General design flowchart(algorithm) Step 1 Drawing(concept) Step 2 Modelling Step 3 Define (eg 2 bay 2 story) a. b. c. d. e. f.

materials(timber,steel,concrete(grade))--> properties section (FSEC1 (default section) American standard section) supports loading load combination etc

Step 4 Assign--> assign defined properties to the members Step 5 Analysis of force Verify after analysis (Mostly errors occur while applying loading) Check order of magnitude Step 6 Design--> design the section(according to various codes,etc) SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times. **(review necessary in each step) Ref sap 1 -->first thing to consider NOTE: never forget to assign appropriate units

* Select blank Two windows --> change one to 2d

New

model

-->

grid

only

Blue line shows which plane is being viewed Change to xz from front UI Zoom

Restore

to

zoom

COORDINATE SYSTEM (Important) Why? To locate objects precisely

Types--> Global and Local Global-->a. Cartesian coordinate system (following right hand rule) (x,y,z) b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z) c. Reverse cylindrical (r,theta,y) r and theta in z-x plane ** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction) Local coordinate system to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may be difficult) Start joint (node)and end joint (node) Start joint = and end joint =j First local axis =1 along the member (cannot be changed, comes with model) Second local axis= perpendicular to 1, 90% of cases, it is the direction taking shear Third local axis= mutually perpendicular to both axes following right hand rule ** ref photo joint**changed to draw

Sap(1,2,3) staad (x,y,z) Sap (angle of roatation) staad (beta angle) --> relation between orientation of global axis and local axis Major forces (these are designed) minor forces are also there but they are not designed (eg torsion) F11 V22 BM 33 (right hand thumb rule--> if bm in xy plane direction is z) GROUP Baily bridge, truss bridge Diagonals, top kern??? Have same sectionsfor ease in design and economy( fabrication costs) Advantages of grouping 1. design becomes easier

2. selection becomes easier for structures with many members like stadium (efficiency)

learning SAP2000 with linuS

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1. May 3

day 9
DAY 9 Set analysis options ->space frame Moment releases assigned so no need to analyse as truss. RUN ANALYSIS Check out all shear and moment diagrams. To change moment releases after analysis Unlock model Right click->releases-> none Select-> frame->release partial fixity->none

MODAL ALIVE Changes are automatically updated, no need to unlock model. Changes can be made without unlocking model. STEEL DESIGN Initial -> Analyzed State Design (menu)->Steel Design->View/revise preferences Design->Steel Design->Select Design groups->select all groups not ALL->OK Design->Select Design Combos ->(created load combinations can be added) check automatically generated code-based load combinations

Displacement Targets Design->Steel Design->Set Displacements Targets CTRL+W->Joints-> check labels Design->Steel Design->Start Design/Check of structures

Red colur shows FOS>1 and the design has failed. Design->steel design->Verify all members passed

Design->steel design->Verify analysis vs design sections

Analysis must be done again because the analysis sections have changed. So, the forces and moments will also change. Repeat the process again. Repeat until all sections match. Diagonals are still unsafe after design. The four diagonals are red coloured. Select unsafe memebers->unlock member->create girder 2 group ISWB (400-600)>assign to girders If self wt. is not set to 0, BM is created in truss members also. If no-one section is safe, double channel may also be used. MAKING DOUBLE CHANNEL FROM SECTION DESIGNER Double ISMC 300(Back to Back), Clearence =15mm Define->Section Properties->Frame Sections->Other->Section Designer

Set appropriate values Click Design Section

Right Click Channel-> Change name to ISMC300

The list that was created earlier is shown.

