LTE Planning

Capacity Planning Principles
Informa Telecoms & Media

Factors Affecting the Planning Process Frequency Band Allocated Spectrum and Channel Bandwidth LTE Channel Parameters Maximum Bit Rate per Channel Equipment Performance Coverage or Capacity Service Area Population Demographic Marketing Inputs Data Throughput and Contention Ratio Contention Ratio Calculating Required System Capacity Link Utilisation and System Delay Service Time Capacity Models Resource Scheduling in LTE Capacity in Spectrum Limited or Single Channel Deployments Factional Frequency Reuse X2 Interface and Interference Coordination 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 34 36 38 40 42 42
Factors Affecting the Planning Process

Whilst LTE technology is new and complex some of the basic rules of system planning do notchange. Much of the complexity of LTE is designed to make the best use of the available spectrum, better spectral efficiency, in other words. Achieving better efficiency means that higher data rates can be achieved in systems that are spectrum limited. Indeed LTE is design tosupport a single channel reuse pattern with out resorting to tricks like spread spectrum. When considering capacity planning, or general system planning, these are some of the factors that should be taken in to account. Frequency Band Amount of Allocated Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Equipment Performance Service Area Population Density Population Demographic Population Penetration Expected level of service
Each of the factors mentioned above will have some impact on the overall system design andthe ultimate capacity in each cell and across the system as a whole.
Generally Known Data

Frequency Band Amount of Allocated Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Equipment Performance
Market Research Data

Service Area Population Density Population Demographic Population Penetration Expected level of service
Fig. 1 Factors Considered During Initial Planning

Frequency Band
There are many frequency bands potentially available for the deployment of LTE, the bands listed opposite have been identified through work done by the ITU and the WRCs. The bands are part of the IMT spectrum and many are in use already with cellular technologies like GSM, UMTS and WiMAX. It is not expected for a UE to support all of the bands shown here, but is highly likely that UE will support a sunset of the bands depending on the intended are of deployment, allowing national and international roaming as cost effectively as possible. The chosen spectrum will have a very large impact on the planning process since the nominal radius of the LTE radio cell is dependant on the frequency of operation. Generally speaking thelower the frequency the larger the radio cell, the better the building penetration, the less sensitive to atmospheric issues the system becomes. This is of great interest to operators sincethe cost of deploying LTE networks is likely to be very high, lower frequency allocations can save many millions of dollars in CAPEX, i.e. there will be less eNBs to buy. The US operator Verizon is deploying its LTE network in the 700MHz band (band 13).
FDD IMT Frequency Bands

Band Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17
Uplink (MHz)
1920-1980 1850-1910 1710-1785 1710-1755 824-849 830-840 2500-2570 880-915 1710-1770 698-716 777-787 788-798 704-716
Downlink (MHz)
2110-2170 1930-1990 1805-1880 2110-2155 869-894 875-885 2620-2690 925-960 2110-2170 728-746 746-756 758-768 734-746
Band Gap (MHz)

130 20 20 355 20 35 50 10 340 12 21 20 18
Duplex UMTS Separatiion Usage (MHz)

190 80 95 400 45 45 120 45 95 400 48 30 31 30 30 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N
LTE Usage
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 60 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 23
TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Band
33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Flow-Fhigh (MHz)
1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 1880-1920 2300-2400
UMTS
Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y
LTE
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Fig. 2 FDD and TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Allocated Spectrum and Channel Bandwidth

The bands are regulated in terms of the allowed operating bandwidth. This is driven largely by the amount of available spectrum in each of the bands. Some of the band do not allow the use of the narrow channels, whilst others prohibit the use of the larger bandwidths. The amount of allocated spectrum will impact the overall network capacity and the individual sector capacity. As with many aspects of system planning more is better. Planning a system with 1 or 2 channels is very challenging, even when the technology provides some complex mechanisms to allow for reuse factors of 1, there will still be a negative impact on capacity. In some cases the operator may have the flexibility to choose the channel bandwidth depending on the total amount of spectrum they have. Some analysis may have to be done on the advantages and disadvantages of a few large bandwidth channels (e.g. 2x10MHz) versus more, lower bandwidth channels (e.g. 4x5MHz).
LTE band
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 17 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Downlink bandwidth
60 60 75 45 25 10 70 35 35 60 25 18 10 10 12 20 15 60 60 20 50 40 100
1.4
42 53 32 17 25 12 7 7 42 42
3
20 23 15 8 11 6 3 3 4 20 20
Channel bandwidth (MHz) 5 10 15

