CHAPTER 5.

Finite Control Volume Analysis

 Applications of Reynolds Transport Theorem a) Conservation of Fluid Mass (Continuity Equation) b) Newtons 2nd law of fluid motion (Fluid dynamics) c) 1st and 2nd laws of Thermodynamics Note: An assumption through entire chapter, Flow properties ) Uniform over cross-sectional areas (CS) Dependent to choice of B

Application 1. Conservation of Mass (The Continuity Equation)

Let

B = mass ) b = 1 i.e.
DM sys Dt =0

Mass of a system: Must be conserved

Consider a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume as shown

(Coincident at an instant of time t)

System

r V
Control Volume

r V

r V

t - t

t + t

Then, Reynolds transport theorem:

DM sys Dt

D d V = dV + sys cv Dt t

dA CS V n

= 0, because of mass conservation of SYS

Time rate of change of Fluid Mass in CV

Net flowrate of mass through CS

Finally, Fluid Mass in a control volume

r dA = 0 : The continuity equation d V + V CS n t CV

e.g. For a steady flow, Mass in CV,

r dV = 0 t CV

&

CV dV = Constant

Then,

dA = 0 CS V n

Meaning: Mass flow leaving (+) CV = Mass flow entering () CV

i.e. Across Control surface,

& out m & in = 0 m

r dm &= dA = Q = AV , where m = A V n dt

r for uniform flow over a projected area A, ( V )

 Useful analysis tips for Mass Conservation

r over the CS: 1.V n

Negative () for flow entering the CV Positive (+) for flow leaving the CV dV = 0 t CV

2. For a steady flow, and thus,

& out m & in = out Qout inQin = 0 m

3. For a steady flow of incompressible fluid ( = constant)

Qout Qin = AoutVout AinVin = 0

4. For a non-uniform velocity distribution over the CS,

& = AV (V : average value) m

5. For more than one steady non-uniform stream, & out = out AoutVout = in AinVin = m & in m

Ex. 1 Fixed and Non-deforming Control Volume

Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight portion of 4-in. inside diameter pipe as indicated in figure. The uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each section are given. If the average air velocity (nonuniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is 1000 ft/s, calculate the average air velocity at section (1).

Sol.) Necessary Eq.: The continuity equation, r d V + V n dA = 0 (Steady flow & dV = 0 ) CS t CV t CV

Then,

dA = m & out at ( 2) m & in at (1) = 0 CS V n

Nonuniform velocity distribution at (1) and (2) &

Express the Equation using the Average velocity

& out at ( 2) m & in at (1) = 2 A2V2 1 A1V1 = 2V2 1V m

or

V1 =

2 V 1 2

(Compressible Air

&

Constant)

Since we know the pressure and temperature at Sections (1) and (2) V1 =

2 pT V2 = 2 1 V2 p1T2 1

(Using the ideal gas law, p = RT )

Ex. 2 Moving and Non-deforming Control Volume

An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km/h as shown. The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80 m2 and the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer determines that relative to the earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/h. The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine in kg/h.

In case of moving CV,

DM sys

r dA d V + W CS n t CV Dt r r r where W = V Vcv : Relative velocity

Then, the continuity equation for a moving, nondeforming CV r dA = 0 dV + W n CV CS t Sol) Necessary Equation:
r dA = 0 + W n d V CS t CV (Since the air flow relative to moving CV (Engine) is steady, if the air surrounding the engine: Assumed to be stationary.)

r dA = 0 or Then, CS W n

& out m & in = 0 m dA = 2W2 A2 ( 2) W n r

a) Outflow of mass of CV: b) Inflow of mass of CV:

r dA + (Fuel supply) (1) W n & fuel = 1W1 A1 + m

& fuel = 0 Thus, 2W2 A2 1W1 A1 m & fuel = 2W2 A2 1W1 A1 m

Note: W1 = (Velocity of the air = 0) (Velocity of plane = 971 km/h) = 971 km/h (From left to right)
W2 = (Velocity of the exhaust air = 1050 km/h) (Velocity of plane = 971 km/h)

= 2021 km/h (From left to right)

C.f. Deforming and moving Control Volume : Change in volume size & Control surface movement

dV + t CV a)
b)

CS

dA = 0: Still applicable W n

dV 0 CV t

: Boundary of integration changes

r : Determined with W

CS

dA W n

Application 2. Newtons Second Law (The Force Equation)

r b=V

Let

B = momentum

&

Then, Reynolds transport theorem:

r D VdV Dt sys r VdV t CV r r dA VV n

CS

(1)

Time rate of change of linear momentum of the system

Time rate of change of linear momentum in CV

Net flowrate of linear momentum through the CS

y Newtons 2nd law of linear motion of a system (No rotation)

r d (mV ) = FExternal dt Object

&

r d (mV ) dt Object

r D VdV Dt sys

i.e.

r D VdV Dt sys

r F sys

(2)

Linear momentum of Fluid (Mass Velocity)

Consider a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume

At the instant of coincidence (Initial instant),

r F sys =
r F Contents of coincident CV

By combining Eqs. (1) and (2),

r V dV + t CV r r dA = VV n r F Contents of coincident CV

CS

: Linear momentum equation (CV must be in inertial system)

 Control Volume analysis for Linear Momentum Conservation

Step 1. Choose the appropriate CV.

