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NORTH AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS
JORTH AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS
BY
MARY ^AUX)WALCOTT
A
'
III
J<2?
YORB
PUBLISHED BY
X
,'
,
-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume
Note
:
II
life size. The system used in naming the -plants is the American Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray s New Manual, Britton and Brown s Illustrated Flora, Small's Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg s Flora of the Rocky Mountains.
PLATE
8 1.
8283.
(flower).
(fruit).
Lonicera glancescens
Rydberg
Lonicera glaucescens
Rydberg
Pink Twistedstalk.
Streptopus curvipes
Vail
(Linnaeus)
84.
Clasping Twistedstalk.
Streptopus amplexifolius
De Candolle
85.
86.
87. 88.
White
Pea.
Lathyrus
ochroleucus
Hooker
Burgsdorf
Grisebach
sibirica
affinis
Gentiana
Agoseris graminifolia
Greene
(Gray) Kuntze
Showy Milkweed.
Asclepias speciosa
Torrey
Richardson
91.
cjz,
Northern Ladyslipper.
Cypripedium passerinum
Senecio pauciflorus
Pursh
Naiad Springbeauty.
Claytonia parvifolia
(flower).
Mocino
(Nuttall) Heller
American Pasqueflower
Pulsatilla ludoviciana
96.
Pulsatilla ludoviciana
(Nuttall) Heller
Bongard
(Nuttall) Torrey and Gray
Clematis columbiana
100.
10 1. Lodgepole Pine.
1 ox.
Pinus
contorta
murrayana (Balfour)
Engelmann
Lanceleaf Paintbrush.
Castilleja
landfolia
Rydberg
103.
White Thistle.
Cirsium hookerianum
Nuttall
104.
Antennaria howellii
Greene
105. Calypso.
106.
107.
Cytherea bulbosa
(Linnaeus) House
Rock Willow.
Salix petrophila
Rydberg
Torrey
Sweet Androsace.
Androsace carinata
Rydberg
Linnaeus
(Linnaeus) Sprengel
hi. Bearberry
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
(Linnaeus) Sprengel
Green
Pyrola.
Pyrola chlorantha
Swartz
suksdorfii
Avalanche Buttercup.
Canada BufFaloberry.
Ranunculus
Gray
Greene
115.
Zygadenus elegans
Pursh
Amelanchier alnijolia
Aster campestris
Nuttall
Nuttall
Orthocarpus tenuifolius
Bentham
Douglas
Oxytropis splendens
Pedicularis contorta
hi. Alpine
12.2..
Bentham
Pussy Willow.
Salix
discolor
Muhlenberg
Linnaeus
Sanguinaria canadensis
Pyxidanthera barbulat a
Michaux
Hepatica.
Hepatica americanalLmL
Epigaea repens
Trailing-arbutus.
Linnaeus
117.
12.8.
12.9.
Canada WUdginger.
Pinxterbloom.
Asarum
canadense
Linnaeus
WildCalla.
Calla palustris
Linnaeus
130.
Chickasaw Plum.
Prunus angustifolia
Marshall
Greene
Bog Kalmia.
134 Painted
Trillium.
Willdenow
Millspaugh
Red Maple.
Linnaeus
Longleaf Pine.
Pinus palustris
Miller
Linnaeus Linnaeus
140. Fringetree.
Chionanthus virginica
141.
American Columbine.
Aquilegia canadensis
Viola septemloba
Le Conte
143.
May apple.
Podophyllum peltatum
Linnaeus Linnaeus
144.
Wood Merrybells.
Highbush
Uvularia perfoliata
Chrysogonum virginianum
Linnaeus
Blackberry.
147. Crowpoison.
148. 149.
Kuntze
Canada
Lily,
American Wistaria.
Greene
Clematis crispa
Linnaeus
Western Yarrow.
Achillea lanulosa
Nuttall
Lindley
Tampa Epidendrum.
Tillandsia fasciculata
Swartz
Britton and Rose
Hymenocallis
rotata
(Ker) Herbert
Echinocereus lloydii
Britton
158.
Arum Arrowhead.
Sagittaria cuneata
Sheldon
159. Spatterdock
Nymph aea
advena
Solander
DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE
Lonicera glaucescens
Rydberg
is
the Canadian Rockies. In shade the flowers are orange, but they take
in situations
more exposed
are
to the sun.
at
The
The
leaves
expanded
the
form
a shallow cup,
woody old
grow
When growing in the open, the vine forms a mass of twisted stems
near the ground.
for
the flowers.
of
PLATE 8l
DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE
Lonicera glaucescens
Rydberg
FRUIT OF PLATE 8
in
Septem-
At this season the leaves turn yellow, their veins being usually red.
juicy, inedible fruits are in clusters,
The
leafy cup.