12 12 15 9 5 2 14 7 7 12 5 [3] [2] [2] [2] 4 3 12 12 4 10 8 6 6 7 4 [2] [1] 7 [3] 3 6 [2] [1] [1] [1] [1] 2 1 6 6 2 5 4 10 4 [4] [5] 3 X 4 [2] 4 [1] X X X 1 1 4 4 1 3 6
20
3 [3] [3] 2 X [3] [1] 3 [1] X X X X 1 X 3 3 1 2 5
Fig. 3 Available Capacity and Channel Bandwidths for LTE

LTE Channel Parameters

Once the individual channel bandwidth are know, it is possible to work out what the likely capacity of the channel will be. This is less straight forward in LTE for many reason, not least of which is the nature of the OFDM technique employed on the radio interface. The table opposite shows the main attributes of the various channel bandwidths. It can be seen that the entire channel is not occupied due to the FFT sampling of the channel, this will yield a lower than expected capacity using the Nyquist and Shannon assumptions.
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Channel Bandwidth (MHz) Number of Resource Blocks (NRB) Number of Occupied Subcarriers IDFT(Tx)/DFT(Rx) Size Sample Rate (MHz) Samples per Slot
* 3GPP TS 36.104
1.4 6 72 128 1.92 960
3 15 180 256 3.84 1920
5 25 300 512 7.68 3840
10 50 600 1024 15.36 7680
15 75 900 1536 23.04 11520
20 100 1200 2048 30.72 15360
Fig. 4 LTE Channel Parameters

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Maximum Bit Rate per Channel

Based on a simple Nyquist calculation and an assumption of the overall efficiency (80%) oftheradio, the table opposite shows the maximum data rates that could be expected from thevarious channel bandwidths.
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FDD IMT Frequency Bands

Modulation coding
QPSK 1/2 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4 64QAM 3/4 64QAM 4/4 64QAM 3/4 64QAM 4/4 Single stream Single stream Single stream Single stream Single stream 2 x 2 MIMO 2 x 2 MIMO
Peak bit rate per sub-carrier/bandwidth combination 72/ 180/ 300/ 600/ 1200/ 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
0.9 1.7 2.6 3.9 5.2 7.8 10.4 2.2 4.3 6.5 9.7 13.0 19.4 25.9 3.6 7.2 10.8 16.2 21.6 32.4 43.2 7.2 14.4 21.6 32.4 43.2 64.8 86.4 14.4 28.8 43.2 64.8 86.4 129.6 172.8
TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Modulation coding
QPSK 1/2 16QAM 1/2 16QAM 3/4 16QAM 4/4 Single stream Single stream Single stream Single stream
Peak bit rate per sub-carrier/bandwidth combination 72/ 180/ 300/ 600/ 1200/ 1.4 MHz 3.0 MHz 5.0 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz
0.9 1.7 2.6 3.5 2.2 4.3 6.5 8.6 3.6 7.2 10.8 14.4 7.2 14.4 21.6 28.8 14.4 28.8 43.2 57.6
Fig. 5 Maximum Downlink/Uplink Capacity per Radio Channel

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Equipment Performance
System performance will be affected by many factor related to the equipment used in the network. The fundamental aspects of the link budget rely entirely on the performance of the equipment. In many case the vendor spec sheet will provide the majority of the information required to perform basic ink budgets. This may be enough during the initial phase of planning to establish a baseline for capacity and performance. Once the basic performance parameters have been worked out and certain levels of performance have been determined, it is then possible to include the more complex features of the equipment to determine the additional gains possible. For example MIMO, beamforming antennas, vendor specific algorithms for interference management.
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BS/UE Power Output BS/UE Antenna Gains Receiver sensitivity Link Budget Gains and Losses MIMO Gains Vendor Specific Requirements
Fig. 6 Equipment Parameters Considered for Capacity

