SPE 118225

Correlations for Optimum Separation Pressures for Sequential Field

Separation System
Dr. Mohammed S. AL-Jawad and Omar F. Hassan, University of Baghdad, College of Engineering, Department of
Petroleum Engineering
Copyright 2008, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2008 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 36 November 2008.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its
officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to
reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of SPE copyright.


ABSRACT
A study has been done to find the optimum separators pressures of separation stations. Stage separation of oil and gas
is accomplished with a series of separators operating at sequentially reduced pressures. Liquid discharged from a higher
pressure separator into the lower pressure separator. The set of working separators pressures which yield maximum recovery
of liquid hydrocarbon from the well fluid is the optimum set of pressures which is the target of this work.
Computer model is used to find the optimum separators pressures. The model employs the Peng-Robinson equation of state for
volatile oil. Application of this model shows good improvement of all objective functions for many oils
(1)
.
Mathematical correlations for estimating optimum set of pressures have been deduced from the model to provide simple and
quick tool to find the optimum stages pressures. Many tests have been achieved with many volatile samples at different
conditions to prove the validity of these correlations.
Key Words: - optimum, separator, correlation, constrained, volatile oil, separation pressure.

INTRODUCTION
In petroleum industry, the fluids removed from underground are first processed at the surface to obtain a stabilized liquid
phase. This primary field separation process may consist of two, three or more separators operating in series. Each separator
takes the liquid phase from the separator operating at the higher pressure. The resulting vapor and liquid products are then
removed from contact with each other on leaving the separators.
The prediction of phase behavior and fluid properties of hydrocarbon systems is important in several cases as aspects of the
petroleum industry
(2)
. The optimization of separators pressures is one of these aspects because the determination of optimum
separators pressures has been achieved by the calculations of the corresponding fluid properties at the pressure used during the
optimization process. The equation of state helps in predicting the properties of the reservoir fluid at different pressures and
compositions and also helps in material balance and flash calculations. Various equations of state are available, each with its
own merits and drawbacks
(3)
.
In recent years, Peng - Robinson equation of state
(4)
and Soave Redlich - Kwong equation of state
(5)
have been commonly
used in the petroleum industry for predicting the phase behavior and volumetric properties of hydrocarbon fluid mixtures
(2,6)
.
Optimum pressure may be determined from flash calculations, but these are tedious, expensive and very difficult unless a
computer is available. Some attempts to develop a simpler method yielded equations which gave the optimum pressure only as
function of given variables
(1)
.
In reviewing the literature to precede this study, the presented correlations for determining optimum separator pressures
that correspond the maximum liquid recovery are studied. To our knowledge, three correlations only are available to calculate
optimum second stage pressure of a three-stage separation process
(7-9)
.
Whinery and Campbell (1958)
(7)
developed a method for determining the optimum second stage pressure in three stages
separation system. Their method is simple, accurate and eliminates the need for flash vaporization calculations.
Chilingar and Beeson (1969)
(8)
proposed a method to determine the optimum pressure for the first stage when the second
stage is the stock tank. They plotted the gallons of liquid lost per barrel of crude oil versus the pressure of the high pressure
stage separator. The optimum pressure is at the minimum of the plot curve.
Natco company (1972)
(9)
established a method which is fast but inexact to resolve the optimum pressure for separating
stages between the first and last stage. This method assumes that the ratio between two successive pressures is constant.

2 SPE 118225
In this study, group of correlations of optimum separator pressure for volatile oils are made from using the results of the
computer model performed by reference (1) to get the dependent variable of this correlations that represents the optimum
separator pressure for each stage of separation station except the last stage. These correlations are based on data from over
6000 computer model runs with various independent variables. These variables are temperatures of stages, mole fraction of
some components (C
1
%

+ H
2
S% + CO
2
% + N
2
%) of feed stream and optimum separators pressures that present before the
required separator. Large number of volatile oil samples is used to develop the correlations in order to represent large
variation in composition to make the correlations valid for wide range of applicability.