The range of this plant covers the central and northern portions of
the United States, and southern Canada.
upper Kootenay Valley near the motor road between the Columbia
River Valley and Lake Louise, Alberta,
at
an altitude of 3,000
feet.
plate 8z
PINK TWISTEDSTALK
Streptopus curvipes Vail
In moist
recesses
of the woods
in the Selkirk
Mountains
are
found
on slender stalks
that spring
from
the leaf axils. Thus the passer-by does not see them, unless he
knows
where to
The
two feet
forming
is
a relative
of the lily-of-the-
fruit
is
The
Columbia to Alaska.
The specimen
3,500 feet
PLATE 83
CLASPING TWISTEDSTALK
Strepopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus)
De
Candolle
growing
commonly are
where the
The berries of this species are also more conspicuous, oval in form
and bright red in color, and freely produced along the stems. The stalks
on which they are borne are twisted or sharply curved, hence the com-
lush
growth and
This
member of the
Lily-of-the-valley Family
is
The specimen sketched was found near Hector Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5,000
feet.
PLATE 84
WHITE PEA
Lathyrus ochroleucus
Hooker
especially when in
it
We
found
wonka
The
plants
same manner as
the garden pea, by threadlike tendrils borne at the ends of the leaves.
White pea
ranges
from
PLATE 85
MOUNTAIN JUNIPER
Juniprus
sibirica
Burgsdorf
among
other
where
it
forms
circular patches
tall.
as
By midsummer
the
when wineither
birds.
The
berries
species
them
raw
mush
or cakes. Cakes
made from
berries
of alligator
juniper, an
Arizona
Mountain juniper ranges from Massachusetts, New York, and Michigan north to Labrador and central Canada, and in the
tains
Rocky MounIt
from
New
PLATE 86
RIVERBANK GENTIAN
Gentiana
affinis
Grisebach
The riverbank gentian prefers the flat borders of streams in the lower
valleys,
where
grasses
soil
and moisture. The purple flowers, with white marking on the petals,
are elusive, since they are often hidden by neighboring plants.
We found
them near a"lick"where twenty mountain sheep, ewes and lambs, were
enjoying the salty soil kept moist by the snow water from the rushing
river near by, which
overflowed
its
from Colorado
The specimen sketched was collected in the valley of the Red Deer
River, three days by
Pacific
trail
Station
feet.
on the Canadian
Railway, Alberta,
an altitude of 5,500
PLATE 87
GRASSLEAF AGOSERIS
Agoseris graminifolia
Greene
dian Rockies,
a tangle
is
of grass and other plants, and opens its flowers only in full sunand the fluffy seed heads, like those of danflowers.
delion, are
blown seeds find suitable places for germination. Like other members
of the Chicory Family, to which
stems have a milky
juice.
of 5,700
feet.
plate 88
SLENDER AGOSERIS
Agoseris gracilens
(Gray) Kuntze
species
The
more
fruiting heads
of the various
of Agoseris
are
much
in
beautiful and
showy than
the flowers,
meadows the
are dislodged
fluffy
As the
seeds ripen
and
to
This Agoseris
to Alberta
The specimen
at
twenty-five miles by
an altitude of 7,000
feet.
PLATE 89
SHOWY MILKWEED
Asclepias speciosa Torrey
We
case
are so
among
isolated
clumps, that
it
was
a surprise to
find a
whole
field
in the
as
Kootenay River
as
Valley. It
well
other condi-
tions suited to
needs,
were
attracting
for them.
The
were
tall.
were of a
delicate shade
glass, the highly complicated structure of the flowers can be seen plainly.
katchewan and
British Columbia.
The specimen
British
painted
was found
in the
PLATE 90
NORTHERN LADYSLIPPER
Cyfripedium passerinum Richardson
We had made numerous visits to the Canadian Rockies without having seen this beautiful ladyslipper, but one midsummer day, after ford-
we came upon
it
suddenly. It
was
plants,
sheltered situations.
of the modest slipper- shaped flowers. The old seed pods of the previous season indicated natures prodigality in providing abundant
seeds.
This orchid
is
distributed
British
Co-
plate 91
immediately attract us by
coloring and perfume of the flowers. Inside the yellow pouch are nu-
merous
fine hairs,
bee,
attempting to escape, after she has been smeared with this substance,
is
passages,
on the sides of which the pollen masses and stigma are placed.
first
on
been smeared with pollen from another flower, and thus cross
zation
is
effected.
is
easily
grown
the
humus in
soil.
