the facilitating factors to the implementation of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the UK quantity surveying profession. The implementation of BIM within the quantity surveying profession is acknowledge as a catalyst for improved efficiency of processes, enhanced levels of accuracy, reduced wastage and an enabler for greater levels of integration with construction disciplines. It is additionally anticipated the benefits BIM deliverables can provide to the construction industry have great potential in facilitating a superior quality of client services. Improved client services are expected to be stimulated through BIMs processes of information exchange and interoperability between project stakeholders, which requires the

integration of construction disciplines to harness collaborative working. The ethos of BIMs collaborative working thus displaces the fragmented nature synonymous with the construction industry, attributed with cost over runs, high frequencies of disputes and a lack of customer focus. Moreover, the deliverables and philosophy provided by BIM are supported by the Egan (1998) report, which recommends a focus on the customer and integrated processes and teams. (Succar, 2009) (Eastman, 2011) (Olatunji et al., 2010) The UK Government as a client has recognised the benefits of BIM deliverables and therefore in the Government Construction Strategy 2011 specified the requirement for public sector projects to use fully collaborative BIM level 2 by 2016. The detailed benefits provided by BIM deliverables and the requisite for the application of BIM level 2 processes on public sector projects signifies the importance and urgency required for BIM adoption in the UK quantity surveying profession. (Cabinet Office, 2011)

1.2 Justification and rationale There is patently a growing pressure for the UK quantity surveying profession to adapt traditional methods of work and implement BIM processes to act as a driver for change and align with the increased levels of client demand. Significantly, current levels of adoption indicated by regular use of BIM processes are 10%, this figure is substantially lower than the average adoption levels of 31% within the UK construction industry. The current level of BIM utilisation by quantity surveyors highlights the prevalence of barriers discouraging adoption, it is therefore construe the application of facilitators and associated facilitating factors to act as positive influence are imperative to transposing these barriers and enable greater levels of BIM implementation. (BCIS, 2011a) (NBS, 2012a) While there is extensive literature and research relating to the implementation of BIM in the construction industry and the prevailing barriers and facilitators to this process, limited research has been conducted which defines the facilitating factors to BIM implementation in the UK quantity surveying profession. Research that identifies the effects of prevailing barriers and evaluates prospective facilitating factors, which enable higher adoption rates, would be greatly beneficial to a profession with such a limited proportion of practitioners currently utilising BIM processes. 1.3 Aim and objectives Aim The aim of this dissertation is to determine the facilitating factors to the adoption of in the UK quantity surveying profession. Objectives 1. To review the BIM implementation framework and the factors influencing its effectiveness. 2. To establish the barriers and facilitators to general BIM adoption in the construction industry.
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3. To determine the current levels and characteristics of BIM usage in the UK quantity surveying profession. 4. To evaluate the prevailing barriers to BIM adoption in the quantity surveying profession and the facilitators to transpose their effects. 1.4 Dissertation structure The structure of this dissertation is as follows: Chapter 1 This chapter conceptualizes the background of the research subject and defines its aims and objectives Chapter 2 This chapter provides a literature review on BIMs nature as an innovation, the framework on which BIM is adopted and the barriers and facilitators to the implementation of innovations and BIM within the construction industry. Chapter 3 This chapter establishes the methodology on which the research is established. Chapter 4 This chapter analysis the BCISs BIM survey data, from which a critical analysis is made, regarding the significant barriers, facilitators and associated facilitating factors to BIM adoption in the UK quantity surveying profession. Chapter 5 This chapter provides a conclusion on the research, evaluates the dissertations aim and objectives and recommends areas for further research.

Chapter 2. Literature Review

2.1 Introduction The intent of this chapter is to review literature that relates to the implementation of BIM in the construction industry. The initial phase of this review focuses on defining BIM and gaining a contextual awareness to its nature as an innovation. Furthermore, a prominent BIM adoption framework is evaluated. To conclude, facilitators and barriers to the implementation process are analysed in order to evaluate the factors positively and negatively affecting the utilisation of the BIM adoption framework. 2.2 Definition of BIM Building information modelling (BIM) can be defined as: A modelling technology with associated set of processes to produce, communicate, and analyse building models. (Eastman, 2011. P16) The UK BIM task group (2011) supports Eastmans (2011) notion stating BIM is the sharing of digital information represented on a computer-based model, which enables collaboration amongst companies through interoperability. It is evident from the stated definitions BIM is characterised by the production and use of a data rich model which can be shared digitally between project stakeholders to interpret and use the attached information. Additionally as expressed in Figure 2.1 BIM models aid in both the construction of a facility and its maintenance throughout its lifecycle. (NBS, 2012b) Demonstrated in Figures 2.1 and 2.2 core quantity surveying BIM competencies are predominately focused within 3D and 5D BIM types, which include the quantification and cost estimation of 3D models, in addition to cost planning of 4D schedule models through 5D BIM utilisation.

Figure 2.1: Types of BIM, Adapted from: Radley (2012)

Figure 2.2: BIM model interoperability, Source: Cole (2012)

2.3 The Nature of BIM as an Innovation Innovation is defined by Ozorhon et al., (2010. p1) as: The creation and adoption of new knowledge to improve the value of products, processes, and services. Conforming to the deliverables stated in the innovation definition, quantity surveying BIM processes have been attributed with time reductions of 50% in cost estimation services compared to traditional methods, furthermore quantification accuracies can be achieved within a 3% tolerance of the completed project. (Woods, 2012) To achieve the discussed improvements in quantity surveying services through BIM It is evident fundamental changes to processes at project, organisation and sector levels are required. Concurrently the DTIs (2007) definitions of
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innovation defines BIM as a process innovation recognising it as an innovation that changes the method in which a service is delivered. This point is reinforced in Figure 2.3 that expresses the maturity levels of BIM. When contrasting BIM maturity level 0 which includes processes predominately used by quantity surveyor in the UK with that of the maturity Level 2. It is obvious a fundamental process change is required to discontinue the use of CAD and paper based methods of work and adopt the use of BIM models, collaborative exchange of attached information and BIM process standards. (BIM I Task Group, 2011)

Figure 2.3: BIM Roadmap, Source: (Bew and Richards, 2008)

2.4 Framework for BIM Adoption In order to implement a process innovation that changes a professions established methods of work a framework of implementation is required. Mom et al., (2011) framework for BIM adoption is demonstrated in Figure 2.4, proposing 4 adoption phases in which BIM processes diffuse into an organisation. During each adoption phase three main factors effect an organisations decision to adopt: perceived benefits, internal readiness and external pressure.