Select Member->Ctrl+r(Edit->Replicate) Mirror about y-axis

Select Member->edit Replicate->Linear->x-axis=-115

Click Done. Assign the newly created section to the unsafe members. Run analysis again. And run design again. And verify all members passed. This time all pass. SAP designs linear members only. Does not design slabs. Posted 3rd May 2012 by Linus 0

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2. May 3

Day 8
DAY8 Member Assign I section ->only one section->checks fail/pass only Auto selection list->multiple sections->checks fail/pass and assigns appropriate members Creating auto Selection list 1. Define->Section properties->Frame Sections

2. Before creating auto-selection list, we need to import the sections to be used in the list.

3. Click Import New Property 4. Select appropriate section (I/Wide Flange for this case)

5. Goto (C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\SAP2000 15) folder and select

appropriate .pro file (Indian.pro for this case)

6. Select required sections (all for this case) and click OK ->OK.

7. The selected sections are imported.

8. Click add new Property->auto select list 9. Section Name= Bottom Cord

Select all light beams and click add

Click overwrite and click ISLB75->click OK to bring ISLB75 to top. This will make ISLB75 the first section to be checked. 10. Click Add copy of property to make copy of bottom cord This makes it easier to make auto selection list for top cord. 11. For girder all heavy and wide beams 12. For diagonals all channel sections 13. Verticals ->channel sections 14. Top braces -> angles Assigning sections to groups 1. Select->select->Select using groups 2. Click Bottom Cord 3. Assign -> Frame->Frame Sections

4. Click on bottom cord and OK 5. Similarly Assign appropriate sections to appropriate groups. To make pin joints for making truss Moment release 1. Select the members for which to release moment (All except braces and girders) It is possible to release these too. Axial Shear 22,33 Moment 22,33 2. Assign->frames->release partial fixity

3. Check moment 2-2 and moment 3-3 (to release partially, assign stiffness) and torsion

at start or end only. Click OK. 4. To check whether releases have been assigned, Ctrl w, check releases.

5. In some cases, top cord and bottom cord moments are not released if load occurs on top or bottom cord. Slab->Define->m25->self wt 0-> thickness-220mm Loading on slab (equivalent dead load) =24.5*.22 Select the area->assign->area loads->distributed loads->area uniform to frame (use one way slab so moment is distributed to girders only)

Add live load to slab = 5Kn/m2 Temperature loading 40o C Select members-> assign ->frame loads->temperature By element (joint pattern tower example) Posted 3rd May 2012 by Linus 0

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3. May 1

Day 7
DAY 7 TRUSS The following truss is to be drawn Efficient Modelling by drawing using various tools. By drawing this truss we will learn how to select and deselect members efficiently. Put members in suitable groups for analysis and design.

Switch to xz plane Making one member repeatedly in case there are many members. Make vertical Three types of replication Linear, mirror, rotate Faster to make basic block and replicate.

Ctrl a > Ctrl r(or edit-> replicate)

Linear tab dx=8 Increment Data Number=2

select member->edit->edit lines->divide frames

Number of frames=6 Last/first ratio=1 (because all memebers are equal)

To copy to parallel grid in y direction Select all->

Placing girders Goto xy plane

Grouping of similar members

Assigning groups BC(Bottom Cord) I-section (light or medium) TC(Top Cord) I-section (light or medium) Girder(Top) I(H) Diagonals Channel Section Verticals Channel Section Runner/Horizontal/Brace 1. Select the Members (selection can be done from select tab for efficiency) Selecting Members using Orientation i. Select->select line parallel to-> click

2. Assign-> Assign to group

3. Add new group 4. Check all->OK 5. Click Add to Group radio button->OK

6. To select again Select->Group->Verticals Selecting diagonals

1. Select the shown components 2. Select->Deselect->Groups->Verticals 3. Assign->Assign to group->(similar to above) Name Diagonals To select top cord members: 1. Select -> select line parallel to-> click straight line object and click horizontal cord 2. Select->Deselect->Coordinate Specification->Specified Co-ordinate range->Zcoordinates at a single value (set to 0)->OK

Posted 1st May 2012 by Linus 0

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4. Apr 30

day 6

Applying loads on beams/frames

Applying area loads

Tributary method of load distribution (trapezoidal in two and triangular in two) for two way slab(ly/lx<2) rectangular

For two way slab(square)

For one way slab(ly/lx>2)

There are two methods af applying area loads in SAP2000 1. Uniform 2. Uniform to frame

Define-->section properties-->area-->shell Name --> slab1

Ctrl+a Assign-->area loads--> Uniform-->loads on four corners onlyif meshing is done area on corners of all mesh elements (**Uniform is not generally used) Uniform to Frame-->load transferred to beams by tributary method If meshing is done, load on edge of all mesh elements , error is produced **Process for meshing 1. Select the slab/area object/object.