The specimen sketched was found in North Carolina, but the plant
ranges
Missouri,
PLATE 9X
RAYLESS GROUNDSEL
Senecio fauciflorus
Pursh
Rayless groundsel,
though not
summer a touch of brilliant color amid the otherwise dull grasses and willows of the mountain meadows. At first sight it seems to be a
budding flower, soon to unfold, but the long
rays characteristic
of
most other
further.
species
Wyoming
and Cal-
5,500
feet.
plate 93
NAIAD SPRINGBEAUTY
Claytonia -parvifolia
Mocino
As we pick our way along some of the wet, stony trails near Glacier
House, British Columbia, we find, if observing closely, the dainty stems
from a small rosette of green leaves. This frail and delicate plant thrives
in the cool drippings
It
is
especially interesting
from the fact that it propagates freely by bulblets from the axils of the
stem
leaves.
This plant ranges from Alaska southward in the mountains to California and Montana.
The specimen sketched was found near Glacier House in the Selkirk
Mountains of British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500
feet.
PLATE 94
AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER
Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller
The pasqueflower
is
one of the
loveliest
as
of the anemones.
It
is
spring the stalks push through the ground as soon as the snow disap-
rain
comes
in late
summer
but these
summer
It is found
from Michigan
been selected
as
It has
The
sketch was
made from
PLATE 95
AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER
Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller
FRUIT OF PLATE 95
directly
from
the root, and also a whorl of stem leaves, borne at the middle of the
The seeds,
The pasqueflower ranges throughout the prairie and Rocky Mountain States
The specimen
feet.
midsummer
at
Ghost
from
PLATE 96
SWEETVETCH
Hedysarum macken^ii Richardson
we
visited in the
we
we have made "Wild Flower Camp" our headquarters for a short time. On the
growing
in perfection.
For
trail
passing from that place up the steep slopes to the divide above
we came to a deep unnamed alpine lake, the trail leads. On the slopes above the
side,
leaving
stretches
stiff enough
to support the
fine
These
are
as delightful as
prostrate
on
the ground,
across.
making
down the
Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean in 1793, used the roots of sweetvetch
as
an emergency food.
is
This plant
restricted to the
The unnamed
tion, Alberta,
lake
is
required.
PLATE 97
MISTMAIDEN
RopzanZoffia sitchensis
Bongard
is
Mistmaiden
line
is
found
at or
above
tree
are favorable. It
grows frequently
in rock crevices,
and delights in
but rarely that the delicate stems and fragile flowers are injured
or destroyed.
The
first
specimen that
to
camp
of ice, and
we
fresh as ever.
This interesting
member of
Montana to northern
chensis, indicates,
As
its specific
name,
sit-
first at Sitka,
Alaska.
The specimen
grew
PLATE 98
COLUMBIA CLEMATIS
Clematis Columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey and
Gray
Columbia clematis
mountain wild
is
flowers.
The scrambling vine grows gracefully over some convenient support of bushes or small
with the utmost freedom from conventionality. The stems are woody,
and
after the petal-like sepals fall the feathery seed heads are quite as
summer.
The specimen sketched grew five miles from Field, British Columbia,
on the
slopes
trail
to Burgess Pass, at
an altitude of 6,500
plate 99
COLUMBIA CLEMATIS
Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey
and Gray
FRUIT OF PLATE 99
as
The fruits of the Columbia clematis, although not so conspicuous the flowers, are quite as beautiful. The silky tails attached to the
of the loose heads become feather-like
as
"seeds"
they ripen.
The soft
shades of green
grow paler and finally turn silvery gray, when the ripe fruits are loosened from the parent stem and carried away by the wind.
Columbia clematis extends from Utah and Colorado northward to
Alberta and British Columbia.
The specimen
Athelmere,
at
sketched
was found
in
August
an altitude of 3,500
feet.
PLATE IOO
LODGEPOLE PINE
Pinus contorta murrayana (Balfour) Engelmann
where
fire
has taken
toll
of the primeval
forest
it is
usually the
forest
growth
it
frequently
grows
in
thickets so dense that they are almost impenetrable for animals after the
trees
feet.
the lodgepole pine attains a height of eighty feet, with a trunk one to
three feet in diameter. If the trees stand alone their branches persist
nearly to the base of the trunk.
common
name.
A striking feature
of the tree is that the cones remain upon the branches for a long time,
often for years after the tree is dead.
of scarcity of other food, sometimes ate the inner bark and soft sapwood.
The specimen
Saskatchewan River, at an
of 5,000
feet.
PLATE IOI
LANCELEAF PAINTBRUSH
Castilleja lancifolia
Rydberg
is
quite different
from
that
Castilleja, as it
lower
levels
come
in
mid- August,
it is
one of the
The
which form
stems,
is
especially noticeable to
In burnt-timber areas
is
likely to
protected
above.