Figure 2.4: Framework for BIM adoption, Source: Mom et al., (2011. P3)

The initial phase of adoption is Visualisation, which is associated to BIM maturity level 1. This adoption level is initiated through the integration of BIM enabled 3D parametric tools, yet usage is limited to specific disciplines and involves the production of 3D BIM models for an organisations own purposes, thus maintaining the lack of interoperability and fragmentation of stakeholders present in maturity level 0. It could be argued this initial phase is ineffectual for implementation within quantity surveying practices, as BIM processes in

quantity surveying require interoperability with other disciplines BIM models. (Mom et al., 2011) Coordination is the second phase, which incorporates initial concepts of BIM maturity level 2 in the sharing of digital information attached to BIM models between project disciplines. (Mom et al., 2011) Thirdly, the Adaption phase, this is represented by BIM maturity Level 2. The adaption phase involves the adjustment of an organisations work environment to BIM processes in addition to full interoperability of BIM models attached data between construction disciplines. Outputs of the adaption phase include the development of 4D and 5D BIM models. (Mom et al., 2011) The concluding phase of BIM adoption is Integration, characterised by BIM maturity level 3. The integration phase involves the diffusion of BIM in an organisation to enable the sharing of data rich multi-disciplinary BIM models on a universal web based server. Models are developed, shared and maintained collaboratively by stakeholders throughout all project phases, facilitating the utilisation of integrated project teams. (Mom et al., 2011) The Mom et al., (2011) framework phases the adoption of BIM, thus creating incremental implementations of the innovation. Incremental innovations are conveyed by Henderson Clark (1990) as being limited in change to an organisation, hence this process can reduce adoption barriers as the degree of internal readiness declines with phased BIM adoption. Mom et al., (2011) adoption framework additionally details 6 components of BIM adoption. Components define extents within an organization where specific changes must occur to implement BIM, all 6 components requirements must be achieved before succeeding to the subsequent phase of adoption. Organizations: This component relates to the decision making of an organisation, it is proposed a shift in an organisations culture of work must occur including strategies for service and the attaining of new skills to adopt BIM processes. Liu et al., (2010) states top down management support and awareness to the perceived benefits is the optimum factor to this adoption
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component. Conversely unwillingness by employees to change could limit this components adoption process. (Mom et al., 2011) Applications: The applications component outlines an alignment between an organisations objectives and BIM deliverables. Through defining objectives a company can develop their business strategy around BIM usage. Success factors to this process include leadership from management in determining the companys business strategy to implement BIM processes and an awareness of the perceived benefits of BIM and its deliverables. (Mom et al., 2011) Tools: The tools component is the obtaining and implementing of BIM technologies to gain internal readiness. Mom et al., (2011) states skill development of personnel lays the foundations for successful BIM adoption, and therefore the selection and implementing of BIM enabled tools that are suited to both a companys competencies and organisational objectives is of paramount significance to the success of this component. Project Teams: Project teams are considered a critical success factor in the adoption and use of BIM, this component refers to an organisation forming teams consisting of project stakeholders and harnessing a collaborative working environment in which digital information is shared and interoperability promoted. Bachelder (2010) claims trust is the key that leads project success thus indicating trust and collaboration between project stakeholders are the key factor to this component. (Mom et al., 2011) Processes: The processes component requires organisations to develop BIM enabled workflows and integrate BIM applications into their projects. This component would imbed BIM orientated quantity surveying practices into organisations processes and workflows replacing old methods of work and developing greater levels of BIM maturity through its usage. Critical success factors to this component include the learning and application of BIM processes through, BIM training and pilot schemes to develop an organisational understanding of its use, thus increasing internal readiness and the companys comprehension of perceived benefits. (Mom et al., 2011)

Business Models: The concluding component of the adoption framework is adjusting the organisations business model towards BIM practices. The adapted business model should account for project delivery, procurement selection criteria and contractual relationships that facilitate BIM usage. (Mom et al., 2011) Figure 2.5 expresses how the implementation of construction innovations will have resistance from barriers and require the provision of enablers during the diffusion process. To enable adoption, barriers must be eliminated or diminished through the provision of facilitators. (Ozorhons et al., 2010)

Figure 2.5: Framework for analysing construction innovations. , Ozorhons et al., (2010)

2.5 Barriers to the Adoption of BIM Figure 2.6 illustrates Ozorhon et al.,(2010) survey results in which 34 North West UK construction companies ranked barriers to the adoption of construction innovations. Expressed in the survey finding is the belief economic conditions are the most prevalent barrier. Low productivity within the industry caused by poor economic conditions induces a reduction of available finances deemed to be essential in the investment of innovation implementation. An environment of restricted available finances within the industry in theory establishes a mind-set of conservatism developed through companies protecting their existing financial situation from the monetary risks involved when implementing new technologies and processes. (Ozorhon et al.,2010)

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The 3rd most resilient barrier defined by the survey results is the fragmented nature of the construction industry, constituting to adversarial relationships that would hinder the implementation of BIMs interoperable processes. Slaughter (2000) reinforces this notion proposing commitment from all stakeholders is vital to the implementation of innovations, therefore an antagonistic

environment would hinder this process. (Ozorhon et al.,2010) Further survey results propose an unwillingness to change is the 4th most significant barrier which arguably gains resolute the greater the change will bring to a sector, profession or organisation. Considering the process changes BIM will instigate the unwillingness to change barrier can be considered to be specifically strong as existing construction practices are well established and BIM implementation will require substantial process changes. (Ozorhon et al.,2010) Ranked 5th in the Ozorhon et al., (2010) survey of barriers to the implementation of innovations is the government lacking role model status, moreover the lack of government input through strategies or legislation to facilitate implementation. It is evident there is an overriding perception amongst industry professionals that the UK government through the deficiency of legislation and lack of leadership action act as a barrier to innovation implementation therefore it can be deduced governments and public policy are potentially significant players in facilitating BIM adoption.