2. Assign-->area-->automatic area mesh

3. Select the option selected in the snapshot below.

Load multiplier for dead load=0

Without meshing uniform to frame gives desired results One way or two way must be specified. Posted 30th April 2012 by Linus 0

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5. Apr 30

day 5
DAY 5 Loading

1. Select the object to assign loading 2. Assign-->frame loads-->Distributed loading(Type of loading) 3. Z(positive z) gravity (negative z) 4. Check add to existing load ** sometimes replace existing load is used

(Difference between joint load and point load.) 5. Assign-->frame loads-->point load relative Distance from End I vs absolute distance from end i .i is starting pt of local axis (absolute distance from end I 2,4--> 10,10) older loading is no longer seen even though replace existing load is selected. To check, right click the member and go to loads tab.

6. Right click--> edit grid data-->modify show system

Use reshape tool as in figure

To delete load Assign-->frame load-->delete existing load

To verify after changing grid and member -->right click on member-->got to loads tab Joint Loading-->select joint-->assign-->joint loads-->forces-->select wind loads --> add to existing loads

-->Draw a beam

To analyse 1. Analyze -->set analysis options

2. Analyse--> run analysis

This window is seen

MODAL-->Do not run Click Run Now Show deformed shape-->

auto(automatic scale factor to visualize deformation) See forces

Show forces--> joints-->ok

show-->forces-->frames-->shear 2-2-->fill

-->show forces

right click member to see the following window

due to self wt. 9.98 is shown instead of 9 To correct this(neglect self wt) Unlock model Material-->unit wt=0 or

Dead load case ,self wt multiplier=0

Posted 30th April 2012 by Linus 0

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6. Apr 30

day 4
DAY 4 Loading Loading needs to be categorized. -->DL+1.2LL+1.2ELor WL 1. Defining load pattern Define-->Load Pattern-->

Load Pattern Name=Name Type=DEAD Self wt multiplier--> 1 for dead load -->for live load whether to include self wt or not. Eg. In some cases, self weight in DL and self weight in LL. (Default DL -->1,

others-->0) auto lateral load pattern-->explained later 2. Load pattern name=live type=live others by default click add new load pattern to add

3. Name=WindLoad type =WIND self wt. multiplier=1 auto lateralload pattern--> wind load. Old way is to take none and calculate manually. SAP can automatically calculate it. But it needs to be verified in the end. --> choose is 875:1987-->modify lateral load pattern. coefficient and exposure parameters are in code. EARTHQUAKE LOADING in different class. Define Load Combination Define--> Load Combination-->Add New Combo While designing IS code combinations are automatically generated. For NS code, these need to be defined manually. Load Combination for buildings according to NS code is (page 8 part 105) DL+1.3LL+1.25E Load combination is given for economy. All loads do not occur at once. (NS code applies all loads at once) .9DL+1.25E DL+1.3SL+1.25E E-->earthquake load SL-->Snow load

Name--> COMB1( for earthquake loads COMB1X) Type-->linear add (mostly used) add,modify,delete are obvious. ** random-->DL+.9LL+1.2WL Earlier load combination COMB1 is also available.