This striking
The specimen
5,500 feet
Lake Louise,
Alberta, at an altitude of
PLATE IOl
WHITE THISTLE
Cirsium hookerianum Nuttall
tunity to obtain
blown about by the wind, embrace every oppora foothold. Along the motor road between Banff and
in great perfection, often four feet
straight stem,
tall,
with
many
much
relished
Above
when
The white
thistle
is
distributed
near the
summit of Vermilion
Pass, Alberta,
Castle Station,
on the Canadian
Pacific
feet.
PLATE IO3
GRAY PUSSYTOES
Antennaria howellii Greene
is
at-
tracted to them. It
on flats along stream beds, where the waters from melting glaciers have
deposited
luxuriant
some of their
load of
mud
flats
support a
growth of
midsum-
form new
plants.
The
provided
with
a tuft
of silky
hairs, so that
they are
tances
by the wind.
relative
of the
daisies is
from Montana
to Wash-
sketched
grew
at
Siffleur
Alberta, Canada, at an
of 5,000
feet.
plate 104
CALYPSO
Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus)
House
In mountain woods, where pine needles cover the ground and preserve the moisture underneath, the dainty calypso
is
is
on
a slender
support
its
weight.
The
much valued by the Indians of Alberta in spring as a delicious morsel, comparable to new potatoes.
Calypso
is
New MexStates in
as
is still
northern
Mon-
PLATE IO5
ROCK WILLOW
Salix petrophila Rydberg
of willow
also flourish,
as
many small bees and other insects. The pollen falls in a golden shower when the branches are shaken. The pistillate flowers develop
rapidly into silky heads during the long days
July.
The
from the
then
to a
new location.
on
alpine peaks
Rock willow
The specimen
at
occurs
from
New Mexico to
Cali-
Wapta
from
Field, British
Columbia,
PLATE I06
SWEET ANDROSACE
Androsace carinata Torrey
Sweet androsace
hillsides
is
with the
earliest
blossoms, but
it
the dainty clustered flowers, with their yellow centers, lend the plant
a peculiar charm.
delicate flower
The
rosettes
of stiff green
leaves,
stem
rises,
the plants. They frequent both dry and moist situations. Several related
species occur frequently in the northern Rockies, but they are
attractive appearance,
of un-
This
member of the Primrose Family ranges from the cold mounof New Mexico north to Alberta and British Columbia.
sketched was found at Ptarmigan Pass, seven miles
feet.
tain tops
The specimen
PLATE IO7
BLUEGREEN GENTIAN
Genttana g),auca Pallas
common
it is
only
we
grow singly
The
green flowers.
form
of each
a peculiar shade
of blue-green. They
petals
Blooming
in
August
in the
above
caught by
the early frosts, and thus are prevented frequently from ripening seeds.
The
phana,
also in Siberia.
The specimen
trail
PLATE IOS
is
the recesses of
purple.
The flowers vary in color from yellowish green to green or The plants are so small and so nearly uniform in color that they
among
plants as these
their
show little affinity in their general appearance with more showy relatives, such as the ladyslippers and the brilliant
is
This twayblade
ico
New Mexis
found from
The
sketch was
Yoho
Pass,
PLATE IO9
SPOTTED SAXIFRAGE
Saxifraga bronchialis Linnaeus
line. It
grows
whose
crevices
its
The
Latin specific
name
is
derived
from saxum,
and frangOj I
break.
The dark green foliage retains its color through the winter, and
plant remaining the same. In natures rock gardens these hardy plants,
ish
Lake Louise,
Alberta,
PLATE IIO
BEARBERRY
Arctostafhylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel
by the
flowers
leaves.
traveler. Early in
snow
melts, the
may
They
The
leaves
were
also
icine as
an astringent,
well
as
by tanners in making
Mexico and
California,
Mount Assinfeet.
at
an altitude of 6,000
PLATE III
BEARBERRY
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel
bearberry, or kinni-
Then
the plant
if a sufficient
amount of
New Jersey to New Mexico and California, and northward to Labrador and Alaska.
an altitude of 4,500
feet.
PLATE
112.
GREEN PYROLA
Pyrola chlorantha Swartz
is
a denizen
of dry wooded
slopes,
and blossoms
it is
Although
it
almost as
attractive.
The
on
from
a rosette
of leathery, evergreen
leaves.
The
flowers are thick and fleshy and remain for a long time
plant, being
upon the
of 5,000 feet.