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Figure 2.6: Ranked barriers to innovation implementation. Source: (Ozorhon et al., 2010)

Eastman (2011) proposes BIM implementation encounters process and technology barriers, the two stated elements are constitutional to BIM usage yet derive many barriers affecting their implementation. Noted as a process barrier that restricts organisations developing from BIM level 0 is the notion BIMs training costs and learning curve are too high. Expenditure of training personnel commonly surpasses that of the technology investment, this barrier potentially concedes BIM adoption is unfeasible to organisations with restricted financial resources previously expressed in Ozorhon et al., (2010) findings. (Eastman, 2011) Eastman (2011) furthermore determined for BIM utilisation to be optimized there is a requisite for its processes to be universally applied amongst stakeholders, consequently when parties are not participating in BIM it creates a barrier to those willing to implement its processes as its usage would not be effective without interoperability, paradoxically greater levels of adoption is
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required to eradicate this barrier. Concurrent with Ozorhon et al., (2010) verdicts, which attribute the temporary nature of construction projects as an adoption barrier, project teams are temporary, therefore BIM capabilities may be effective in one project team but not in another, thus creating a barrier to organisations contemplating adoption. The concluding process barrier described by Eastman (2011) is the potential negative legal implications BIM adoption may cause. Legal issues surrounding BIM practises stem from the lack of standard forms of contract that facilitate its usage and the division of risk within BIMs shared working environment is generally perceived as unclear. Thus, created a barrier to BIMs implementation as organisations seek to ascertain and reduce risk exposure. (Roberts, 2012) The second category of BIM implementation barriers established by Eastman (2011) is associated to technology. BIM maturity level 2 requires multiple stakeholders to utilise a shared environment of information attached to BIMs, it is expressed standardised protocols for accessing and editing these models within a server-based network is crucially required. Detrimental to these requirements is the fact standards for these processes are in development and not universally defined or adopted causing a negative inclination to BIM implementation as organisations may judge processes too immature and undeveloped to use. A further technology based barrier established by Eastman (2011) is the absence of defined standards for BIM processes. Methods of work in all construction disciplines require guidelines and standards, the absence of these factors would pose firm barriers to BIM adoption. Liu et al., (2010) concurrent with Eastman (2011) states the upfront costs of implementing BIM processes and technologies creates a significant barrier. Furthermore, Liu et al., (2010) claims the lack of training initiatives compounds the barrier as this manifests a lack guidance and leadership to train organisations. Liu et al., (2010) additionally proposes low demand from clients for BIM usage is a persistent barrier for organisations, with low external pressure being
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applied for adoption, organisations will consider BIM implementation is not currently relevant or required. A profound disconnect amongst BIM users and non-users has been identified by Liu et al., (2010) as a implementation barrier. It is proposed a proportion of organisations are unwilling to change and are content with BIM level 0 processes and systems of work creating barriers to organisations willing to adopt and implement more mature levels of BIM. The effects of this stated barrier is supported by Ozorhons et al., (2010) and Eastmans (2011) findings who claim the fragmented nature of the industry is acting negatively to BIM adoption due to its reliance on interoperability and integrated project teams. A collective opinion from the literature reviewed acknowledges prevailing barriers to BIM adoption include the cost of implementations, unwillingness to change, fragmented nature of the industry, lack of client demand, legal barriers and the lack of standardisation. With reference to Mom et al., (2011) adoption framework high expenditure of training and technologies would impact on the organization, application and tools components as these implementation components require financial investment. Organisations unwilling to change and the fragmented nature of the industry poses a strong threat to project teams and processes components of the adoption framework as they necessitate interoperability between all stakeholders. A lack of standards in contracts and BIM processes effects all 6 adoption components as standards set the principles of workflows and work processes, in the absence of clearly defined standards there is a severe lack of guidance on correct BIM practice. 2.6 Facilitators to the adoption of BIM Demonstrated in Figure 2.7 are Ozorhons et al., (2010) survey findings aimed at determining the perceived facilitators to the implementation of innovations within the construction industry. Leadership and a supportive work environment where regarded as the most effective components yet these two facilitators could be considered not mutually exclusive as Akintoye et al., (2012) states, a leaders vision is manifested through the lens of a supportive working environment. Supporting Ozorhons et al., (2010) survey findings Akintoye et
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al., (2012) noted the three fundamental enablers to the implementation of innovations as being a creative culture, leadership and empowerment. Reciprocally both authors attributed a leaders vision requiring a supportive environment or culture of work to implement new organisational processes, it is apparent these two described factors must be prevailing within an organisation to establish optimal adoption. An additional prominent facilitator acknowledged by Ozorhon et al., (2010) is collaboration with partners. A foremost barrier to the implementation of innovations is the discontinuous and fragmented nature of the construction industry recognised by the survey results demonstrated in Figure 2.6. To transpose this barrier collaboration amongst partners would develop synergy between stakeholders and enable the sharing of information thus facilitating a more mature usage of BIM. Blayse and Manley (2004) maintains a comparable stance claiming collaborative working attitudes will advance a more harmonious working environment amongst stakeholders consequently allowing for improved levels of transferring information.

Figure 2.7: Ranked enablers to innovation implementation. Source: (Ozorhon et al., 2010)

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The implementation of innovations habitually requires the education and training of personnel to the new processes and methods of work, to develop internal readiness and stimulate an organisations willingness to change. This facilitator was ranked as the 5th most effective by Ozorhons et al., (2010) survey results. It is proposed strong leadership in committing to BIM training and a supportive working environment of those involved in training would be essential facilitators to optimize and make effective the training of new processes. Arayici et al., (2009) views on the facilitators to BIM adoption are concurrent with previously evaluated literature in defining, a supportive organisational culture as an essential factor to organisations implementing BIM. It is proposed an organisational culture that is willing to adapt to new, processes, technologies, and work practices formulates a strong basis in which BIM implementation is facilitated. Additionally described as a fundamental facilitator to BIM adoption by Arayici et al., (2009) is information management, this facilitator relates to the collection and distribution of information to relevant stakeholders, highlighting comparability to collaborative working facilitator stated by Ozorhons et al., (2010). Arayici et al., (2009) states it is essential to BIM implementation personnel affected by the implementation of new processes are educated with best practice, this facilitator would develop the required internal readiness of an organisation but principally a supportive organisational culture is crucial to ensure those educated are willing to adopt the new processes. In accordance with Ozorhons et al., (2010) it is proposed training aligned with the supportive organisational culture would harness and optimize its positive effects. Arayici et al., (2009) concluding facilitator refers to the provision of standardised systems of work, which can enable adoption through organisations having guidance on the application of BIM processes thus eliminating ambiguity of BIM utilisation stated as a barrier by Eastman (2011).

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It is clear from the literature reviewed theres a consensus of views regarding the optimal facilitators to the implementation of BIM, consisting of leadership, supportive work environment, collaboration with partners, education and training and information management. Leadership is comprehensively

accredited as a facilitator through which BIM implementation is initiated and managed. With reference to the BIM framework, strong leadership would be a significant factor in all 6 components as existing systems of work and processes are changed, necessitating direction and governance within an organisation. Concurrent with leadership a supportive work environment would be an essential facilitator to the 6 components stated in the framework, to optimise the adoption of new processes and decision making requires backing of an organisations work force. Collaboration with partners is central to BIMs ethos of interoperability, applying this facilitator would provide greater levels of cohesion between stakeholders and facilitate BIM adoption. Education and training was established as principal to the BIM adoption components, it is proposed in the literature reviewed this facilitator would increase internal readiness to adopt BIM processes. The provision of information management is attributed to facilitating BIM adoption through enabling interoperability and collaborative working thus promoting the adoption frameworks project teams and processes components as both necessitate the transfer of information and integration of project stakeholders. 2.7 Justification for further research The barriers and facilitators to the adoption of construction innovations and BIM identified by the literature review predominantly focus on the general construction industry. To achieve the research aim a more specific analysis regarding the barriers, facilitators and facilitating factors to BIM adoption in the UK quantity surveying profession is required.