The Correlations
Through this study, many correlations have been suggested to find optimum stage pressure. The main advantage of the
correlations is the quick calculation of the optimum stage pressure.
The correlations are put in the form of equation and they have been deduced by using a statistical package. The number of
correlations of each separation system equals the number of stages for that the system minus one because the pressure of the
last stage is stock tanks pressure.

The correlations made up by input the values of optimum stage pressure (dependent variables) that calculated by using the
computer model corresponding to the independent variables that represented by some of the following parameters according to
the order of stage :
Mole percent for some components of the well stream fluid. The CG factor is sum of the mole fractions of the
methane and impurities.
Optimum separator pressure of previous stages.
Temperature of separator.

The selection of suitable regression parameters (independent variables) has been achieved through the following steps:
1. Grouping of the regression parameters.
2. The values of the optimum separator pressure are calculated by using the computer model.
3. The calculation of correlation coefficient between the calculated values and the predicated values of the dependent
variables is done.
4. The work from step.1 through step.3 is repeated many times to find the global set of the regression parameters that
corresponding to highest correlation coefficient.
These steps have been repeated to develop correlations for two -, three -, four - and five - stage system. Fifteen samples
have been used to accomplish the correlations for this study.
The values of the objective functions at the optimum stages pressures for the correlations are calculated by SFPR model
(1)

that uses Peng-Robison equation of state. Some relationships and many modern numerical methods have been implemented to
perform flash calculation and subsequently the required fluid properties. The optimum stages pressures and their objective
functions are predicted by OSPR model
(1)
which employs Constrained Rosenbrock
(1,2)
multivariable search technique besides
the same equation of stat, relationships and numerical methods that used with SFPR model
(1)
. .
The sample used for the test of the correlations in this study is sample No.1. All the correlations in this study are depending
on the mole percent of methane and non-hydrocarbon components of the feed because the methane has the highest mole
fraction among the components of feed for the volatile oils.


The Classification of the Correlations
In this study, many correlations are achieved to find optimum values. These correlations are restricted to the volatile oils.
The correlations are developed according to the number of separation stages. They can be summarized as follows:
A. Two-stage system.
A.1. First stage pressure.
B. Three-stage system.
B.1. First stage pressure.
B.2. Second stage pressure.
C. Four-stage system.
C.1. First stage pressure.
C.2. Second stage pressure.
C.3. Third stage pressure.
D. Five-stage system.
D.1. First stage pressure.
D.2. Second stage pressure.
D.3. Third stage pressure.
D.4. Fourth stage pressure.

SPE 118225 3
The correlations for the optimum stage pressures have been checked, considering the following aspects:
1. The sample used in checking the correlation was not employed in developing that correlation.
2. The optimum separators pressures and their objective functions (API, GOR, B
o
, and SPM) calculated by the suitable
computer model and the suitable correlation at the same independent variable values.
3. The comparison is achieved between the objective functions that calculated in step.2.
The determination of type of oil by using classification of McGlashau and Pedea
(10)
may be done first to start the work.


A- Two- Stage System
The correlation for this system is achieved between the optimum first stage pressure and the CG factor. Large number
of points for wide range of temperatures has been used to develop equation (1) with correlation coefficient equals to 0.9773.
(1) ( )
3 2 1
a
2
a
1
a
opt 1
T T CG a P =
Table (1) shows the values of constants for the above equation.
Figures (1) through (4) reflects the agreement between the values of API, Bo, GOR and oil recovery (SPM) respectively that
have been calculated the OSPV model
(1)
and the correlation method.


Table 1: The Constants of Equation (1)
a a
1
a
2
a
3

0.049052 1.519875 1.319125 - 0.904178

B- Three - Stage System
The correlations of this system have been presented as the first and the second stages as follows:

First Stage
The following correlation has been achieved to calculate the optimum first stage pressure in three-stage system. The
independent variables of first stage correlation are chosen as CG factor (C1% + Impurities %), first stage temperature, second
stage temperature and third stage temperature. The relation between dependent variable and the independent variables has
been shown in equation (2) with correlation coefficient equals to 0.9757.
( ) ( )
6 5
a
3
a
2
a
1
a
opt 1
a CG Log a T T T CG a P
4 3 2 1
+ + = (2)
The values of constants for the above equation are shown in the Table (2).