PLATE II3
AVALANCHE BUTTERCUP
Ranunculus
suksdorfii
Gray
close to the melting
On the high
slopes
of the mountains,
snow
anemones, and contrasting their golden cups with the white anemone
flowers.
old
snow of the avalanches, where the cold has delayed the unfolding
of the buds.
Pass,
feet.
an altitude of 7,000
PLATE II4
CANADA BUFFALOBERRY
Lepargyrea canadensis (Linnaeus) Greene
Canada buffaloberry
ripen,
is
berries
when
it
decorates the
berries.
its
red or some-
times yellow
These
though
useful to
quench
thirst,
as a tonic.
When
the
berries are
make a
beaten,
enjoy.
change from
the grass and other green things that they eat on the
ers,
trail.
The flow-
yellow.
The leaves, which come later, are covered beneath with silver
when viewed through a lens. Canada buffaloberries may be found in the mountains from New
to
York
New
Mexico and Oregon, and northward to Newfoundcollected near Hector Station, British
feet.
Colum-
an altitude of 5,000
plate 115
DEATHCAMAS
Zygadenus elegans Pursh
is
white flowers with a bright green gland at the base of each petal.
in the breezes, and
asters,
They sway
make
a lovely
peas,
columbines,
the limitations of
many mountain
seem
of
slopes,
we ever found were growing out of calcareous tufa. The horses know the plant well, and are never deceived into eating its poisonous leaves, though these appear much like grass when the
specimens
plant
is
out of bloom.
obtained
an altitude of 6,500
PLATE Il6
SASKATOON
Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall
The saskatoon,
service-berry, or June-berry, a
northwestern species
is
sometimes
in
attains a
ple
when fully
ripe.
They resemble
gathered from horseback, and after a long ride are very refreshing. The
Indians ate
ter.
them
fresh
also dried
as
These
when
broken ofFand cooked in stews. Birds and bears also enjoy these berries
The
the
soil
Yukoa
obtained near the Horse Thief River,
PLATE II7
PRAIRIE ASTER
Aster campstris Nuttall
soil conditions,
and expanded
its
many exposed
situations
brit-
where other
tle;
plants
had gone to
seed.
entire,
toothed.
The prairie aster ranges along the Rocky Mountains from Colorado
to
near
feet.
Radium Hot
Springs, British
an altitude of 3,000
PLATE Il8
OWL-CLOVER
Orthocarpus tenuifolius
Bentham
of the Kootenay
River, we soon leave the higher mountains and heavily timbered country,
clover
color
in full
recalls
them
in
many ways. As
like
is
The
valley of the
a continuation,
is
variable
cli-
by mountains on either
side,
with
irrigation to cause
the plants that flourish in the valley are arid-soil plants or those
lie
which
PLATE II9
SHOWY OXYTROPE
Oxytropis splendens
Douglas
Showy oxytrope is one of the most attractive members of the Pea Family. The graceful stems hold the flower spikes well above the
silky leaves, which
the genus
name
Rocky Mountains.
to Saskatchewan, British
The specimen
PLATE IZO
ALPINE FERNLEAF
Pedicularis contorta
Bentham
it
It is often
found on
above timber
line.
It
grows
in clumps,
from
The
leaves
may be green
Piran near
of 7,000
feet.
PLATE
1 2.1
PUSSY
WILLOW
when we gather them
wild haunts,
fluffy
with
attract
many
The
catkins are
which
fertile
ones
seeds.
which produce
of Columbia.
PLATE ILL
BLOODROOT
Sanguinaria canadensis Linnaeus
Bloodroot
is
we must
it
visit
the
woods
in perfection.
woods.
It
autumn
leaves that
have protected
it
has an acrid
touches.
This
is
blood-red
it as
it
The
Indians used
use
them
made from
a specimen gathered in
Washington,
District
of Columbia.
PLATE 113
PYXIE
Pyxidanthera barbulata
Michaux
is
The
thrill
equaled only by
classed
it
by botanists
as
its
creeping
habit
It
is
The
flowers are
sessile
which
planted in a mixture of acid peat and clear sand, and thrives in either
found in
New Jersey.
New Jersey.
PLATE 1^4
HEPATICA
Hepatica americana Ker
"There are
John Burroughs,"but
nothing
fairer, if as fair, as
little firstling
half enough.
of
its
charms
it is
certainly the
soft
gem
of the woods."
warm days
make
their
of spring the
they are half hidden by the leaves, which persist from the previous
season.
The
soon
as
gazes at,
naked groves
With unexpected beauty for the time Of blossoms and green grass is yet afar.