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Chapter 3. Methodology
3.1 Introduction The scope of this chapter is to outline the research methodology, the method of data collection and the techniques of data analysis used. 3.2 Outline of the research methodology In order to achieve the research aim and objectives the author has evaluated all relevant categories of data collection and analysis. As the research encompasses the reviewing and analysing of the facilitating factors to BIM adoption in the UK quantity surveying profession the use of critical analysis on both secondary statistical and descriptive data in addition to primary interview data is determined as the most suited methodology. Corti and Thompson (1998) affirm this methodologies suitability when the reuse of secondary data for analysis offers a narrative that details issues relating to the researchers question. Moreover, Naoum (1998) conveys the use of descriptive secondary data enables an in-depth discussion of views relating to the literatures subject focus, thus providing the author with a valid basis on which to form critical analyses and conclusions. To substantiate the secondary descriptive data analysis findings from a personal perspective, primary interview data will be utilised, Merriam (1998) advocates the suitability of interviews to attain primary data when a research wants to analyse views from a person with direct involvement and experiences on the research subject. 3.3 Data collection Secondary sources of descriptive data will be acquired from, books, construction journals, industry reports, government strategic reports,

newsletters and internet sources. Additionally secondary statistical data will be attained from official survey statistics published by the BCIS. Naoum (1998) states the predominant advantages to secondary data collection is the minimal expenditure of time and cost required. Due to the time constraints on the research, secondary data collection was deemed the most
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feasible in providing adequate data. Furthermore, the author perceives official statistical data published by the BCIS would be more comprehensive in quality and quantity to represent the research topic in comparison to the authors capabilities of primary data collection in the specified period for the research. Blaikie (2000) states in secondary data analysis the researcher must ensure the quality and appropriateness of data collected, these factors relate to bias and relevance of content. Therefore, as Naoum (1998) confers, the author is required to scrutinise collected data for its reliability to the research topic before use in data analysis. Primary data will be obtained from conducting an interview with an expert on the research subject matter. A structured interview was chosen as specific questions were asked relating to areas of the research subject that necessitated an in depth perspective from personnel involved. 3.4 Data analysis The analysis of collected statistical and descriptive secondary data shall utilise a critical analysis approach to achieve the research aim. A descriptive analysis will be made on statistical secondary data that aims to highlight areas that require a more focused analysis using the collated descriptive secondary data and primary interview data. Explanation building of research areas identified by the statistical secondary data analysis will be made using inductive analysis on descriptive secondary data and primary interview data. This analysis will allow the author and reader to comprehend emergent patterns present in the investigated research areas. (Patton, 2002) Thomas (2003) outlines the sequential approach to inductive analysis:

Condensing and linking of the extensive and mixed text into a summary of prevalent concepts. Aligning the summarised packaged data to the research objectives.

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Development of an explanation or theory that combines the prominent concepts of the reviewed data.

The condensing and linking of data would allow the author to concentrate on specific research areas highlighted by the descriptive analysis of statistical secondary data. Aligning data with the research objectives allows for a critical analysis of the data to determine prevailing trends in the texts. The author in the concluding phase will build explanations and substantiate their substance. (Thomas, 2003)

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Chapter 4. Presentation and analysis of secondary data

4.1 Introduction This chapter initially analyses the BCIS (2011a) BIM Survey statistical secondary data to determine the current levels of BIM adoption and the characteristics of BIM usage in the UK quantity surveying profession. Additional analysis of the data defines the prevailing BIM adoption barriers to quantity surveying. Subsequently, secondary descriptive data is analysed to establish the facilitators and associated facilitating factors to BIM adoption in the UK quantity surveying profession. 4.2 Current level of awareness and usage of BIM In order to determine the optimal facilitators to BIM adoption within the UK quantity surveying profession the current usage and characteristics of its application will be established to define the professions general level of BIM maturity. Table 4.1 details the responses of Quantity Surveyors to How would you characterise your firm's use of BIM? The results express 54% of quantity surveyors are currently not using BIM, 14% of none users expressed to having awareness of BIM practices. BIM usage amongst quantity surveyors is 39% yet only 10% of these respondents conveyed regular use of BIM processes, indicating 29% of use is within initial adoption phases or is infrequent. (BCIS, 2011a)

Figure 4.1 Percentages of quantity surveyor BIM usage (BCIS, 2011a) Table 4.1: Characteristics of quantity surveyors BIM usage. Source: (BCIS, 2011a) 21

Table 4.2 demonstrates the frequency in which specific BIM activities are used. The results show BIM usage very often and often is 4% on all activities. Noticeably respondents who were involved in BIM projects in the last 12 months have much greater frequencies in BIM usage, 7.2% very often and often of all activities; however, repeated utilisation of BIM for both categories of respondents is considered low. (BCIS, 2011a)

Table 4.2: BIM activities frequency of use. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

With reference to the definitions of BIM maturity levels illustrated in Figure 2.3 and the type of activities engaged by quantity surveyors in the surveys findings it can deduced that 63.2% of respondents are categorised by maturity level 0, 30.8% infrequently are involved in level 1 and 6% frequently use BIM to maturity level 1, the survey does not make reference to 5D BIM activities being utilised therefore level 2 is not assumed to be in frequent use. (BCIS, 2011a) The evaluated results highlight there is a significant deficiency in the levels of full BIM adoption expressed in the high percentages of quantity surveyors categorised as none or infrequent BIM users, signifying the prevalence of implementation barriers. The author will therefore determine effective facilitating factors to abrogate barriers and enable greater levels of adoption to infrequent users and initiate adoption to none users. (BCIS, 2011a)

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4.3 Facilitators to BIM adoption in the quantity surveying profession A critical analysis will be developed on the facilitators and the associated facilitating factors to BIM adoption within the quantity surveying profession, through the evaluation of the BCIS (2011a) BIM survey findings presented in Table 4.3 that express the 140 respondents views on the most important barriers to the uptake of BIM. It is proposed through determining factors from secondary analysis that oppose and eradicate the most prominent barriers to quantity surveyor BIM adoption defined in the survey, effective facilitators and associated facilitating factors can be defined. (BCIS, 2011a)