Table 2: The Constants of Equation (2)
a a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
6

0.007922 1.859866 1.75882 -0.410661 -0.76402 384.285 -576.062

Second Stage
The correlation represent the relation between the optimum second stage pressure as dependent variable and CG factor,
first stage temperature, second stage temperature, third stage temperature and optimum first stage pressure as independent
variables. Equation (3) shows the relationship between these variables.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 opt 1 6 . 1
a
3
a
2
a
1
a
opt 2
a P CG Log a P T T T CG a P
5
4 3 2 1
+ + =
a
opt
(3)

The correlation coefficient for the above equation equals to 0.9864. The values of the constants of the above equation are
presented in Table (3).


Table 3: The Constants of Equation (3)
a a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
6
a
7
170.3368 -3.2278 -2.8566 2.20895 0.00246 2.4681 -2.4175 19.421

Objective functions (API, B
o
, GOR and SPM) at the optimum stages pressures that calculated from the correlations
and computer model for each test have been shown in Figures (5) through (8) respectively. The values of the objective
functions (API, B
o
, GOR and SPM) at optimum stages pressures that predicted by the correlations have been calculated by the
SFPR model.
4 SPE 118225
C- Four - Stage System
In this system, the correlations directed to find the optimum pressure of the first, the second and the third stage
pressure.
The correlation of the optimum first stage pressure is developed as a function of the temperatures of all the four stages
and the CG factor. The correlation is presented in equation (4) as.
( ) ( ) CG a Ln CG T T T T a P
a a a a a
5 4 3 2 1
=
( )
(4)
6 4 3 2 1 opt 1
The correlation of the optimum second stage pressure includes the same independent variables of the above equation in
addition to the optimum first stage pressure as follows.
( )( )
7 5 4 3 2 1
a a a a a a
P CG a Ln CG T T T T a P =
( )
(5)
opt. 1 6 4 3 2 1 opt 2
The effect of the optimum second stage pressure has employed in equation (6) to predict the optimum third stage
pressure and the correlation takes the following form.
( )( ) ( )
8 7
5 4 3 2 1
a
opt. 2
a
opt. 1 6
a a
4
a
3
a
2
a
1 opt 3
P P CG a Ln CG T T T T a P = (6)
The correlation coefficients for equations (4), (5) and (6) equal to 0.8644, 0.8435 and 0.9922 respectively. The
constants for the correlations of this system are given in Table (4).

Table 4: The Constants of Equations (4), (5) and (6)
Constant First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
a

0.801241 2779097 2.508188
a
1
2.14561 2.506628 0.742085
a
2
- 1.85814 - 0.558195 - 2.1735
a
3
0.287192 - 1.81097 1.800594
a
4
- 0.583795 - 0.02464 - 0.211768
a
5
1.278119 - 2.23958 0.103569
a
6
0.573022 0.023975 3.910676
a
7
- - 0.115763 - 0.905071
a
8
- - 1.154024

The optimum pressures of the first, the second and third stage can be calculated using equations (4), (5) and (6)
respectively.
The values of objective functions (API, B
o
, GOR and SPM) at the optimum stages pressures from OSPV model and the
correlations of four-stage system have been plotted in Figures (9) through (12) respectively to show the validity of the
correlations for this system.

D- Five-Stage System
Four correlations have been accomplished for this system to find the optimum pressures for first, second, third and
fourth stages.
The correlation of the optimum first stage pressure has been developed with five independent variables that symbolized
temperatures of all stages and CG factor. The following equation gives the optimum first stage pressure correlation in this
system.
( )
5
3 2 1
a
3 2 a a a
T T

5 4
4 5 4 3 2 1 opt 1
T T
a CG ) T T T (T T a P

+ = (7)

The optimum second stage pressure is always affected by the value of the optimum first stage separation pressure
because the composition of liquid that entered the second stage altered by the pressure of first stage. Equation (8) shows the
correlation of optimum second stage pressure.
( ) ( ) ( )
6 4
3 2
1
a a
a a
a
3 1
T T