Gibson
Hepatica
is
ward
in
to
A closely related
species
grows
Europe and
PLATE 1X5
TRAILING-ARBUTUS
Efigaea repens Linnaeus
Trailing-arbutus
is
are
arrival
of the cold
of winter, and open with the first sunny days of spring. Hidden away
under dead and frequently with their pearly flowers turned tonot discovered by the casual passer-by.
ward the
It
is
with the
earliest
spring
us of
stars,
sleeted spars
sails!
To life the frozen sod, And through dead leaves of hope shall spring
Afresh the flowers of God.
Trailing-arbutus,
exposure, can be
grown
and produces a
in
The specimen
sketched
was found
Washington,
District
of
PLATE Il6
CANADA WILDGINGER
Asarum canadense Linnaeus
Canada wildginger
its
is
Owing to
The
Lying
which serve
to pollinate them.
New Brunswick
Island,
and Manitoba.
PLATE 1X7
PINXTERBLOOM
Azalea nudiflora Linnaeus
with
their clusters
ing their peculiar faint perfume, they are visited by bumble bees and
moths.
The leaves begin to open about the same time as the flowers,
acid, either sunny or shady
but they do not expand fully until the blooming period has passed.
Easily yielding to cultivation, if the soil
places
either
is
may be utilized to grow the plants. They will flourish also in dry or swampy situations, growing to a height of six feet in
soil.
suitable
This species of pinxterbloom ranges from North Carolina northward, and since the ice sheets of the glacial period retreated,
it
has
from
Illinois
through central
still
farther north.
PLATE
12.8
WILD CALLA
Calla falustris Linnaeus
name taken from Pliny. Our wild plant, the only species of the genus, belongs to the same family as the showy greenhouse plant, to which the name calla is applied commonly. Growing
Calla is an ancient
in bogs, and along the borders of sluggish streams, the bright green
leaves
of the wild calla mingle with those of other bog plants, and not
Wild
calla is a
of whose representatives
of tropical
should
be noted that in the case of our plant, as in other members of the family,
what appears to be a blossom is really a spike of many small and inconspicuous flowers, surrounded by a showy corolla-like envelope or spathe.
Wild
calla
ranges from
The specimen sketched was obtained west of Sudbury on the Canadian Pacific Railway in Canada.
PLATE IZ9
CHICKASAW PLUM
Prunus angustifolia Marshall
first
woody plants
to
bloom in
growing
when
in
soon wild
The
and
is
appreciated by
jellies
birds.
The
Indians used
flavor.
it
as food,
This plum extends from Florida to southern New Jersey, and west-
ward
PLATE I30
GRASS-PINK ORCHID
Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus
Grass-pink orchid
or July. It
is
is
meadows, in June
one of five
United
States,
is
member of
it is
the Orchid
Family
associated
with
rose
lip at
the other orchids with their pendent lips which are reversed.
The name
may be
name
Calopogon,
is
which means
distributed
This orchid
Newfoundland.
The specimen
sketched
plate 131
DEERBERRY
Polycodium stamineum (Linnaeus) Greene
Deerberry
is
is
of
soil
and exposure.
When
on the bush
itself
the numerous
Deerberry
is
referred
by many botanists
which contains the blueberries and whortlegreen or greenish yellow at maturity and
eaten. It
is
globular
fruit,
often
some-
of Polycodium are
species
the fruit of a
with purple
berries
is
very
commonly
eaten.
northward to
PLATE 131
BOG KALMIA
Kalmia polifoliaWangcnheim
Bog kalmia is
never so
sides
showy as Kalmia
hill-
a shrub
two
feet
The flowers
The
fruit
is
a small,
which it
is
the flowers at the naked tip of the stem, rather than among the leaves.
Bog kalmia
ranges
The specimen
Department of Agriculture
of Columbia.
PLATE 133
PAINTED TRILLIUM
Trillium undulatum Willdenow
is
one of the
loveliest
from other species in having its soft petals decorated with lines of pink
where
matures on the
trees.
The
Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Wisconsin. The specimen sketched was obtained from
eastern Massachusetts.
plate 134
FRINGED POLYGALA
Polygala paucifolia
Willdenow
Fringed polygak
differs
widely from
many
other
members of
its
genus in that the flowers are borne singly instead of in cloverlike heads
or racemes. Its lovely color and the dainty fringes
also differentiate
it
a plant of
acid
soils.
Illinois,
and Minnesota
northward to Anicosti,
PLATE
13
SQUIRRELCORN
Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh
Squirrelcorn
is
on
a dainty
is
pale, feathery
The
curious rootstock
many
small,
The
have matured, in
is
early
a near relative
and the bleedingheart of gardens. Some writers prefer to use for the
genus the name Dicentra.