LOAD CASES This is analysis case. static(load magnitude and direction does not change with time) dynamic(opposite change with time Eg. Earthquake, Wind, explosion,etc) Linear(k is contant in P=k*delta) Non-linear( k is not constant) Eg. compression and bending gives buckling. compressive load changes stiffness. So, with change in load, stiffness changes. This is P-delta effect. This is non-linear case. MODAL is base for dynamic analysis. Natural frequency(marching on bridge example). body may have more than one natural frequency(flute example, standing wave) Modes of vibration figure. numbering hierarchy increses with frequency(???). Why calculate mode? For response. Earthquake frequency vs building frequency. If these frequency match, there will be resonance and building may suffer damage.

Modify/Show load cases--> parameters here can be changed. Non-linear staged construction is for buildings being constructed. Initial Condition(for nonlinear condition only)-->live load after dead load. (value of k is changed after applying dead load. Continue from... condition is activated only after dead load is made nonlinear. combination of these make all cases. Posted 30th April 2012 by Linus 0

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7. Apr 30

day 3
DAY3 DEFINITION Modeling and definition order can change.

Defining material Define-->material

Default materials given

To add new material-->add new material

Material nameM25 Material typeConcrete Specify properties 1. Weight per unit volume24.5 KN/m3 (check units) 1. Isotropic properties modulus of elasticity-->5000 sqrt(fck) (in N/mm2) for m25 , E=5000*5=? (shift+doubleclick for inbuilt calculator) functions and other stuff from view menu of calculator poissons ratio coefficient of thermal expansion-->nearly half of that of steel shear modulusG=E/(??)--> automatically calculated

Comp. str25n/mm2 Add New Material Quick Gives Indian standard also Add copy of materialmake new material from old material Eg. Slab is made weightless or else UDL is transferred to beam. The weight is added later.

Defining Section Beamtrial section 250*300 Column-->trial section 300*300 Goto define-->section propertiesframe section

Add new

Concreterectangular Name-->showing member and dimensionB250*300

Select material M25 or define material Depth=0.3, width=0.25 Concrete reinforcement-->Rebar Design typeBeam (M3 design only) Top, Bottom cover 25mm

Ductility associated with time period and response to seismic loads Reinforcement override for ductile beams-->lap length is defined here No reinforcement is shown-->sap2000 gives % steel after design by itself--> other details depend upon designer Column-->similar steps ** reinforcement to be checked for buildings when purpose of building is changed. Eg residential building changed to school. Bar size -->indian standard (N12 means bar of size 12 mm dia) Draw frame elementschoose sections and draw according to convention Ctrl+w -->section check

Supports Supports do not need to be defined in SAP, in staad supports need to be defined. Supports are assigned. Before assigning support member needs to be selected (supports hinged and fixed) 1. Select joint-->assignjointrestraints 2. Right click on jointassignmentrestraintupdate display Method 1 is mass method(mass assign). It is used to assign (restraints) to many joints at once. Method 2 is used for editing. Individual assigns. How to find dimensions? 1. See coordinates of joints

2. Select member-->right click-->locations Posted 30th April 2012 by Linus 0

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8. Apr 30

DAY 2
DAY 2 MODELLING SAP> new-->check units(KN,m,C)-->grid only-->(two bay two story)(x=6,y=5,z=3) it is made as per number of nodes Grid gives points where objects can be placed by mouse Grid lines>x=3,y=3,z=3 (this gives the number of grid lines) Grid Spacing>x=6,y=5,z=3 (this gives the spacing of grid lines)(if irregular take hcf) First grid line location --> (necessary while working with different grids) eg overhead tank(supporting colums on different grid, tank on other grid) (**best practice to give grid spacing before grid lines)

DRAWING OBJECTS Draw panel

Notice the change in cursor in draw mode SNAP

Draw by clicking on points, escape to end or discontinue (**best practice to draw the objects along the axis) this makes selection easier