Table 4.3: Ranked BIM adoption barriers. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

4.4 Increased client demand The BCIS (2011a) survey findings shown in Table 4.3 demonstrate lack of client demand is perceived as the most significant barrier to BIM adoption, This view is mutually acknowledged by all and BIM categories of respondents represented in the balances column. 72% of none BIM users understood this barrier to be very important or important to BIM adoption, as did 68% of quantity surveyors who have recent usage BIM. The stated barriers effectiveness is reinforced by Mom et al., (2011) framework for BIM adoption which defines external pressure as a key factor to BIM
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adoption at all maturity levels. With low client demand for quantity surveyors to utilise BIM the inclination to maintain level 0 BIM methods of quantity surveying practices will prevail as there is no incentive from external pressure at organisation level to gain competiveness by adopting BIM processes to satisfy clients demands. The adoption framework suggests perceived benefits is an additional key factor to BIM implementation at all levels. An organisation may have an awareness to the benefits BIM services can provided yet adoption requires financial and time investments and with low client demand for these services it may be deemed unnecessary despite the advantages being known, thus supporting the prominence of this barrier on the adoption framework. The BCIS (2011a) survey findings shown in Table 4.4 demonstrate 75% of BIM projects quantity surveyors were involved in were because of demand by the client. It is evident from the results increased client demand for BIM has significant potential to stimulating BIM usage and thus facilitating adoption.

Table 4.4: Clients demand for BIM usage. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

The UK Governments Construction Strategy 2011 is recognised as public policy which will fundamentally increase the demand of BIM services by the largest client of the construction industry. The Construction Strategy acknowledged value for money is not realised on the UK governments contribution of 40% to the construction industries 110 billion GDP per annum. Therefore it set to reduce expenditure by 20% through eliminating waste, highlighted as a fundamental method in doing so was through the application of fully collaborative BIM level 2, with all project and asset information, documentation and data being electronic as a minimum by 2016. (Cabinet Office, 2011. P.14) Level 2 BIM will be demanded by all 7 government divisions that procure construction services with no minimum value specified for projects requiring BIM services, which includes BIM enabled quantity surveying practices and aspects of 5D BIM. The high level of external pressure generated by this public policy could have a profound facilitating influence on the majority of quantity
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surveyors that currently use level 0 BIM as they will be stimulated to gain awareness and adopt BIM if they wish to gain or maintain public sector work and consequently remain competitive, furthermore quantity surveyors that have frequent or infrequent use of level 1 BIM will seek to gain further adoption to remain applicable for public sector projects. With reference to Mom et al., (2011) adoption framework, Organizations and Business Model components require shifts in an organisations approach to accommodate BIM usage, this could be stimulated due to the external pressure as a result of client demand. Furthermore the perceived benefits adoption factor is precipitated through quantity surveyors recognising the potential of being competitive for public sector projects through BIM adoption. (BIM Task Group, 2011) (Cabinet Office, 2011) The UK Governments strategy seeks to actively challenege business models and practices at industry level through a push pull strategic plan, pull relates to the government as a client specifying the requirements of specific information data sets to be provided by the supply chain throughout a projects construction and operation. Through specifying the information data required for each project, organisations will be motivated to implement BIM enabled processes that can supply this data in order to conform with client demands. Consequently facilitating the Applications and Tools components of Mom et al., (2011) adoption framework which requires an organisation to define objectives and deliverables from BIM processes in addition to the technologies that will achieve them, these can be tailored in alignment with the governments data set requirements. The pull strategy will effectively influence the adoption of BIM processes within the quantity surveying profession if the clients data set require quantity surveying BIM processes, this is evidently being proposed as 3D BIM model quantification and aspects of 5D BIM are incorporated at level 2 BIM. The actions of the UK Governments in obligating best practice as a client are in concurrence with the recommendations set by Latham (1994) which acknowledged the Government should play a role in facilitating improved construction processes. (Cabinet Office, 2011) (BIM Task Group, 2011)

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The Singapore Governments Construction and Real Estate Network is an example of public policy stimulating client demand and thus facilitating BIM adoption. Mandatory BIM requirements were specified for all new public sector construction projects exceeding 20,000m by 2013 and projects exceeding 5,000m for 2015, this government strategy is acknowledged to have significantly supported the increase of BIM adoption amongst firms from 10% in 2008 to 25-30% in 2011, thus reinforcing the effectiveness of increased client demand through public sector leadership being a facilitator to quantity surveying BIM adoption. Moreover, Ozorhon et al., (2010 defined leadership as the optimal facilitator to the implementation of constriction innovations, it is obvious the public sector is executing this facilitator in promoting a government scheme which will enable adoption and furthermore itll require quantity surveyors to show leadership in responding to the increased client demand and adopt BIM. (buildingSMART, 2011) 4.5 The application of interfaces between BIM and 3rd party applications The lack of application interfaces between BIM and 3 rd party applications was acknowledged in the BCIS (2011a) survey demonstrated in Table 4.3 as the 2nd most prominent barrier to BIM adoption by quantity surveyors with recent BIM usage and the 3rd by quantity surveyors with no BIM usage, with balances of 55% and 49% respectively. Quantity surveying BIM activities require the extracting of data from models for use in specific quantity surveying BIM software or traditional spreadsheet forms. Distinguishable methods of BIM based quantity surveying activities are recognised by Eastman (2011): BIM model data is exported to a spreadsheet containing model component quantities and descriptions, and costs are associated to model items to provide an estimate. (Eastman, 2011) Demonstrated in Figure 4.2 BIM model data is imported to a 3rd party BIM quantity take off tool through a digital link. Quantities are extracted using the take off software, and model components quantities aligned with cost estimates to form an estimation of the 3D BIM model. (Eastman, 2011)
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Direct digital linking of a model in 3D BIM software to a 3 rd party application for estimating or 4D BIM modelling, components are recognised and directly aligned to estimate costs in a database with matching descriptions, furthermore scheduling data in 4D BIM is directly linked to cost data to form a 5D BIM model. (Eastman, 2011) (Smith and Tardif, 2009)

Figure 4.2: BIM estimating process, Source: Eastman (2011)