Squirrelcorn ranges
Missouri, and
PLATE I36
RED MAPLE
Acer rubrum Linnaeus
Red maple
to develop
is
Its
buds begin
bloom. In autumn
the
usually small or of
medium size, but is reported, under exceptionally favorable conditions, to attain a height of no feet. The bark of old trees is rough and dark, but on young trees, smooth and gray. The light brown wood is used
in the
articles.
Red maple ranges from Florida to Texas and northward to Nebraska, Manitoba,
and
Nova Scotia.
The specimen
New Jersey.
PLATE I37
CAROLINA MAPLE
Acer carolinianum Walter
Carolina maple
smaller
tree.
is
maple, but
it is
often a
The bark
light
brown
in color.
days of spring,
at its best
covered with crimson "keys" which contrast strikingly with the bare
branches of other nearby trees. Like its relative, the red maple, it prefers
wet
or moist
soil,
Pennsylvania and
chusetts.
New Jersey, and has been reported also from Massaobtained at Beaufort, South Carolina.
PLATE 138
LONGLEAF PINE
Pinus falustris Miller
a stately tree,
sometimes
attainit
with
Often
forms extensive
forests
clus-
tered near the ends of the branches give a strikingly feathery and quite
distinctive appearance to the tree.
of flowers are very beautiful. Clouds of pollen are blown from them
tree
is
red or orange
in color.
Longleaf pine ranges along the coast from Texas to Florida, and
northward to Virginia.
The specimen
fort,
sketched
Island, near
Beau-
South Carolina.
PLATE 139
FRINGETREE
Chionanthus virginica Linnaeus
When the tender leaves of spring have developed so that the woods
are just
with the
neighboring
trees.
The
fringetree
is
to the Olive Family, and a near relative of the ash. In the south
in reference to the
which
are rela-
soil possesses a
degree of acidity.
taken to acidify
its soil
by midsummer and
fall in early
autumn.
Florida to Texas and Missouri, and
The
fringetree ranges
from
northward to
PLATE 140
AMERICAN COLUMBINE
Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus
Of all the spring wild flowers, none is more lovely than the columbine which we find in rocky woods or on exposed ledges. Its bright
green leaves and crimson-and-gold flowers are borne on slender, graceful stems.
The bumble
bees are attracted to the feast of nectar prebrilliant color attracts also
the ruby-throated
relative
of John Tradescant,
gardener to King Charles the First, the American columbine has yielded
readily to cultivation, but
is
never so lovely
its
as
when growing
in
its
grow
in Florida.
Columbia.
PLATE 141
Le Conte
is
its
relatives.
It
grows
in light, acid
sissippi
from
were represented in
were
it
not for the fact that the form of flowers and seed pods
so uniform.
PLATE 141
MAYAPPLE
Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus
The mayapple is one of our familiar plants of spring, with its umbrella-shaped leaves and its cream-colored flowers hanging shyly below
The
eaten
flower
is
which may be
when
ripe,
though the
flavor
is
not espe-
The genus contains five species, all except this one being natives of Asia.
They are members of the Barberry Family. The name mandrake, which
belongs to an old-world plant of another family, is often misapplied in
The mayapple
at
Washington,
District
of
PLATE 143
WOOD MERRYBELLS
Uvularia
-perfoliata
Linnaeus
Wood merrybells, a graceful and attractive plant belonging to the Lily-of-the-valley Family, is common in rich, moist woods in May or
June.
ing flowers are in bloom at the same season that the species of merrybells are easily
The specimen sketched was found near Rock Creek Park,Washington, District
see,
PLATE 144
GOLDENSTAR
Chrysogonum virginianum Linnaeus
Goldenstar
lands.
is
or dry
wood-
tiny tubular flowers, each of the five outer ones having its corolla trans-
formed into
The
first
lengthentheir
The
early-flowering plants,
with
compact tufts of hairy leaves, are much more beautiful than the sprawling and weather-beaten plants of summer. Goldenstar is the only representative
ticularly
of
its
genus. It
is
seldom a
it is
par-
PLATE 145
HIGHBUSH BLACKBERRY
Kubus argutus Link
Highbush
bushes. It
is
blackberry,
when
in bloom,
is
A little later it
is
loaded
with
ripe.
fine clusters
fruit,
when
wild
They belong
to the
Rose Family.
soil,
and ranges,
mostly
at
low
altitudes,
much
wider
territory.
PLATE 146
CROWPOISON
Chrosferma muscaetoxicum (Walter) Kuntze
Crowpoison
tive spike
first.
is
found
in sandy
woods.
It
It
May to July. The seeds are reddish brown, and this fact gives the motive
for the generic name, derived
ored seeds.
able in that it contains one of the most toxic alkaloids known to science.
it
cattle,
which mistake
relation-
it recalls its
Family.