Draw Frame/Cable PROPERTIES OF OBJECTS 1. Line Object type-->what is to be inserted between the nodes-->straight frame 2. Section--> Default FESC1 (American standard I-section) this can be changed later or none can be used 3. Moment Release-->(6 possibilities of restraints, reaction in the direction of restraint) hinge restrains displacement in x and y direction 2d, ux and uz restrained rotation is not restrained(stopped); moment is released moment release-->place hinge **in SAP restrains defined in support, in staad, releases defined in support This defines end conditions-->if moment is released, pinned if not (for continuous structures, beams), continuous. (remember RCC) 4. Offset -->offset from centerline (fig overlap and remaining)defined in terms of local axis ij,i+150 1 direction j-150 1 direction (+ve and ve axis defined by direction while drawing **ref best practice) 1st case: shorten beam, lengthen column (beam i-->+150,j-->-150)(column i-->0,j->column +150) 2nd case:lengthen beam, shorten column(figure yourself) when no specification is given the drawn line is taken as passing from centerline used for changing insertion points There are 10 insertion points by default(8 on corners and edge ,1 geometric centre, 1 centroid)

5. Drawing Control Type--> the selected type only can be drawn horizontal draws horizontal members only. CHANGE FACE

Quick Draw

And select by boxing area

Quick draw braces (similar)--> only active in 2d plane view select bracing type (inverted v)

apply by boxing

(bracing is not generally used) Erasing is done as in Autocad--> select by clicking and then delete(edit-->delete or press delete key) Rotating

To deselect press escape or

ps for previous selection and all for all Intersecting line(rubber band selection)

Secondary beams only useable in plan

Ctrl+w for set display options or click check boxed icon and check local axes to see local axes orientation

Area draw

Different colours show up or down faces (different faces) according to sign convention of area. Posted 30th April 2012 by Linus 0

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9. Apr 30

first day of learning sap2000

DAY 1 SAP2000 (not SAP)

Units of measurement Force --> kip,lb,kn,N Length --> m,ft,mm,in

FEM(finite element method) Finite element method is used by SAP 2000 for analysis

ELEMENTS

OBJECTS Joint object supports etc Linear object: beam and column Area : slab,plates

General design flowchart(algorithm) Step 1 Drawing(concept) Step 2 Modelling Step 3 Define (eg 2 bay 2 story) a. b. c. d. e. f. materials(timber,steel,concrete(grade))--> properties section (FSEC1 (default section) American standard section) supports loading load combination etc

Step 4 Assign--> assign defined properties to the members Step 5 Analysis of force Verify after analysis (Mostly errors occur while applying loading) Check order of magnitude Step 6 Design--> design the section(according to various codes,etc) SAP is necessary because looping back is important and carried out hundreds of times. **(review necessary in each step)

Ref sap 1 -->first thing to consider

NOTE: never forget to assign appropriate units

Select blank

Two windows --> change one to 2d New model --> grid only

Blue line shows which plane is being viewed

Change to xz from front UI Zoom Restore to zoom

COORDINATE SYSTEM (Important) Why? To locate objects precisely Types--> Global and Local Global-->a. Cartesian coordinate system (following right hand rule) (x,y,z) b. Cylindrical or polar(r,theta,z) c. Reverse cylindrical (r,theta,y) r and theta in z-x plane ** internal forces also require direction (vector both magnitude and direction) Local coordinate system to give direction to internal forces (sometimes this may be difficult) Start joint (node)and end joint (node) Start joint = and end joint =j First local axis =1 along the member (cannot be changed, comes with model) Second local axis= perpendicular to 1, 90% of cases, it is the direction taking shear Third local axis= mutually perpendicular to both axes following right hand rule ** ref photo joint**changed to draw

Sap(1,2,3) staad (x,y,z)

Sap (angle of roatation) staad (beta angle) --> relation between orientation of global axis and local axis Major forces (these are designed) minor forces are also there but they are not designed (eg torsion) F11 V22 BM 33 (right hand thumb rule--> if bm in xy plane direction is z)

GROUP Baily bridge, truss bridge Diagonals, top kern??? Have same sectionsfor ease in design and economy( fabrication costs) Advantages of grouping 7. design becomes easier 8. selection becomes easier for structures with many members like stadium (efficiency)