The requirement for the described quantity surveying BIM processes to be exported through digital links and used in 3rd party applications exemplifies the need for interoperability of data transfer between model based BIM software and 3rd party applications, this would remove the stated barrier and act as a facilitator to BIM usage and adoption. The facilitation of interoperability between BIM models and 3 rd party applications has been supported by buildingSMARTs development of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) an open standard file format which is proposed as a facilitating factor to BIM adoption. IFC is not specific to a single BIM application its common data scheme allows for an exchange of information contained in BIM models too various BIM software and 3rd party applications. Figure 4.3 illustrates how IFC open standard format facilitates quantity surveyors producing cost estimates from BIM information provided by the supply chain. Three 3D BIM models consisting of architectural, MEP and structural data are
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provided from three separate BIM enabled software yet all transferred using the .ifc file extension for estimation in quantity surveying 3rd party applications. (buildingSMART, 2012) (NBS, 2012b) (Eastman, 2008) The IFC file extension additional facilitates the exporting of BIM model data to web and spreadsheet applications through the form of .xml files, this additionally allows for traditional methods of quantity surveying activities to be performed using model data. Eastman (2011) states Microsoft Excel remains the most frequently used 3rd party application thus the IFCs .xml file format provides interoperability benefits to the majority of quantity surveyors. (buildingSMART, 2012) (NBS, 2012b)

Figure 4.3: IFC interoperability, Source: Adapted from, Patchell (2011)

The IFC standard file format is in the process of being accredited as the international standard ISO/IS16739 for open BIM, the recognition of this file sharing standard will encourage greater adoption by BIM vendors and 3rd party application, thus stimulating the perceived benefits of BIM implementation for quantity surveyors. Standarised file formats have the potential to make a profound positive influence on the Mom et al., (2011) adoption framework components. IFC being assigned the international standard will effect the Tools component as quantity surveyors could invest in BIM enabled technology that
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matches client demand without risk of it being inoperable with project stakeholders files. The Project Teams component in the adoption framework would be advanced through increased levels of integration with stakeholders as a result of open BIM capabilities providing interoperability of data. The open standard file format facilitates the development of the Processes component as BIM based workflows between applications can be defined and performed with IFC enabling open BIM data transfer. (buildingSMART, 2012) 4.6 BIM training/education Demonstrated in Table 4.3 lack of training and education was perceived by none BIM using quantity surveyors as the 2nd most prevalent barrier to adoption with 65% of the balance and a 54% balance by quantity surveyors with BIM usage in the last 12 months ranking the importance of this barrier 3rd thus forming a consensus to the resilience of this barrier. (BCIS, 2011a) With reference to Mom et al., (2011) BIM adoption framework it is evident quantity surveyors lacking training would significantly restrain the internal readiness factor at each level of BIM adoption. For quantity surveyors to adopt any maturity level of BIM they require adjustments to existing processes, applications and work environments, a lack of training would result in insufficient knowledge and skills to adopt such changes. Consequently, it can be deduced training is an essential facilitator to the adoption of BIM, in accordance with the findings of Olatunji (2011) who recognises the education of BIM processes is a vitally important factor to the adoption of BIM at any level. (BCIS, 2011a) Having established training/education is an essential facilitator to BIM adoption it is significant the BCIS (2011a) survey reported 4% of quantity surveyors invest regularly in BIM training, which is profoundly lower than the 54% of none BIM users and 50% of recent BIM users expressing interest in BIM training shown in Table 4.5 and Figures 4.4a and 4.4b. Moreover, there is a mutual perception amongst the majority of both BIM users and none BIM users that Adopting BIM entails a substantial investment in training with 62% and 61% respectively agreeing strongly or agreeing to this statement, illustrated in
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Figures 4.5 a and 4.5b. From evaluating these results it can be construed there is a high interested in BIM training yet there is currently low investment and a prevailing perception the process is a substantial investment, therefore facilitating factors must be determined which will stimulate investment and participation in BIM training, that consequently enables the adoption of BIM. (BCIS, 2011a)

Table 4.5: Quantity surveyors interest in BIM training. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

Figure 4.4 a: All QS responses Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

Figure 4.4 b: BIM QS responses .

Figure 4.4: Quantity surveyors interest in BIM training. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

Figure 4.5 a: All QS responses Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

Figure 4.5 b: BIM QS responses.

Figure 4.5: Adoption of BIM requires substantial investment responses. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

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Figure 4.6: BIM skills implementation model. Source: (Mathews, 2011)

To establish the facilitating factors to quantity surveyors investing in BIM training a descriptive analysis of Mathews (2011) BIM Task Groups skills implementation model will be formed. Illustrated in Figure 4.6 the

implementation model was developed in alliance with the UK Government Construction Strategy 2011 to enable training of BIM. The initial phase of the skills implementation model is Demand, this is stimulated by the clients demand for BIM requirements, as set out in the previously discussed Pull strategy, demand can be acknowledged as a stimulus that initiates quantity surveyors in training, to reduce the gap between current BIM skills and those being demanded. (BIM Task Group, 2011) The secondary phase is Define, the initial output of this stage is to express the BIM education and training skills required to satisfy the learning gap. The Government Construction Strategy outlined the push system which involves quantity surveyors aligning clients demand with the correct packages of information regarding products, standards, guides and training required to
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adhere with BIM maturity level 2 requirements set by the client demands in the pull strategy. Furthermore within the Define phase accredited bodies (RICS) are identified as key providers of guidance relating to appropriate skills and training for the application of BIM. (BIM Task Group, 2011) (Mathews, 2011) The Delivery phase proposes training should be supplemented through a hybrid approach, initially from professional institutes (RICS) who are expected to provide guidance on developed standards and best practice and long term development through the expertise provided by higher education institutes. Moreover, private training is indorsed for short term BIM development. The BCIS (2011a) survey report demonstrated in Table 4.6 highlights 75% of all quantity surveyors want RICS to provide guidance on BIM usage. Respondents ranked RICS support for BIM training second with 49% of quantity surveyors supporting this service, although this is bellow the majority of votes it suggests there is a significant number of quantity surveyors who express support in the RICS providing training. The survey results advocate there is demand for RICS to deliver BIM guidance which is specified as a requirement under Mathews (2011) BIM Task Group implementation model, thus emphasizing the demand and importance of RICS to act as a facilitating factor to BIM adoption through the guidance and education of quantity surveying BIM processes. (BCIS, 2011b) (Mathews, 2011)

Table 4.6: Support for possible RICS BIM actions. Source: (BCIS, 2011a)