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Coverage or Capacity
Coverage Limited Design Coverage limited systems are those whose performance is limited by the coverage possible from a given set of performance attributes. The system design for coverage will maximise therange from the base station at the expense of capacity. Coverage limited systems will likely have a few widely spaced base stations. Capacity Limited Design A system that is limited by its capacity will deliver maximum capacity for a given set of conditions. Capacity will be delivered at the expense of coverage. Systems designed for capacity will have many closely spaced base stations. Initial LTE systems are likely to be capacity limited. In some cases it is more desirable to plan systems that are limited by capacity since this indicates that there may be many subscriber over a limited geographical area. Generally speaking many subscribers means good revenues.
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Capacity Limited Design
Coverage Limited Design
Fig. 7
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Service Area
Having established the performance capabilities of LTE and the vendor specific equipment thejob of planning must then determine the capacity or coverage objectives. The objectives willof course vary from area to area depending on the planning criteria.
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Land Use Clutter Value
Fig. 8 Area to be Served

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Population Demographic
The marketing research carried out during the planning period will make use of the area classifications mentioned above and also the population demographics. Analysis of typical demographic data will allow the planner to determine the likely number of subscribers in a givenlocation at different times of the day. Population and population distribution are particularly important as this will give a base level forplanning the capacity and coverage of the system. Other factors such as age, ethnicity, employment status will help the marketing researchers to determine the likely number of subscribers that can be captured.
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Typical Demographic Data Presentation
n n n n n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
10,000 or over 7,500 9,999 5,000 7,4999 2,500 4,999 2,499 or under
Islington Tower Hamlets Barking and Dagenham Hammersmith and Fulham Kensington and Chelsea Westminster City of London Richmond upon Thames Wandsworth Lambeth Southwark Lewisham Kingston upon Thames
Other Demographic Factors

Housing Type Land Use Ethnicity Age Income Disabilities Mobility (in terms of travel time to work or number ofvehicles available) Educational attainment Home ownership Employment status
Fig. 9
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Marketing Inputs
It is of critical importance that the planning process is carried out with input from the marketing department. Based on the demographic statistics the marketing researchers will be able toprovide data regarding the total number of subscriber and the area over which they will bedistributed, these are of course factors to be considered when designing the system. Typical factors accounted for include: Expected Service Take-up (penetration) Service Types Fully Mobile USB Dongle/PC card Expected Level of Service Data throughput Contention Ratio The service type, acceptable contention ratio and population penetration are most important forcapacity planning.
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Expected Service Take-up (penetration) Service Types fully mobile USB dongle/PC card Expected Level of Service data throughput contention ratio
Fig. 10 Marketing Inputs to the Planning Process

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Data Throughput and Contention Ratio

Data rates available to mobile subscriber have been increasing steadily over the last few years and will continue to do so, promoted by the additional capability of LTE. However the capacity of the radio sector is not unlimited and careful though must be applied to the type of service sold to the subscriber. Present systems may promise upto 7 or 10Mbps but rarely deliver dueto radio condition or network overloading. Of course the best way to manage the traffic load in the network is to support different service levels and mange the flow os data using QoS mechanisms. Most mobile systems currently in use do not use this approach, instead they may offer and upto service with best effort QoS ona flat rate data plan. However the only effective way to manage traffic in data system is to discriminate at the subscriber and application level. This will be particularly important when planning for VoIP andother real time services.
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Standard LTE
Family
UMTS/ 4GSM
Primary Use
General 4G
Radio Tech
OFDMA/ MIMO/SCFDMA CDMA/FDD CDMA/ FDD/MIMO
Downlink (Mbit/s)
326.4
Uplink (Mbit/s)
86.4
Notes
LTE-Advanced update to offer over 1 Gbit/s speeds. HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 42 Mbit/s. Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+ HSUPA. Succeeded by EV-DO. Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum used. Not yet deployed. WiMAX II IMT-Advanced update to offer over 1Gbit/s speeds. Mobile range 18miles (30km) extended range 34miles (55km).
UMTS W-CDMA UMTS/ HSDPA+ HSUPA 3GSM HSPA+ UMTS-TDD