Island.
PLATE 147
CANADA LILY
Lilium canadense Linnaeus
lily is striking,
its tall,
for
it rises
above
its
sur-
meadow
companions,
with
the flower stalks spring, the flowers drooping in a circle around them.
The pendent
from the summer showers, and sometimes the bees take refuge from
the rain under their golden caps. This species grows in richer woods
than
its relative,
lily,
shown to
Canada lilies are found from Georgia and Alabama to Missouri, and
The specimen
Mawr, Pennsylvania.
PLATE 148
AMERICAN WISTARIA
Kraunhia frutescens (Linnaeus) Greene
American wistaria
Its
is
stem reaches
length.
the racemes are shorter than those of the Chinese wistaria so frequently
seen in our gardens. Wistaria
memory of Dr.
Caspar
Wistar of Philadelphia.
American wistaria
is
The specimen
sketched
PLATE 149
CURLY CLEMATIS
Clematis crista Linnaeus
and the leaves add to the dainty beauty of the vine. This clema-
and
is
like that
is
sometimes
with
a long feathery
tail.
member of the
Buttercup Family.
Curly clematis
is
distributed
Carolina.
PLATE 150
WESTERN YARROW
Achillea lanulosa Nuttall
without appreciation of its beauty. Growing everywhere, and especially in neglected places, its white heads and feathery foliage are known
to everyone.
uncommon in
States.
the
Rocky Mountains.
is
weed
in fields
California,
The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Red Deer
River, twenty miles north of
tude of 6,700
feet.
plate 151
TAMPA EPIDENDRUM
Epidendrum tampense Lindley
It is
United States that we find the mild and moist climate suitable for the
growth of epiphytic
orchids, a
slender plants
and stiff fleshy leaves on the upper portions of the trunks and branches
trees.
The
trees in
of the mainland
with
a dense
growth of epiphytes,
Tampa epi-
its
in southern Florida
where the
specimen sketched was collected, and also in the Bahamas and Cuba.
PLATE
15 2.
TILLANDSIA
Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz
The
tillandsias,
most of which
The
most
food
its roots.
The
tillandsias
often
and
The
with minute
which give
to prevent evaporation
from the
is
leaves,
from
The numerous
distributed
This tillandsia came from Florida, but the species is widely dispersed
in the
West
Indies,
PLATE 153
SPIDERLILY
Hymenocallis rotata (Ker) Herbert
surf.
In such locations
it
usually forms
of this and related species form a conspicuous element of some Florida and
lis
This species ranges from Florida to the coastal plain of North Carolina.
The specimen
tugas, Florida.
here
PLATE 154
LLOYDS STRAWBERRY-CACTUS
Echinocereus lloydti Britton
and Rose
States are
The
At
growing
in grotesque
season.
shapes, are
awakened by the
first
Then
artists
box are
inadequate to depict the various hues and shades of color in the myriads
1,2.00 species, is
serious pests.
It is
of limited range.
collected.
where
this
specimen was
PLATE 155
GHOSTPIPE
Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton
Ghostpipe
is
parasitic
on the
is
roots
of
one of our
and hence
all
green coloration.
The
the
be-
by a few inconspicuous
The plant
Some
name Aphyl-
of Thalesia.
Newfoundland and
Ontario.
Island, near
Washing-
of Columbia.
PLATE 156
PALE PINESAP
Hyp-pity s americana (De Candolle) Small
Pale pinesap
is
woodland
It
blooms
in place
It is
its
in late
of
leaves,
saprophytic, that
obtains
similar to
its
pinesap, but lacks the bright coloring of that species. It belongs to the
One
or
more
species
Newfoundland and
Ontario.
is
found in Europe,
but the relationships of the several species have not been finally determined.
The specimen
Columbia.
PLATE 157
ARUM ARROWHEAD
Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon
its relatives,
loves
with
out of the
Sagittaria, derived
from the
leaves.
Arum
Scotia,
Nova
Columbia.
The specimen sketched was found near Edge water, British Columbia, in
PLATE 158.
SPATTERDOCK
Njmphaea advena Solander
Spatterdocks, sometimes called yellow pondlilies, abound along the
We
usually think of
in
them
as
terdock with
floated
Indeed,
with other
mud,
seeds
is
The
PLATE I59
PINELAND ASTER
Aster squarrosus Walter
asters are
common forms of the North, and one of the most curious is the pineland aster. It is common in many parts of Florida, growing in the
sandy pine lands, which seem dry in winter, but are very
rainy summer.
brittle stems,
wet
in the
stiff,
The
which
tangled masses.
The most
striking characteristic
The
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