With reference to the literature and survey results analysed it is proposed the stimulus for quantity surveyors to initiate BIM training is from client demand, a significant factor to the effectiveness of this demand is leadership from quantity surveyors to respond and invest in training. The skills implementation model
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highlights the UK Government, the RICS and industry experts are required to provide guidance on necessary training. Moreover, private training providers, RICS and higher education institutes are a fundamental training resource to deliver the training of quantity surveying BIM processes. The proposed effects of training on the Mom et al., (2011) framework is increased levels of internal readiness, which has a profound influence on the models components. Training will facilitate the required shift in Organizations culture of work as quantity surveyors with BIM knowledge and awareness could be perceived as more willing to adopt to change. Skills acquired through training would optimize the implementation of BIM enabled technologies required in the Tools component. The knowledge gained from the training in BIM processes in use of other disciplines models or data has the potential to improve the application of interoperability between project stakeholders, thus facilitating the Project Teams component. Workflows and BIM procedures are implemented in the Processes component, quantity surveyors with BIM education would be more effective in the application of BIM processes thus enabling more mature levels of implementation. The facilitating factors of training discussed have the potential to enable greater maturity levels of adoption to the 10% of frequent BIM users, through the provision of training in the application of advanced levels of BIM. The 30.8% of infrequent BIM users would acquire knowledge on how to increase the regularity and effectiveness of BIM processes currently being used in addition to the adoption of more mature BIM applications. Training would enable the initial implementation of BIM to the 63.2% of none users through perceived benefits gained from an awareness of BIM processes, furthermore internal readiness would be improved as knowledge is acquired and diffused into an organisation. (BIM Task Group, 2011) (BCIS, 2011b) (Ozorhons et al., 2010) 4.7 BIM orientated standards The lack of BIM standards is recognised as the 4th most prominent barrier to adoption by both categories of respondents shown in Table 4.3. The balance of 39% for both none using and using BIM quantity surveyors was established. (BCIS, 2011a)
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With reference to the findings of the literature review Eastman (2011) in alliance with the survey findings acknowledes the lack of standards of BIM processes acts as a barrier to general adoption. Moreover, Arayici et al., (2009) recognises the implementation and use of standardised BIM processes enables greater multi-disciplinary BIM usage with consistent inputs and outputs, which supports collaborative work and thus facilitates the adoption of greater BIM maturity levels and the frequency of its usage. Standards providing a consistent approach to BIM processes in accordance with existing methods will have an influential factor on none users to adopt BIM as perceived benefits of BIM adoption would become apparent. (BCIS, 2011a) Quantity surveying BIM activities are enabled through the parametric intelligence of objects within a BIM that have attached specifications and quantities, the BIM Journal (2009) states to quantify these objects a construction methodology that aligns with a standard methods of measurement must be used. This expresses the requirements for BIM outputs to be in accordance with the standards specified in RICS NRM for both quantities and item descriptions to ensure BIM practices are harmonized with existing standards within the UK quantity surveying profession. Olatunji et al., (2010) reinforces this notion stating, for BIM quantity surveying activities to be enabled and adoption facilitated there is a prerequisite for BIM output data to be filtered in compliance with the rules prescribed by standard method of measurement. In addition, it is also determined BIM modelling methodologies should be standardised to ensure consistency of data input and output. The Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA) public housing BIM pilot scheme experienced the deficiency of BIM standards regarding methods of modelling and extracting quantities, causing a barrier to the application of quantity surveying BIM processes. To overcome this barrier and successfully perform quantity surveying BIM processes the HKHA in association with isBIM developed a standardised approach to modelling BIMs and devised guidelines on quantifying the BIM data in accordance with Hong Kong standard method of measurement. From this case study it is evident the application of standards enables the use of quantity surveying BIM applications yet for BIM adoption to
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be greater facilitated these standards must be accessible to all members of the profession, the development of standards by a minority of motivated organisations will not provide this. (Autodesk, 2012) It is professed for BIM standards to be implemented into the UK quantity surveying profession in alignment with existing standards the RICS are required to develop and provide guidance on their usage. Support for this action is demonstrated in the (BCIS, 2011a) BIM report shown in Table 4.6, which expresses 45% of quantity surveyors support the RICS providing BIM standards. With reference to the Brendan Patchell FRICS interview (Appendix A), the RICS has stated due to copyright the NRM standards would be impossible to regulate in electronic format and therefore unlikely to be made accessible digitally. Moreover, as a result it is anticipated Master Format may become the international standard of quantification consequently emerging as the potential standard to facilitate BIM usage and thus adoption if NRM is not made available for BIM outputs. The evaluated issues to RICS BIM standards is supported by Olatunji et al., (2010) findings which confer standard methods of measurement are unique to specific regions and the development of BIM software which conforms with all standards of measurement and model descriptions is unfeasible. Consequently, it is proposed measurement standards are re-engineered to accommodate universal BIM outputs rather than BIM outputs being engineered to accommodate existing measurement rules and descriptions. The authors critical analysis has determined the following facilitating factors to enable BIM adoption through standards. The development and availability of a BIM standard method of measurement is required, for this facilitating factor to be most effective in the UK quantity surveying profession this standard should be developed and provided by the RICS to ensure alignment with existing standards. Failing this development by the RICS the emergence of an international standard for quantifying BIM models would comparably enable use and facilitate greater levels of adoption. The development and use of a national standards description library and cost database in alignment with NBS National BIM object library and standard methods of measurement are proposed as
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additional facilitating factors, providing a more efficient and effective process in quantifying and estimating BIM models. The requirement for standard methods of modelling is proposed to develop a consistent approach of BIM model inputs to ensure reliable data outputs. The proposed effects of the stated facilitating factors on Mom et al., (2011) implementation framework are, for the Tools component BIM enabled technology is made effective to quantity surveying applications as a result of standard data outputs. This would develop the internal readiness for BIM usage to frequent and infrequent users and promote the perceived benefits of BIM adoption to none users. The application of BIM standards would facilitate the Processes component as workflows are made consistent at project, organisation and sector levels. 4.8 Summary The utilisation of BIM processes in the UK quantity surveying profession is significantly low and sporadic in nature characterised by the varying usage rates of BIM activity types. Low adoption and usage rates of BIM are considered detrimental to the profession and construction industry in relation to the processes and services provided, however it is evident specific implementation barriers to the adoption of BIM in the quantity surveying profession are prevalent and restricting the effectiveness of the adoption process. Figure 4.7 illustrates the most restrictive barriers and the established facilitators to displace their effects, additionally the facilitating factors that the research proposes will enable the positive effects of the stated facilitators. The author determined through the researches critical analysis and literature review that the stated facilitators purely act as an enabler for BIM implementation, for the facilitators to be effective in enabling adoption quantity surveyors must show leadership in actively investing time, money and resources in BIM adoption. Furthermore it was determined quantity surveyors must harness collaboration with partners as this encompasses the ethos of BIM usage and optimises its effectiveness.

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Figure 4.7: BIM adoption barriers, facilitators and facilitating factors.