Step 2. Draw a free-body diagram. i.e. Find all forces acting on the chosen CV

Step 3. Apply the force equation for each x, y, z components.

Fx =
Fy = Fx =

udV + CV t
vdV + CV t wdV + CV t

r dA u V n CS r dA v V n CS

: x-component : x-component

r dA : x-component w V n CS

r + v where V = ui j + wk

Step 4. Check the steadiness of flow. i.e. In case of a steady flow,

r V d V = 0 t CV

Step 5. Use the boundary conditions to determine the velocity on CS (inlets and outlets, etc.)

Ex. 1 (Fixed and non-deforming control volume) As shown in Figure, a horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of V1 = 10 ft/s, strikes a vane, and is turned through an angle . Determine the anchoring force needed to hold the vane stationary. Neglect gravity and viscous effects

FAx and FAz : x and z components of the anchoring force

Then linear momentum equations, r r u d V + u V n dA = F x - comp.: x = FAx CS t CV r r z - comp. : w d V + w V n dA = F z = FAz CS t CV (i) Boundary conditions, At section (1), u = V1 , w = 0 At section (2), u = V2 cos , w = V2 sin & &
r = V1 V n r = V2 V n

(ii) In addition, Bernoulli eq. between sections (1) & (2)

1 1 p1 + V12 + z1 = p2 + V2 2 + z2 2 2

where p1 = p2 = 0 : Atmospheric pressure z1 = z2 : Neglect the gravity effect (Special case) Then,
V1 = V2

Inserting all values to the linear momentum equations,

r r dA + ( 2) uV n dA = V1 (V1 ) A1 + V1 cos V1 A2 = FAx (1) uV n r r dA + ( 2) uV n dA = (0) (V1 ) A1 + V1 sin V1 A2 = FAz (1) uV n

(iii) From the continuity equation,

A1V1 = A2V2

A1 = A2 ,

since V1 = V2

Finally, FAx = V12 A1 + cos V12 A1 = (cos 1) V12 A1

FAz = sin V12 A1

Note. a) If = 0 (Flat vane), b) If = 90o (Jet: ),

FAx = FAz = 0 (No anchoring force)

FAx = FAz : Negative

c) If = 180o (Vertical vane), FAx : Negative & FAz = 0

Ex. 2. (Inertially moving, nondeforming control volume) A vane on r V0 when a stream of water wheels moves with constant velocity r having a nozzle exit velocity of V1 is turned by the vane as indicated r in figure. Determine the magnitude and direction of the force, F , exerted by the stream of water on the vane surface. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 100 ft/s, and the vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 20 ft/s.

 Case of an inertial, moving, nondeforming control volume - Coincident at an initial time

Reynolds transport theorem (Chap. 4), r r r r D dA VdV = VdV + VW n CS t CV Dt sys

r r r where W = V Vcv : Relative velocity

Then, linear momentum equation; r r r r dA F = + V V d V Contents of coincident CV CS W n t CV r r r r r dA = (W + VCV )dV + (W + VCV )W n CS t CV r (since Inertial CV ) Constant VCV ) Steady flow) In addition,
dA = WW n dA + VCV W n dA CS (W + VCV )W n CS CS

r r

since the continuity equation for a steady flow, r dA = 0 dV + W n CS t CV Finally, for an inertial, moving, nondeforming control volume

CS

r r dA = WW n

r F Contents of coincident CV

Back to the problem,

Rx ( Rz ): Reaction of vane (Exerting on the CV) along x and z r r ( Exerting force by jet, F = R ) : Fluid Weight within CV ww

Then linear momentum equations, r dA = Rx W W x - comp.: CS x r n dA = Rz ww z - comp.: CS Wz W n (i) Boundary conditions, At section (1), At section (2)
r = W1 Wx = W1 , Wz = 0 & W n r = W2 Wx = W2 cos , W = W2 sin & V n

(ii) For simplicity, neglect viscous effect and elevation (gravity) effect, then Bernoulli eq. between sections (1) & (2)
W1 = W2

where W1 = V1 V0

(See Ex. 1)

Inserting all values to the linear momentum equations,

r r dA = W1 (W1 ) A1 + W1 cos W1 A2 = Rx W W n dA + W W (1) x ( 2) x n r r dA = 0 + W1 sin W1 A2 = Rz ww W W n dA + W W (1) z ( 2) z n
A1 = A2

(iii) From the continuity equation,

(See Ex. 1)

Rx = W12 A1 (1 cos )
Rz = W12 A1 sin + ww