2 5 opt. 1 1
5 4
opt 2
T CG a P T CG
T T
a P +

= (8)
Equation (9) is the correlation of optimum third stage pressure that includes the optimum second stage pressure as one
of the independent variables.
SPE 118225 5
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 5 4
3 2
1
a a a
a a
a
2 1
T T

3 6 opt. 2 opt. 1 1 opt 3

T CG a P P T CG
T T
a P +

= (9)
5 4
The correlation of the optimum fourth stage pressure has been affected by the accumulative effect for all the previous
optimum pressures of this system. Equation (10) gives the optimum fourth stage pressure as follows:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8 6 5 4 3 2
4 7 opt. 3 opt. 2 opt. 1
a
1
a
5 3
2 1
opt 4
T CG a P P P T CG
T T
a P +

=
1
a a a a
a
T T
(10)
The correlation coefficients of equations (7), (8), (9) and (10) equal to 0.8577, 0.9001, 0.98169 and 0.91749
respectively. Table (5) presented the constants for all equation of the five stage separation system.

Table 5: The Constants for the Correlations of Five Stage System
Constant First Stage Second Stage Third Stage Fourth Stage
a

745*10
-13
70.09452
0.000669
6.845385
a
1
0.24343 0.6917
0.194261
12.3598
a
2
0.414997 - 3.5569
0.13319
44.8465
a
3
4.88877 - 2.59237
- 0.769111
- 30.6835
a
4
416.7876 3.888753
0.00627
- 86.87
a
5
0.622777 0.009321
2.5523
124.1524
a
6
- 1.107868
2.470548
- 33.0409
a
7
- -
0.312408
2.65143
a
8
- -
-
0.253871

Figures (13) through (16) show the compatibility of the correlations of this system with exact method. The values of
objective functions (API, B
o
, GOR and SPM) for each of the exact method that represents OSPV model and the correlations
method are in good agreement.


Conclusions and Recommendations
The volatile oil correlations are good techniques to find optimum pressures of two-, three-, four- and five-stage
system without carrying out the flash calculations.
The correlations can be used to calculate the optimum separators pressures instead of the computer models with good
results.



Nomenclature
English Symbols
B
o
= Formation volume factor, STB/bbl.
CG = regression parameter (C
1
%

+ H
2
S% + CO
2
% + N
2
%).
GOR = Gas-oil ratio, scf/STB
P = Pressure, Pisa.
SPM = Oil recovery (STB/mole).
T
i
= Temperature of stage i,
o
F.

Subscript Symbols
Opt. = Optimum.


6 SPE 118225
Reference
1. Omar F. H. Al-Fatlawy, Prediction of Optimum Separation Conditions for Sequential Field Separation System, M.
Sc. Thesis, University of Baghdad, July, 2004.
2. Ghorbani, D. and Kharrat, R., Fluid Characterization of an Iranian Carbonate Oil Reservoir Using Different PVT
Packages, SPE 68745, April, 2001.
3. Joshi, R., Production Performance Study of West Carney Field, Lincoln County, Oklahoma, M. Sc. Thesis,
University of Tulsa, 2003.
4. Peng, D. and Robinson, D., A New Two Equation of State, Ind. & Eng. Chem. Fund., Vol.15, No.1, 1976.
5. Soave, G., Equilibrium Constants from Modified Redlich - Kwong Equation of State, Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol.27,
1972.
6. Fujinaga, Y., Raijo, T. and Fujita, K., Application of EOS for Multi-component System Containing Heavier
Hydrocarbons and Impure Components, SPE 54350, April, 1999.
7. Whinery, K. F. and Campbell, J. M., A Method for Determining Optimum Second Stage Pressure in Three Stage
Separation, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Petroleum, Vol. 213, 1958.
8. Chilingr, G. V. and Beeson, C. M., Surface Operations in Petroleum Production, American Elsevier Publishing
Company, Inc., 1969.
9. C E Natco Company, Technical Development Program, 1972.
10. McGlashau, R. S. and Pedea, J. M., A Computer Program for Multicomponent Hydrocarbon Phase Equilibrium
Calculations Using the Peng Robinson or a Modified Soave Redlich Kwong EOS, SPE 9967, August, 1987.






