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Chapter 5. Conclusions and recommendations

5.1 Introduction The scope of this chapter is to determine if the defined aim and objectives for the research has been met and for the author to establish the conclusions and recommendations made. Furthermore, proposals for future research on the research topic will be detailed in addition to the dissertations limitations in research. 5.2 Conclusion of the research objectives All objectives where achieved through the utilisation of selected literature and the BCIS (2011a) BIM Survey results.
Objective 1

This objective was achieve through analysis of the negative and positive factors influencing the adoption levels and components of Mom et al., (2011) framework for BIM adoption. It was determined for adoption of any BIM maturity level, perceived benefits, internal readiness and external pressure are the predominant influencing factors. Factors influencing adoption components were extensive however the following factors proved most prevalent, unwillingness to change, leadership from management, skills of personnel, collaboration between stakeholders and training.
Objective 2

This objective was established through critical evaluations made in the literature review. It was determined the most prominent barriers to BIM adoption from a consensus of authors views are, cost of implementation, unwillingness to change, fragmented nature of the industry, lack of client demand, legal barriers and the lack of standardisation. The most effective facilitators from the collective views of authors analysed were, leadership, supportive work environment, collaboration with partners, education and training and information management.

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Objective 3 Current levels of quantity surveying BIM usage was defined through analysis of the BCIS (2011a) BIM Survey which identified the following results: 54% none BIM users 14% of none users have awareness of BIM 29% infrequently use BIM 10% freuqently use BIM

The characteristics of BIM usage by quantity surveyors was defined through aligning BIM activities incorporated in the BIM maturity levels and the respondents stated BIM activities, the findings proposed: 63.2% use BIM maturity level 0 30.8% infrequently use BIM maturity level 1 6% frequently use BIM maturity level 1

The secondary statistical data provided was limited in its defining of the current BIM maturity levels used in the UK quantity surveying profession. Objective 4 To affirm this objective the BCIS (2011a) BIM survey was used to determined quantity surveyors responses to the perceived barriers of BIM adoption, the effects of the defined barriers where evaluated using the Mom et al., (2011) framework for BIM adoption. The subsequent barriers where determined as the most effective, lack of client demand, lack of interfaces between BIM and 3rd party applications, lack of training and lack of standards. To establish the facilitators to BIM adoption the reverse principles of the defined barriers were identified and evaluated in terms of their effectiveness on the adoption framework components. The optimal facilitators determined were, increased client demand, interoperability of BIM outputs and 3rd party applications, provision of guidance and training and BIM orientated standards.

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The success of this objective enabled the determining of the facilitating factors to BIM adoption and thus achieving the research aim. 5.3 Conclusion of the research aim and recommendations The aim of this research was to determine the facilitating factors to BIM adoption the UK quantity surveying profession. The conclusions made on the research aim identified increased client demand as the optimal facilitator to BIM adoption, the facilitating factor providing effectiveness to this facilitator was defined as the UK Construction Strategy 2011 requirements of BIM level 2 by 2016. The stated facilitator purely acts as a stimulus to BIM adoption, the author recommends for it to be optimized and provide further BIM adoption quantity surveyors must show leadership and respond to the increased client demand through investing in BIM. The requirement for interoperability of BIM models and 3 rd party applications was identified as a fundamental facilitator to BIM adoption, it was determined the capabilities of this facilitator is provided by buildingSMARTs industry foundation classes open file standard which acts as the facilitating factor. It is recommended for this facilitator to be harnessed and implementation of BIM augmented quantity surveyors must develop and sustain collaboration with project stakeholders. Advanced BIM maturity levels 2 and 3 require collaboration, without quantity surveyors embracing this philosophy the interoperability of BIM information would not be fully utilised. Training and guidance of BIM was acknowledged in the research as a prominent facilitator, facilitating factors to this enabler were defined as, the UK Governments push strategy which aligns public sector BIM demands with guidance and training programmes. Furthermore, The RICS providing guidance and training on BIM best practice, the provision of continued training of BIM processes from higher educational institutes and private training services. It is recommended for these facilitating factors to be most effective quantity surveyors must demonstrate leadership in seeking guidance on BIM and investing in training. Additionally, it is proposed RICS provides greater levels of
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BIM guidance to members regarding quantity surveying best practice of BIM processes. The availability of BIM orientated standards was concluded as a facilitator, which is enabled by the following facilitating factors, BIM standard method of measurement, national description library and cost database, and BIM standard methods of modelling. As the facilitating factors defined are not currently available extensively the author recommends the RICS shows leadership in developing standards that accommodates BIM utilisation or alternatively the emergence of a new BIM engaged standard of measurement should be adopted as the industry BIM standard. 5.4 Limitations of the research Although the research aim and objectives were met the author recognises there were limitations in the utilised research data. The secondary data survey findings in which the research analysis was established, was conducted in 2011. It is conceivable barriers to the adoption of BIM in the UK quantity surveying profession may have changed, with the emergence of new barriers and the diminishing of others, thus requiring the provision of alternative facilitating factors to facilitate BIM adoption in 2013. 5.5 Further research In relation to the subject areas covered and conclusions made in the research the author recommends further research to be conducted in the subsequent areas: The future of standard methods of measurement under BIM processes. The effectiveness of leadership and collaboration with partners to BIM implementation in quantity surveying. Clients driving the adoption of BIM in the construction industry.

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Appendix A
Email correspondents with Brendan Patchell FRICS on the subject of UK quantity surveying BIM standards. Email sent: Dear Mr Patchell, I am a university student undertaking Quantity Surveying BSc (Hons) at the University of Salford. As part of a course module I am producing a research study into the facilitators and enablers to the adoption of BIM in the quantity surveying profession to determine an enhanced strategy for the implementation of BIM process. I would really appreciate your feedback in regards BIM quantification with NRM standards utilizing NBS v2 code development, I am aware this method of quantifying has been developed by Northumbria University and is currently being used by Rider Levett Bucknall. My question is, has RICS had any input into this development and if not have they took an interest in the coding or expressed ambitions to adopt/develop it for mass use within the quantity surveying profession?

Kind Regards, David Banks. Email received: David, I am on the RICS BIM working group and I brought up the topic of a national standard description library. I have created my own version but obviously it would help the whole industry if there was one, agreed version. In addition to speeding up the process of creating consistent cost plans a standard library could be used for analysed rates and pricing books. The RICS only produces a PDF version of the NRM 1 rules and has stated that an electronic version would be impossible to police (Copyright would disappear if it was on the internet). However all the major practices are having to create their own version anyway to use in excel, Cato or CostX. My concern is that the American equivalent (Master format) will become a de facto international standard unless the RICS makes NRM freely available and easily applied in the UK, and possibly Europe, let alone the rest of the world. Regards, Brendan Patchell FRICS.
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