UMTS/ 3GSM
General 3G
0.384 14.4 42
0.384 5.76 11.5
Mobile Internet
CDMA/TDD
16
16
1xRTT EV-DO 1x Rev.0 EV-DO 1x Rev.A EV-DO Rev.B 802.16 Flash-OFDM
CDMA2000 CDMA2000
Mobile phone Mobile Internet
CDMA CDMA/FDD
0.144 2.45 3.1 4.9xN 3
0.144 0.15 1.8 1.8xN 3
WiMAX
Mobile Internet Mobile internet mobility up to 200mph (350km/h) Mobile Internet Mobile Internet Mobile Internet
MIMOSOFDMA FlashOFDM
FlashOFDM
5.3 10.6 15.9
1.8 3.6 5.4
HIPERMAN iBurst Wi-Fi
HIPERMAN iBurst 802.20 Wi-Fi
OFDM HC-SDMA/ TDD/MIMO OFDM/ MIMO/ CDMA
56.9 64 108
56.9 64 108 3-12 km. Mobile range (3km).
Fig. 11 Typical Mobile Data Service Data Rates

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Contention Ratio
Contention ratio or oversubscription is a convenient way of reducing the overall capacity that has to be provided in the network. Fixed ISPs still over subscribe their broadband service at 20:1 or higher. This is fine for web browsing services but real time services may suffer. To support good quality real time services the contention ratio must be lowered to 10:1 or even 5:1. This still assumes that for services like VoIP the connection provided is over subscribed. If voice quality is to be maintained to similar standard of circuit switched networks the ratios may have to be even lower, ideally 1:1.
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Service Category
Web surfing VoIP Multicast/unicst video/audio services Video conferencing Internet gaming
Oversubscription Ratio
10:1 to 25:1 5:1 to 10:1 1:1 1:1 to 2:1 5:1 to 10:1
Fig. 12 Typical Contention Ratios

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Calculating Required System Capacity

Determining the capacity of a cell or sector is one of the key objectives in planning. The demographic will provide much of the information required to work out the average data densitybased on the land use and expected population density and penetration. For data services it is often difficult to establish the exact pattern of behaviour since some applications will operate automatically, not requiring human intervention, e.g. push services, peer to peer etc. The traffic offered to the system may be expressed in volumes of data, Mb. How much data each user will offer to the system per second or per hour will need to be established in order todetermine the total load during the busy period. e.g. A mobile user is expected to transmit and receive up to 10Mb of data during the busy period. If there are 250 users in a sector, what is the total busy period capacity required in thesector assuming a 10:1 over subscription? 10Mb transmitted over 1 hour = 2777bits/s peak data demand = 2777bits/s x 250 users = 694.2Kbps For laptop users this will be considerably higher.
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How many Subs accessing during thepeak period Traffic offered by each subscriber/class ofsubscriber Overhead (Transport and Protocol) Determine link utilisation Which modelling tool to use? single channel multiple channels
e.g. A mobile user is expected to transmit and receive upto10Mb of data during the busy period. If there are 250users in a sector, what is the total busy period capacity required in the sector assuming a 10:1 over subscription? 10Mb transmitted over 1 hour = 2777bits/s peak data demand = 2777bits/s x 250 users = 694.2Kbps
Fig. 13 Requirements for Calculating System Capacity

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Link Utilisation and System Delay

The utilisation of the link will directly affect the delay performance. The actual delay experienced will depend on factors such as the number channels and the queuing method used. For single channel systems the delay is directly proportional to the link utilisation. For systems with multiple channels the delay probability rises less quickly and can be said to be more stable at higher levels of average utilisation.
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Link Utilisation and System Delay