SPE 118225 7
37
37 37.5 38 38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41
API at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
37.5
38
38.5
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
A
P
I

a
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O
p
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o
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a
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Fig. (1)Comparison between the Values for Each of API from OSPV Model vs. API from the Correlation


















Fig. (2)Comparison between the Values for Each of Bo from OSPV Model vs. Bo from the Correlation
1.74
1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82 1.84 1.86 1.88
Bo at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
1.76
1.78
1.8
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.88
B
o

a
t

O
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1400
1450
1500
1550
1600
1650
1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650
GOR at Optimum Stages Pressures of OPSV Model
G
O
R

a
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O
p
t
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S
t
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P
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Fig. (3)Comparison between the Values for Each of GOR from OSPV Model vs. GOR from the Correlation
8 SPE 118225
570
570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670
SPM at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
S
P
M

a
t

O
p
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m

S
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P
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o
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t
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C
o
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a
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Fig. (4)Comparison between the Values for Each of SPM from OSPV Model vs. SPM from the Correlation


38.5
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
41.5
42
38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42
A
P
I

a
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s

API at Optimum Stages Preussures of OSPV Model


Fig. (5) Comparison between API from the OSPV Model vs. API from the Correlations of Three-Stage System

SPE 118225 9
1.7
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.8
1.82
B
o

a
t

O
p
t
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S
t
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P
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t
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C
o
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l
a
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i
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n
s
1.7 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82
Bo at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model

Fig. (6) Comparison between Bo from the OSPV Model vs. Bo from the Correlations of Three-Stage System

1360
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
G
O
R

a
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O
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s
1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540
GOR at Optimum Stages Pressures of OPSV Model

Fig. (7) Comparison between GOR from the OSPV Model vs. GOR from the Correlations of Three-Stage System


10 SPE 118225
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
S
P
M

a
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P
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s
610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
SPM at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model

Fig. (8) Comparison between SPM from the OSPV Model vs. SPM from the Correlations of Three-Stage System

39
39.5
40
40.5
41
A
P
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a
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39 39.5 40 40.5 41
API at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
s

Fig. (9) Comparison between API from the OSPV Model vs. API from the Correlations of Four-Stage System


SPE 118225 11
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.8
1.81
B
o

a
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1.73 1.74 1.75 1.76 1.77 1.78 1.79 1.8 1.81
Bo at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
s

Fig. (10) Comparison between Bo from the OSPV Model vs. Bo from the Correlations of Four -Stage System

1360
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
G
O
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a
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1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540
GOR at Optimum Stages Pressures of OPSV Model

Fig. (11) Comparison between GOR from the OSPV Model vs. GOR from the Correlations of Four -Stage System





12 SPE 118225
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
S
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620 630 640 650 660 670 680
SPM at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
s

Fig. (12) Comparison between SPM from the OSPV Model vs. SPM from the Correlations of Four -Stage System


38.5
39
39.5
40
40.5
41
41.5
42
38.5 39 39.5 40 40.5 41 41.5 42
A
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s

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API at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
s














Fig. (13)Comparison between the Values for Each of API from OSPV Model vs. API from the Correlations of Five
-Stage System

Fig. (14)Comparison between the Values for Each of Bo from OSPV Model vs. Bo from the Correlations of Five -
Stage System
1.7
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.8
1.82
1.7 1.72 1.74 1.76 1.78 1.8 1.82
Bo at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
B
o

a
t

O
p
t
i
m
u
m

S
t
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e
s

P
r
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s
s
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s

SPE 118225 13


1360
1360 1380 1400 1420 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540
GOR at Optimum Stages Pressures of OPSV Model
1380
1400
1420
1440
1460
1480
1500
1520
1540
G
O
R

a
t

O
p
t
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S
t
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e
s

P
r
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s
s
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s

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s




















Fig. (15)Comparison between the Values for Each of GOR from OSPV Model vs. GOR from the Correlations of
Five -Stage System



610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
S
P
M

a
t

O
p
t
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S
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P
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SPM at Optimum Stages Pressures of OSPV Model
s


Fig. (16)Comparison between the Values for Each of SPM from OSPV Model vs. SPM from the Correlations of
Five -Stage System