Link utilisation = Total offered trafc Maximum link rate e.g. 14Mbps 16Mbps = 87.5%
100%
Prob of delay
Single channel Multiple channel Link utilisation

100%
Fig. 14
31
32
Average and Peak Utilisation

Peak
80%
Prole A
Utilisation
Off-peak
20%
Peak
80%
Prole B
Utilisation
Off-peak
70%
Fig. 14
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Service Time
Another factor that creates delay in the system is the amount of time it takes to service the datarequiring transmission. E.g. a 1Mb packet transmitted at 1Mbps would take 1 sec to transmit (ignoring other factors). The expression shown opposite is used to find the service timefor the average packet size in the system. Sometimes know as serialisation time, it is oneelement in the overall delay experience by data passing through the system.
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Service time =
Bits/PDU Link rate
Service time is cumulative
Fig. 15 Service Time

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Capacity Models
Littles law, shown a the top of the opposite page assumes on channel to serve the data. Simplemodels like this allow the total time and number of packets in the systems very easily, since there are only a couple of factors that determine the outcome. The multi-channel, multi-queue system shown below is more complex to work out. If there werea single queue, models like Erlang C could be used to determine the performance of thesystem, however when there are multiple queues which are managed with different prioritiesthe overall out come is more difficult to manage. In LTE there will be multiple queues and multiple, dynamic channels with which to service thedata. The service type i.e. VoIP, web browsing etc may be take in to account as well as thesubscriber priority when determining how and when to send the data packets.
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Littles Law
Lq Number in the queue/system Lw Ls
Channel
Tw Number in the queue/system Tq Lq = . Tq Lw = . Tw Ls = . Ts
Tw
Erlang C
Channel Channel Channel
Channel
Fig. 16
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Resource Scheduling in LTE

Resource Scheduling will play a very important part in the system performance of LTE. Give the dynamic nature of the 2 dimensional transmission resource i.e. time and frequency, the resource scheduler has many operational options to maintain through put for the UEs. The channel state and measurement of traffic capacity are used to inform the resource scheduler. The eNB may provide this information directly or feedback via signalling channels. The more feedback and information the scheduler has the more efficient the scheduling may be, however at the expense of signalling overhead. There are several options for scheduling, the actual scheduling algorithm is vendor dependant. Resource Scheduling Algorithms Ergodic Capacity (Shannon) Maximum Rate Proportional Fair Delay Limited Capacity Ergodic capacity is the maximum rate which data can be sent over the channel with asymptotically small error rate. Maximum Rate Using channel state information the scheduler will use the highest possible modulation scheme to maximise the through put for each user, this however creates an optimal throughput that takes no account of the delay requirement. Proportional Fair When latency attributes are included in the QoS profile for an application fairer scheduling methods need to be considered. Proportional Fair will account for the latency requirement andschedule the user transmission when the instantaneous quality of the channel is higher than the average condition. Over long periods of time the Maximum Rate and Proportional Fairprovide the same average throughput, however over short periods the proportional fair tends to a round robin scheduling. Delay Limited Some application may have tighter constraints on delay than the proportional fair method canprovide. In this case the throughput must be guaranteed under all channel conditions.
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DL data DL data queue queue for UE0 for UE1
DL data queue for UEk
DL queue state information from RRC Channel quality information Scheduler function Trafc load information for UL transmission
Different modulation and coding schemes may be used in the different allocated RBs Time
Resource Scheduling Algorithms Ergodic Capacity (Shannon) Maximum Rate Proportional Fair Delay Limited Capacity
Fig. 17 Wideband Resource Scheduling
Frequency
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Capacity in Spectrum Limited or Single Channel Deployments

Capacity dimensioning in LTE has additional problem encountered in spectrum limited deployments. UEs operating at the edge of the cell will encountered higher interference andtherefore the though put is likely to suffer as the systems seeks to improve the quality byusing more robust modulation and coding schemes, higher interference will also result inagreater number of HARQ retransmissions reducing the spectral efficiency of the channel.
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Increased Interference at the Cell Edge

I1 C1 I2 C2
Power
Distance C1
Distance C2
Impact of Increased Interference on Bit Rate

Impact of Increased Interference on Bit Rate
Rate loss (%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 (dB) 2 4 6 8 10
Fig. 18
Power
41
I2
I1
Factional Frequency Reuse

LTE uses the Reference Signals and Sounding RS to maintain a picture of the uplink and downlink channel quality across all the radio blocks, this information can be used to perform frequency domain scheduling. At the edges of the cell the users will experience the maximum interference, LTE can use frequency domain scheduling to perform interference coordination. At its most extreme it is possible to build single frequency systems that automatically coordinate the interference at theedge of the cell. The eNBs are able to discuss the allocation of radio blocks of the extent ofthe potential interference directly with each other over the X2 interface.
X2 Interface and Interference Coordination

For downlink transmissions the eNBs can exchange a bitmap referred to as the Relative Narrowband Transmit Power (RNTP). This bit map can exchange between the eNB in the neighbour area to indicate if it is planning keep the transmit power for a particular radio block below an predetermined upper limit. This information enable the eNB to schedule resource taking into account the likely level of interference from the neighbouring cells. Regarding the uplink there are two messages that may be exchanged. The Overload Indicator (OI) is exchanged to indicate the physical layer measurement of average uplink interference. Levels of low, medium and high can be expressed. Also a more pro-active indicator can beexchanged known as the High Interference Indicator (HII). This message informs the neighbouring eNB that it will be scheduling uplink transmissions from cell edge UEs at some time in the near future. The neighbour eNB may then account for this when performing their own cell edge scheduling.
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Fractional Frequency Reuse

Power
Frequency Power
Frequency Power
Frequency Power
Frequency
Fig. 19
43
44
Interface and Interference Coordination
X2
X2
X2
X2 Interface; eNB exchanges signalling to assist withfrequency domain resource scheduling Overload Indicator Reactive low, medium, high (interference+noise) <20mS update Hi Interference Indicator proactive refers to nearfutureresource allocation Interference Coordination Static planned reuse changes are rare some performance limitation Semi-Static Dynamic reconfiguration every few seconds may suit unevenly loaded networks
Fig. 19
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LTE Planning

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LTE Planning

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Capacity Planning Principles

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Capacity Planning Principles

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Capacity Planning Principles

Factors Affecting the Planning Process

Informa Telecoms & Media

Generally Known Data

Market Research Data

Fig. 1 Factors Considered During Initial Planning

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

FDD IMT Frequency Bands

Band Gap (MHz)

Duplex UMTS Separatiion Usage (MHz)

1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 60 1427.9-1452.9 1475.9-1500.9 23

TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Fig. 2 FDD and TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Capacity Planning Principles

Allocated Spectrum and Channel Bandwidth

Informa Telecoms & Media

Channel bandwidth (MHz) 5 10 15

Fig. 3 Available Capacity and Channel Bandwidths for LTE

Capacity Planning Principles

LTE Channel Parameters

Informa Telecoms & Media

1.4 6 72 128 1.92 960

3 15 180 256 3.84 1920

5 25 300 512 7.68 3840

10 50 600 1024 15.36 7680

15 75 900 1536 23.04 11520

20 100 1200 2048 30.72 15360

Fig. 4 LTE Channel Parameters

Capacity Planning Principles

Maximum Bit Rate per Channel

Informa Telecoms & Media

FDD IMT Frequency Bands

TDD IMT Frequency Bands

Fig. 5 Maximum Downlink/Uplink Capacity per Radio Channel

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Fig. 6 Equipment Parameters Considered for Capacity

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Capacity Limited Design

Coverage Limited Design

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Land Use Clutter Value

Fig. 8 Area to be Served

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Typical Demographic Data Presentation

Other Demographic Factors

Capacity Planning Principles

Informa Telecoms & Media

Fig. 10 Marketing Inputs to the Planning Process

Capacity Planning Principles

Data Throughput and Contention Ratio

Informa Telecoms & Media

UMTS W-CDMA UMTS/ HSDPA+ HSUPA 3GSM HSPA+ UMTS-TDD